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Meleagris

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Description

The turkey is a large bird in the genus Meleagris, which is native to the Americas. The genus has two extant species: the wild turkey of North America and the ocellated turkey. Males of both turkey species have a distinctive fleshy wattle or protuberance that hangs from the top of the beak (called a snood). They are among the largest birds in their ranges. As in many galliformes, the male is larger and much more colorful than the female.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meleagris, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	2473548	https://www.gbif.org/species/2473548
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	39341	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=39341

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Galliformes : Phasianidae : Meleagris

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Sauropsida	Huxley 1864
class	Reptilia	Laurenti 1768
subclass	Eureptilia
-	Romeriida	Gauthier et al. 1988
-	Diapsida
-	Eosuchia
-	Neodiapsida	Benton 1985
-	Sauria	Gauthier 1984
-	Archosauromorpha
-	Crocopoda	Ezcurra 2016
-	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
-	Eucrocopoda	Ezcurra 2016
-	Archosauria
informal	Avemetatarsalia	Benton 1999
-	Ornithodira	Gauthier 1986
-	Dinosauromorpha	Benton 1985
-	Dinosauriformes	Novas 1992
-	Dinosauria
-	Saurischia
-	Theropoda
-	Neotheropoda	Bakker 1986
-	Averostra	Paul 2002
-	Tetanurae	Gauthier 1986
order	Avetheropoda	Paul 1988
suborder	Coelurosauria	Huene 1914
-	Maniraptora	Gauthier 1986
-	Paraves	Sereno 1997
class	Aves	Linnaeus 1758
-	Pygostylia	Chiappe 2002
-	Ornithothoraces	Chiappe and Calvo 1994
-	Ornithuromorpha	Chiappe et al. 1999
subclass	Ornithurae	Haeckel 1866
subclass	Neornithes	Gadow 1893
-	Neognathae
-	Galloanserae	Sibley and Ahlquist 1990
superorder	Galloanserimorphae
order	Galliformes	Temminck 1820
family	Phasianidae	Horsfield 1821
genus	Meleagris	Linnæus 1758

Common Name

turkey

Scientific Name

Meleagris Linnaeus, 1758

Name Published In

Linnæus, Carolus. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae. Vol. Tomus I, Editio decima, reformata: i-ii, 1-824.

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Meleagris	genus	belongs to Phasianidae	stated without evidence	Hay, 1902
Meleagris	genus	belongs to Meleagrididae	stated without evidence	Schultz and Howard, 1935
Meleagris	genus	belongs to Phasianidae	implied	Carroll, 1988
Meleagris	genus	belongs to Meleagrididae	stated without evidence	Shoshani et al., 1989
Meleagris	genus	belongs to Phasianidae	stated without evidence	Emslie, 1992
Meleagris	genus	belongs to Phasianidae	stated with evidence	Wang et al., 2013

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

2 (29%)

First Recorded Appearance

7.25 - 5.33 Ma
Miocene

Environment

terrestrial (based on Phasianidae)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Theropoda)

Diet

granivore (based on Phasianidae)

Reproduction

oviparous, dispersal=direct/internal,mobile (based on Theropoda)

Ontogeny

accretion,modification of parts (based on Theropoda)

Taphonomy

hydroxylapatite,compact or dense (based on Theropoda)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

C. Linnaeus. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima 1:1-824

Common Name(s)

Turkeys, Turkey

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meleagris

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Meleagris altus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Meleagris celer ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Meleagris gallopavo species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Wild Turkey	46	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Meleagris hybrida species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Meleagris leopoldi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	4.90 Ma Pliocene	4.90 Ma Pliocene
Meleagris mexicana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Meleagris ocellata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Meleagris richmondi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Meleagris superba species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Meleagris tridens ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	0.13 Ma Pleistocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1758	Meleagris Linnaeus
1902	Meleagris Hay p. 534
1933	Meleagris Lambrecht p. 447
1935	Meleagris Schultz and Howard p. 277
1962	Meleagris Wetmore p. 9
1967	Meleagris Wilson p. 206
1988	Meleagris Carroll

Year	Name and Author
1989	Meleagris Shoshani et al. p. 436
1992	Meleagris Emslie p. 259
1992	Meleagris Parmalee p. 312
2001	Meleagris Olson and Rasmussen p. 299
2013	Meleagris Wang et al.
2017	Meleagris Clements et al.

References

Linnaeus C. , Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima 1, 1-824 doi:10.5962/bhl.title.542

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Lambrecht K. (1933) Handbuch der Palaeornithologie, 1-1024

Schultz C. B., Howard E. B. (1935) The fauna of Burnet Cave, Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 87, 273-298

Wetmore A. (1962) Notes on fossil and subfossil birds, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 145 2, 1-17

Wilson R. L. (1967) The Pleistocene vertebrates of Michigan, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters 52, 197-234

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Shoshani J., Fisher D. C., et al (1989) The Shelton Mastodon Site: Multidisciplinary study of a late Pleistocene (Twocreekan) locality in Southeastern Michigan, Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 27 14, 393-436

Emslie S. D. (1992) Two new late Blancan avifaunas from Florida and the extinction of wetland birds in the Plio-Pleistocene, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series 36, 249-269

Parmalee P. W. (1992) A late Pleistocene avifauna from northwestern Alabama, Science Series, Los Angeles Museum of Natural History, Science, and Art 36, 307-318

Olson S. L., Rasmussen P. C. (2001) Miocene and Pliocene birds from the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 90, 233-365

Clements J. F., Schulenberg T. S., et al (2017) , The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2017

Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes, 2003: null. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Dickinson, Edward C., ed., 2003: null. The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World, 3rd edition. 1039. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

CoL2006 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000/Monroe Jr. & Sibley, 1993, PaleoDB - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

as per family - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Erlich,I. (1942) Mallophaga purana (Meleagris gallopavo L. ) - via Phthiraptera.info

Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner, 1987: Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. Resource Publication, no. 166. 79. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Chroust,K. (1990) A report on the parasite fauna of Pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), Reeves Pheasants (Syrmaticus reevesi), the Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris f. domestica) and Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) in various localities - via Phthiraptera.info

Zukovic,M. (1954) Parasiti biserke (Numida meleagris L.) - via Phthiraptera.info

Nwagu,B. I.,Alawa,C. B. I. (1995) Guinea fowl production in Nigeria - via Phthiraptera.info

Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. 10th edition. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000/Monroe Jr. & Sibley, 1993 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Direction 17 Addition to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the names of fifteen genera of the class Aves, the type species of each of which was determined by Linnean tautonymy (Direction supplementary to Opinion 16).Opinions and declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1C(C.8), 89-112 (1955) - via Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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