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Corvus corax

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Description

The common raven (Corvus corax), also known as the northern raven, is a large all-black passerine bird. Found across the Northern Hemisphere, it is the most widely distributed of all corvids. There are at least eight subspecies with little variation in appearance, although recent research has demonstrated significant genetic differences among populations from various regions. It is one of the two largest corvids, alongside the thick-billed raven, and is possibly the heaviest passerine bird; at maturity, the common raven averages 63 centimetres (25 inches) in length and 1.2 kilograms (2.6 pounds) in mass. Common ravens can live up to 21 years in the wild, a lifespan surpassed among passerines by only a few Australasian species such as the satin bowerbird and probably the lyrebirds. Young birds may travel in flocks but later mate for life, with each mated pair defending a territory.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvus_corax, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	2482492	https://www.gbif.org/species/2482492
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	133788	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=133788

Rank

species

Taxonomy (GBIF)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Passeriformes : Corvidae : Corvus : Corvus corax

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Passeriformes : Corvidae : Corvus : Corvus corax

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Sauropsida	Huxley 1864
class	Reptilia	Laurenti 1768
subclass	Eureptilia
-	Romeriida	Gauthier et al. 1988
-	Diapsida
-	Eosuchia
-	Neodiapsida	Benton 1985
-	Sauria	Gauthier 1984
-	Archosauromorpha
-	Crocopoda	Ezcurra 2016
-	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
-	Eucrocopoda	Ezcurra 2016
-	Archosauria
informal	Avemetatarsalia	Benton 1999
-	Ornithodira	Gauthier 1986
-	Dinosauromorpha	Benton 1985
-	Dinosauriformes	Novas 1992
-	Dinosauria
-	Saurischia
-	Theropoda
-	Neotheropoda	Bakker 1986
-	Averostra	Paul 2002
-	Tetanurae	Gauthier 1986
order	Avetheropoda	Paul 1988
suborder	Coelurosauria	Huene 1914
-	Maniraptora	Gauthier 1986
-	Paraves	Sereno 1997
class	Aves	Linnaeus 1758
-	Pygostylia	Chiappe 2002
-	Ornithothoraces	Chiappe and Calvo 1994
-	Ornithuromorpha	Chiappe et al. 1999
subclass	Ornithurae	Haeckel 1866
subclass	Neornithes	Gadow 1893
-	Neognathae
-	Neoaves	Sibley et al. 1988
-	Terrestrornithes	Livezey and Zusi 2007
-	Dendrornithes
-	Anomalogonates	Garrod 1874
-	Picoclamatores	Livezey and Zusi 2007
superorder	Passerimorphae	Sibley et al. 1988
order	Passeriformes	Linnaeus 1758
family	Corvidae	Vigors 1825
genus	Corvus	Linnaeus 1758
species	Corvus corax	Linnaeus 1758

Generic Name

Corvus

Common Name

common raven

Scientific Name

Corvus corax Linnaeus, 1758

Name Published In

Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata [10th revised edition], vol. 1: 824 pp. Laurentius Salvius: Holmiae.

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Corvus corax	species	belongs to Corvus	stated without evidence	Linnaeus, 1758
Corvus corax	species	belongs to Corvus	stated with evidence	Boule and De Villeneuve, 1927
Corvus corax	species	belongs to Corvus	stated without evidence	Wetmore, 1943
Corvus corax	species	belongs to Corvus	stated with evidence	Weesie, 1988
Corvus corax	species	belongs to Corvus	stated without evidence	Guthrie, 1992
Corvus corax	species	belongs to Corvus	stated with evidence	Jaume et al., 1993
Corvus corax	species	belongs to Corvus	stated without evidence	Pavia and Bedetti, 2003
Corvus corax	species	belongs to Corvus	stated with evidence	Bedetti and Pavia, 2007

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

1 (100%)

First Recorded Appearance

2.59 - 0.30 Ma
Pleistocene

Environment

terrestrial (based on Corvidae)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Theropoda)

Diet

omnivore (based on Corvidae)

Reproduction

oviparous, dispersal=direct/internal,mobile (based on Theropoda)

Ontogeny

accretion,modification of parts (based on Theropoda)

Taphonomy

hydroxylapatite,compact or dense (based on Theropoda)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

C. Linnaeus. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima 1:1-824

Common Name(s)

Common Raven, Cuervo Común, Northern Raven, Grand Corbeau, Common Raven / Northern Raven, Corvo Imperiale, Cuervo Grande, Kolkrabe, Raaf, Ravn, Corb Comú, Corvo, Holló, Korp, Korppi, Krauklis, Krkavec Velký, Krkavec čierny, Krokar, Kruk (zwyczajny), Paprastasis Kranklys, Ronk E. Kaaren, Ворон, ワタリガラス, 渡鴉, 渡鸦, Raven, Cuervo, Kruk, Hrafn, Ravnur, Cigfran, Fiach Dubh, Korbi, Korraku, Kranklys, Kuzgun, Ramn, Κοινός Κόρακας, Гарван, Крук, ворон, עורב שחור

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvus_corax

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)
Corvus corax canariensis subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Corvus corax clarionensis subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Corvus corax corax subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Corvus corax dardaniensis subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Corvus corax edithae subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Corvus corax hispanus subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Corvus corax islandicus subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Corvus corax jordansi subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Corvus corax kamtschaticus subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Corvus corax kretae subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Corvus corax laurencei subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Corvus corax principalis subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Corvus corax sinuatus subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Corvus corax tibetanus subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Corvus corax tingitanus subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Corvus corax varius subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Corvus corax corax form	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Corvus corax principalis form	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1758	Corvus corax Linnaeus p. 105
1902	Corvus corax Hay p. 537
1927	Corvus corax Boule and De Villeneuve p. 84
1943	Corvus corax Wetmore p. 55
1958	Corvus corax Parmalee p. 175
1988	Corvus corax Weesie p. 46 figs. Pl 4, fig 7
1992	Corvus corax Guthrie p. 324

Year	Name and Author
1993	Corvus corax Jaume et al. p. 158
2003	Corvus corax Pavia and Bedetti p. 168 figs. Pl 1, fig 13
2004	Corvus corax Broughton p. 29
2007	Corvus corax Bedetti and Pavia p. 501
2017	Corvus corax Clements et al.
2018	Corvus corax Carrera et al. p. 161

References

Linnaeus C. , Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima 1, 1-824 doi:10.5962/bhl.title.542

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Boule M., De Villeneuve L. (1927) La grotte de l'Observatoire à Monaco, Archives de l'Institut de Paléontologie Humaine Mémoire 1, 1-113

Wetmore A. (1943) Evidence for the former occurrence of the ivory-billed woodpecker in Ohio, The Wilson Bulletin 55, 55

Parmalee P. W. (1958) Remains of rare and extinct birds from Illinois Indian sites, The Auk 75, 169-176

Weesie P. D. M. (1988) The Quaternary avifauna of Crete, Greece, Palaeovertebrata 18, 1-94

Guthrie D. A. (1992) A late Pleistocene avifauna from San Miguel Island, California, Science Series (Los Angeles) 36, 319-327

Jaume D., McMinn M., et al (1993) Fossil birds from the Bujero del Silo, La Gomera (Canary Islands), with a description of a new species of quail (Galliformes: Phasianidae), Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal 2, 147-165

Pavia M., Bedetti C. (2003) The late Pleistocene fossil avian remains from Grotta dei Fiori, Carbonia (SW Sardinia, Italy), Bolletino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 42, 163-169

Broughton J. M. (2004) Prehistoric human impacts on California birds: evidence from the Emeryville shellmoumd avifauna, Ornithological Monographs 56, 1-90

Bedetti C., Pavia M. (2007) Reinterpretation of the late Pleistocene Ingarano cave deposit based on the fossil bird associations (Apulia, south-eastern Italy), Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 113, 487-507

Clements J. F., Schulenberg T. S., et al (2017) , The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2017

Carrera L., Pavia M., et al (2018) Late Pleistocene fossil birds from Buso Doppio del Broion Cave (North-Eastern Italy): implications for palaeoecology, palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate, Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 57, 145-174

(1996) database, NODC Taxonomic Code - via Catalogue of Life

(2001) database, Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad - via Catalogue of Life

Gill, Frank, and Minturn Wright (2006) Birds of the World: Recommended English Names - via Catalogue of Life

(2003) database, http://www.menv.gouv.qc.ca/biodiversite/centre.htm - via Catalogue of Life

(2012) Zoonomen - Zoological Nomenclature Resource, 2011.12.31 - via Catalogue of Life

Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner (1987) Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada: Resource Publication, no. 166 - via Catalogue of Life

(2005) website, AOU Check-List (07-2005) - via Catalogue of Life

Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes (2003) Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada - via Catalogue of Life

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Direction 17 Addition to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the names of fifteen genera of the class Aves, the type species of each of which was determined by Linnean tautonymy (Direction supplementary to Opinion 16).Opinions and declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1C(C.8), 89-112 (1955) - via Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology

Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes, 2003: null. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Gill, Frank, and Minturn Wright, 2006: null. Birds of the World: Recommended English Names. ix + 259. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner, 1987: Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. Resource Publication, no. 166. 79. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

SOF (2007) Holarktis Fåglar, version 2. SOF:s Taxonomikommittés officiella lista över Holarktis fåglar - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Peterson, R.T.; Peterson, V.M. (2002). A field guide to the birds of eastern and central North America. Fifth Edition. Peterson Field Guide Series. Houghton Mifflin Company. New York. 427 p. - via World Register of Marine Species

Banks, R.C., R.W. McDiarmid, and A.L. Gardner. 1987. Checklist of vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publication No. 166. 79 p. - via World Register of Marine Species

Robbins, C. S. (1983). Golden field Guide to Birds of North America. Golden press. 360p. - via World Register of Marine Species

Squires, H. J. (1990). Decapod Crustacea of the Atlantic coast of Canada. Canadian Bulletin of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 221: 532 p. - via World Register of Marine Species

Grand Manan Whale and Seabird Research Station. - via World Register of Marine Species

Vanner, M. (2003). The encyclopedia of North American birds. Paragon Publishing. 1-383. - via World Register of Marine Species

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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