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Glycymeris

Photos

Photo Gallery

Glycymeris sp.

Surry County, Virginia, USA

Glycymeris sp.

Surry County, Virginia, USA

Glycymeris sp.

Surry County, Virginia, USA

Description

Glycymeris, common name the bittersweet clams, is a genus of saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs in the family Glycymerididae.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycymeris, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	2286264	https://www.gbif.org/species/2286264
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	16243	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=16243

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF)

Life : Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Glycymerididae : Glycymeris

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Glycymerididae : Glycymeris

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Bilateria
-	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
-	Protostomia	Grobben 1908
-	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Mollusca	Linnaeus 1758
class	Bivalvia	Linnaeus 1758
-	Eubivalvia	Carter 2011
subclass	Autobranchia
infraclass	Pteriomorphia
-	Ostreomorphi	Ferussac 1822
-	Arcioni	Gray 1854
order	Arcida
superfamily	Arcoidea
family	Glycymerididae	Newton 1922
genus	Glycymeris	Da Costa 1778

Scientific Name

Glycymeris Da Costa, 1778

Name Published In

Da Costa, Emanuel M. 1778. Historia naturalis testaceorum Britanniæ, or, The British conchology. Millan, B. White, Elmsley & Robson, London.: i-xii, 1-254, i-viii, pls.1-17.

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Glycymeris	genus	belongs to Pectunculinae	stated without evidence	Glenn, 1904
Glycymeris	genus	belongs to Arcidae	stated without evidence	Clark and Arnold, 1923
Glycymeris	genus	belongs to Arcidae	stated with evidence	Grant and Gale, 1931
Glycymeris	genus	belongs to Arcidae	stated without evidence	Durham, 1944
Glycymeris	genus	belongs to Glycymeridae	stated with evidence	Eames, 1951
Glycymeris	genus	belongs to Glycymeridae	stated without evidence	Rivera, 1957
Glycymeris	genus	belongs to Glycymerididae	stated with evidence	Stenzel et al., 1957
Glycymeris	genus	belongs to Arcidae	stated without evidence	DuBar, 1958
Glycymeris	genus	belongs to Arcidae	stated with evidence	Faustman, 1964
Glycymeris	genus	belongs to Glycymerididae	stated without evidence	Fleming, 1966
Glycymeris	genus	belongs to Glycymerididae	stated with evidence	Hertlein and Grant, 1972
Glycymeris	genus	belongs to Glycymerididae	stated without evidence	Marasti, 1973
Glycymeris	genus	belongs to Glycymeridinae	stated with evidence	Vokes, 1980
Glycymeris	genus	belongs to Glycymerididae	stated without evidence	Tashiro and Kozai, 1982
Glycymeris	genus	belongs to Glycymeridinae	stated without evidence	Dockery, 1982
Glycymeris	genus	belongs to Glycymeridae	stated without evidence	Kensley and Pether, 1986
Glycymeris	genus	belongs to Glycymerididae	stated with evidence	Ward and Blackwelder, 1987
Glycymeris	genus	belongs to Glycymeridinae	stated without evidence	Squires, 1987
Glycymeris	genus	belongs to Glycymerididae	stated without evidence	Squires, 1988
Glycymeris	genus	belongs to Glycymeridinae	stated with evidence	del Rio, 1992
Glycymeris	genus	belongs to Glycymeridae	stated without evidence	Wienrich, 1999
Glycymeris	genus	belongs to Glycymeridinae	stated with evidence	Moerdijk and van Nieulande, 2000
Glycymeris	genus	belongs to Glycymeridinae	stated without evidence	Coan et al., 2000
Glycymeris	genus	misspelling of Glycymeris	stated with evidence	Coan et al., 2000
Glycymeris	genus	belongs to Glycymerididae	stated with evidence	Tiwari, 2001
Glycymeris	genus	belongs to Arcoida	second hand	Sepkoski, 2002
Glycymeris	genus	belongs to Glycymerididae	stated without evidence	Vera-Peláez et al., 2004
Glycymeris	genus	belongs to Glycymeridinae	stated without evidence	Spencer et al., 2004
Glycymeris	genus	belongs to Glycymerididae	stated with evidence	Beu, 2006
Glycymeris	genus	belongs to Glycymerididae	stated without evidence	Mikkelsen, 2006
Glycymeris	genus	belongs to Glycymeridinae	stated without evidence	Bouchet et al., 2010

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

159

Extant Size (PBDB)

31 (19%)

First Recorded Appearance

125 - 113 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous

Environment

coastal,inner shelf,outer shelf,oceanic (based on Glycymerididae)

Motility

facultatively mobile

Vision

blind (based on Bivalvia)

Diet

suspension feeder

Ontogeny

accretion (based on Glycymerididae)

Taphonomy

aragonite,thick,major ribbing (based on Glycymerididae)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

J. J. Sepkoski, Jr. 2002. A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology 363:1-560

Common Name(s)

Samtmuscheln, Bittersweet Clams, Dog Cockles

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycymeris

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Glycymeris (Axinactis) subgenus	listed (PBDB)		26	37.2 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Glycymeris (Axinola) subgenus	listed (PBDB)		32	28.1 Ma Oligocene	0 Ma Extant
Glycymeris (Chevronia) subgenus	listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Glycymeris (Glycymeris) subgenus	listed (PBDB)		196	113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Glycymeris (Glycymerita) ✝ subgenus	listed (PBDB)		138	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	5.33 Ma Miocene
Glycymeris (Grandaxinea) subgenus	listed (PBDB)		5	41.3 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Glycymeris (Hanaia) ✝ subgenus	listed (PBDB)		29	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	93.9 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Glycymeris (Pseudoveletuceta) ✝ subgenus	listed (PBDB)		2	101 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	101 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Glycymeris (Tucetilla) subgenus	listed (PBDB)
Glycymeris (Veletuceta) subgenus	listed (PBDB)
Axinaea angsanana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Axinaea bella species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Axinaea intercostata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Axinaea puruensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Axinaea sagittata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Axinaea veatchii ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		59	101 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	48.6 Ma Eocene
Axinaea viamediae ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	59.2 Ma Paleocene	59.2 Ma Paleocene
Axinea conradi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Axinea idonea ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Cucullaea cainozoica species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris (Glycymerula) modesta species	listed (PBDB)		1	0.78 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Glycymeris adenensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris albolineata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris aleuta species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris americana species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		64	16.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Glycymeris anteparilis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	28.4 Ma Oligocene	23.0 Ma Miocene
Glycymeris apletus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris arabica species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris arctata ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		24	33.9 Ma Oligocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Glycymeris arquilloensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	48.6 Ma Eocene	48.6 Ma Eocene
Glycymeris aspera species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris aspersa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris banosensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		9	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Glycymeris baumanni species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	23.0 Ma Miocene	23.0 Ma Miocene
Glycymeris bimaculata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris boguensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Glycymeris boucheti species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris branneri ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Glycymeris brevirostris ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		4	56.0 Ma Paleocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Glycymeris buwaldi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris cainozoica ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		11	47.8 Ma Eocene	23.0 Ma Miocene
Glycymeris callaghani species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris canoa ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	5.33 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Glycymeris caputarisensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris caputavisensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris caracoli ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	41.3 Ma Eocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Glycymeris carbasina ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		13	23.0 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Glycymeris castaneus species	listed (PBDB)		2	5.33 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Glycymeris chehalisensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Glycymeris cisshuensis species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		57	33.9 Ma Oligocene	7.25 Ma Miocene
Glycymeris colchaguensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		4	23.0 Ma Miocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Glycymeris concentrica species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris connollyi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris conradi ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	48.6 Ma Eocene	48.6 Ma Eocene
Glycymeris cookei species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	33.9 Ma Oligocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Glycymeris cor ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		13	23.0 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Glycymeris corteziana species	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Glycymeris cotinga species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris crashleyi species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	23.0 Ma Miocene	23.0 Ma Miocene
Glycymeris crebreliratus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris crescentensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	56.0 Ma Paleocene	56.0 Ma Paleocene
Glycymeris dampierensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris decussata species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		20	11.6 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Glycymeris delessertii ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		2	5.33 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Glycymeris canalis democraciana ✝ subspecies	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Glycymeris depressa ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		2	41.3 Ma Eocene	41.3 Ma Eocene
Glycymeris dispar ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		8	56.0 Ma Paleocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Glycymeris dunkeri ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	48.6 Ma Eocene	48.6 Ma Eocene
Glycymeris duplinensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris epacra species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris eumita species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	23.0 Ma Miocene	23.0 Ma Miocene
Glycymeris filosa species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		17	47.8 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Glycymeris flammea species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Glycymeris formosa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris formosana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris fresnoensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris fringilla species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris fulleri ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	3.60 Ma Pliocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Glycymeris gabrielensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	37.2 Ma Eocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Glycymeris gadsdenensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris geinitzii ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		2	113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	86.3 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Glycymeris gembacanus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	11.6 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Glycymeris gigantea species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris globosa ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		3	47.8 Ma Eocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Glycymeris glycymeris species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		18	11.6 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Tucetona sericata species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Glycymeris grayana species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Glycymeris gwadarensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	5.33 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Glycymeris habei species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris hanleyi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris hannibali species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris hedleyi species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Glycymeris hillsboroughensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris holoserica species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris holsericus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris hummi species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	3.60 Ma Pliocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Glycymeris hunti species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris ibari ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		5	55.8 Ma Eocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Glycymeris idensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		12	23.0 Ma Miocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Glycymeris idonea ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		76	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	41.3 Ma Eocene
Glycymeris idoneus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris imperialis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris inflata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris intercostata ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		9	33.9 Ma Oligocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Glycymeris intermedia species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris istmica species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris jacquoti ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		5	41.3 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Glycymeris jamaicensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris kashewarowi ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Glycymeris keenae species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris kelsoensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	41.3 Ma Eocene	41.3 Ma Eocene
Glycymeris lamprelli species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris laticardo species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris linda species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	23.0 Ma Miocene	23.0 Ma Miocene
Glycymeris lintea species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris lisbonensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		14	48.6 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Glycymeris livida species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris lloydsmithi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris longior species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	0.78 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Glycymeris longioriformis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris maculata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris mahiana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris major species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		11	56.0 Ma Paleocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Glycymeris marmorata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris marshalli species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris martini ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	11.6 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Glycymeris marysvillensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris mayi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycimeris microsulci species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Glycymeris mississippiensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		9	33.9 Ma Oligocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Glycymeris modesta species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris munda species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris naiadis species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	23.0 Ma Miocene	23.0 Ma Miocene
Glycymeris nigeriensis species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	47.8 Ma Eocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Glycymeris nummaria species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris obiana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris ovata species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		12	5.33 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Glycymeris parilis species	listed (PBDB)		13	23.0 Ma Miocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Glycymeris pectunculus species	listed (PBDB)		12	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Glycymeris pentzana ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	83.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Glycymeris perrini species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris persimilis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris pertusa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris peruvianus species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	41.3 Ma Eocene	41.3 Ma Eocene
Glycymeris petropolitana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris pilosa species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		28	28.4 Ma Oligocene	0 Ma Extant
Glycymeris pilsbryi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris prepennacea species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris pulvinata ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		13	47.8 Ma Eocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Glycymeris puruensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	48.6 Ma Eocene	48.6 Ma Eocene
Glycymeris queenslandica species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris queketti species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris quilonensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	23.0 Ma Miocene	23.0 Ma Miocene
Glycymeris radians species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris radiolyrata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris rafaelmesai species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris rapanuiensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymerita rectidorsalis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	23.0 Ma Miocene	23.0 Ma Miocene
Glycymeris reefensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Glycymeris reevei species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris reevi species	listed (PBDB)
Glycymeris rosecanyonensis species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		22	61.6 Ma Paleocene	0 Ma Extant
Glycymeris rotunda species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris rotundata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris ruckmani species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris sagittata ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		30	56.0 Ma Paleocene	41.3 Ma Eocene
Glycymeris schencki species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris scripta species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris septentrionalis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris shastensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		7	93.9 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	89.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Glycymeris shrimptoni ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Glycymeris shutoi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris sindiensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	23.0 Ma Miocene	23.0 Ma Miocene
Glycymeris sloani species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	3.60 Ma Pliocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Glycymeris soriensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Glycymeris spectralis species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Glycymeris stamina ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Glycymeris staminea species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		20	47.8 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Glycymeris stellata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris striatularis species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	3.60 Ma Pliocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Glycymeris suwannensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		13	33.9 Ma Oligocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Glycymeris swartsi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	23.0 Ma Miocene	23.0 Ma Miocene
Glycymeris taverai species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris taylori species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris tecolotensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris tellinaeformis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris tenuicostata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris tenuimbricata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris tenuisulcatus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	38.0 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Glycymeris terebratularis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	41.3 Ma Eocene	41.3 Ma Eocene
Glycymeris teschi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris thomsoni ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Glycymeris tigonella ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		33	47.8 Ma Eocene	41.3 Ma Eocene
Glycymeris trelissickensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris tuckerae species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris tumefactus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	16.0 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Glycymeris undata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris vancouverensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	28.1 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Glycymeris vanhengstumi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris viamediae species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris wagenvoortii species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris waipipiensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Glycymeris waitakiensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris wautubbeana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris whaleyi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris winlockensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glycymeris woodsi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	41.3 Ma Eocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Glycymeris wrigleyi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	56.0 Ma Paleocene	56.0 Ma Paleocene
Glycymeris yessoensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pectunculopsis moguntina ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Pectunculus alternans ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Pectunculus arctatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pectunculus brevirostris species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pectunculus carolinensis species	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Pectunculus charlestonensis species	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Pectunculus colghaguensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pectunculus corbuloides ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	41.3 Ma Eocene	41.3 Ma Eocene
Pectunculus cuneus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Pectunculus depressus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pectunculus dispar species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pectunculus dunkeri species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pectunculus eocenica ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Pectunculus geinitzii species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pectunculus gembacanus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pectunculus gwadarensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pectunculus hokkaidoensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pectunculus ibari species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pectunculus idoneus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Pectunculus jacquoti species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pectunculus kashewarowi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pectunculus lima ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Pectunculus mississippiensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pectunculus nitens ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	28.1 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Pectunculus nuculatus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Pectunculus obovatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pectunculus ovatus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Pectunculus pacificus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Pectunculus parilis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pectunculus perplanus ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Pectunculus polymorphus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Pectunculus pulvinatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pectunculus sindiensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pectunculus subauriculatus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Pectunculus subtrigonalis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Pectunculus tenuisulcatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pectunculus terebratularis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pectunculus trigonella ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Pectunculus violascens species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pseudaxinaea violascens species	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Glycymerula Finlay & Marwick, 1937	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Glycymerididae : *Glycymerula*
Axinea (Poli, 1791)	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Glycymerididae : *Axinea*
Petonculus Desmarest, 1858	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Glycymerididae : *Petonculus*
Pseudaxinaea Monterosato, 1892	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Glycymerididae : *Pseudaxinaea*
Pectunculigenus Renier, 1807	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Glycymerididae : *Pectunculigenus*
Glicimeris Da Costa, 1778	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Glycymerididae : *Glicimeris*
Axinaea Poli, 1791	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Glycymerididae : *Axinaea*
Petunculus Quoy & Gaimard, 1835	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Glycymerididae : *Petunculus*
Glycymerella Woodring, 1925	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Glycymerididae : *Glycymerella*
Tucetilla Iredale, 1939	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Glycymerididae : *Tucetilla*
Glicymeris Maury, 1924	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Glycymerididae : *Glicymeris*
Pseudaxinea Monterosato, 1892	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Glycymerididae : *Pseudaxinea*
Tuceta Röding, 1798	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Glycymerididae : *Tuceta*
Glycemeris Parkinson, 1811	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Glycymerididae : *Glycemeris*
Axinola Hertlein & Grant, 1972	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Glycymerididae : *Axinola*
Veletuceta Iredale, 1931	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Glycymerididae : *Veletuceta*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1778	Glycymeris Da Costa
1791	Axinaea Poli p. 32
1795	Axinaeoderma Poli p. 254
1798	Tuceta Röding p. 172
1799	Pectunculus Lamarck p. 87
1807	Pectunculigenus Renier
1873	Axinea Gabb p. 255
1890	Pectunculopsis Ebert p. 25
1892	Pseudaxinaea Monterosato p. 151
1895	Pectunculus Stanton p. 51
1904	Glycymeris Glenn p. 393
1912	Glycymeris (Axinea) Maury p. 49
1923	Glycymeris Clark and Arnold p. 137
1931	Glycymeris Grant and Gale p. 133
1931	Veletuceta Iredale
1937	Glycymerula Finlay and Marwick
1944	Glycymeris Durham p. 137
1945	Glycymeris Gardner
1951	Glycymeris Eames p. 330
1953	Glycymeris (Tuceta) Olsson and Harbison p. 31
1957	Glycymeris Rivera p. 189
1957	Glycymeris Stenzel et al. p. 59
1958	Glycymeris DuBar p. 153
1958	Glycymeris (Tuceta) DuBar p. 153
1964	Glycymeris Faustman p. 114
1966	Glycymeris Fleming p. 18
1966	Glycymeris (Glycymerula) Fleming p. 19
1966	Glycymeris (Manaia) Fleming p. 19
1969	Glycymeris da Silva Forti p. 70
1972	Glycymeris Hertlein and Grant p. 158

Year	Name and Author
1973	Glycymeris Marasti p. 100
1980	Axinaea Vokes p. 20
1980	Glycymeris Vokes p. 20
1980	Veletuceta Vokes p. 21
1980	Pectunculopsis Vokes p. 223
1982	Glycymeris Dockery p. 36
1982	Glycymeris Tashiro and Kozai p. 71
1984	Glycymeris Squires p. 41
1986	Glycymeris Kensley and Pether p. 198
1987	Glycymeris Squires p. 55
1987	Glycymeris Ward and Blackwelder p. 129
1988	Glycymeris Squires p. 17
1992	Glycymeris Squires and Demetrion p. 36
1992	Glycymeris Ward p. 60
1992	Glycymeris del Rio pp. 16-17
1999	Glycymeris Wienrich p. 212
2000	Glycymeris Coan et al. p. 142
2000	Glycymeris Moerdijk and van Nieulande p. 4
2001	Glycymeris Tiwari p. 159
2002	Glycymeris Sepkoski, Jr.
2002	Glycymerula Sepkoski, Jr.
2002	Manaia Sepkoski, Jr.
2002	Pectunculus Sepkoski, Jr.
2002	Veletuceta Sepkoski, Jr.
2004	Glycymeris Spencer et al.
2004	Glycymeris Vera-Peláez et al. p. 255
2006	Glycymeris Beu p. 175
2006	Glycymeris Mikkelsen
2010	Axinaea Bouchet et al.
2010	Glycymeris Bouchet et al.

References

Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560

Stanton T. W. Contributions to the Cretaceous paleontology of the Pacific coast. : The fauna of the Knoxville, Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 133, 1-132 doi:10.3133/b133

Glenn L. C. (1904) Pelecypoda, Maryland Geological Survey Miocene Text, 274-401

Maury C. J. (1912) A contribution to the paleontology of Trinidad, Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 15, 1-112

Clark B. L., Arnold R. (1923) Fauna of the Sooke Formation Vancouver Island, University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geological Sciences 14 5, 123-234

Grant U. S., Gale H. R. (1931) Catalogue of the Marine Pliocene and Pleistocene Mollusca of California, Memoirs of the San Diego Society of Natural History 1, 1-1036

Durham J. W. (1944) Megafaunal zones of the Oligocene of northwestern Washington, University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 27, 101 -212

Gardner J. (1945) Mollusca of the Tertiary formations of Northeastern Mexico, Geological Society of American Memoir 11

Eames F. E. (1951) A Contribution to the study of the Eocene in Western Pakistan and Western India: B. Description of the Lamellibranchia from standard sections in the Rakni Nala and Zinda Pir areas of the Western Punjab and in the Kohat District, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B 235, 311-482

Rivera R. (1957) Moluscos fosiles de la Formacion Paracas, Dpto. de Ica, Sociedad Geologica del Peru Primer Congreso Nacional de Geologia Anales - Parte II 32, 165-219

Stenzel H. B., Krause E. K., et al (1957) Pelecypoda from the type locality of the Stone City beds (Middle Eocene) of Texas, University of Texas Publication 5704

DuBar J. R (1958) Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Late Neogene strata of the Caloosahatchee River area of southern Florida, Florida Geological Survey Bulletin 40, 1-267

Faustman W. F. (1964) Paleontology of the Wildcat Group at Scotia and Centerville Beach, California, University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 41 2, 97-160

Fleming C. A. (1966) Marwick's Illustrations of New Zealand shells, with a checklist of New Zealand Cenozoic Mollusca, New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 173

da Silva Forti I. R. (1969) Cenozoic Mollusks from the drillholes Cassino and Palmares do Sul of the Coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul, Iheringia Geologia 2, 55-155

Hertlein L. G., Grant U. S. (1972) The Geology and Paleontology of the Marine Pliocene of San Diego, California (Paleontology: Pelecypoda), San Diego Society of Natural History Memoir 2 B, 135-411

Marasti R. (1973) La fauna tortoniana del T. Stirone (limite Parmense-Piacentino), Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana 12 1, 76-120

Vokes H. E. (1980) Genera of the Bivalvia: a systematic and bibliographic Catalogue, Genera of the Bivalvia: a systematic and bibliographic Catalogue

Dockery D. T. (1982) Lower Oligocene Bivalvia of the Vicksburg Group in Mississippi, Mississippi Department of Natural Resources Bureau of Geology 123, 1-261

Tashiro M., Kozai T. (1982) Part V. Bivalve fossils from the Upper Cretaceous of the Monobe area, Shikoku, Palaeontological Society of Japan Special Papers 25, 69-92

Squires R. L. (1984) Megapaleontology of the Eocene Llajas Formation, Simi Valley, California, Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 350, 1-76

Kensley B., Pether J. (1986) Late Tertiary and Early Quaternary Fossil Mollusca for the Hondeklip Area, Cape Province, South Africa, Annals of the South African Museum 97 6, 141-225

Squires R. L. (1987) Eocene molluscan paleontology of the Whitaker Peak area, Los Angeles and Ventura counties, California, Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 388, 1-93

Ward L. W., Blackwelder B.W. (1987) Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene Mollusca from the James City and Chowan River Formations at Lee Creek Mine, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 61, 113-283

Squires R. L. (1988) Eocene Macropaleontology of Northern Lockwood Valley, Ventura County, California, Contributions in Science (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County) 398, 1-23

Squires R. L., Demetrion R. A. (1992) Paleontology of the Eocene Bateque Formation, Baja California Sur, Mexico, Contributions in Science (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County) 434, 1-55

Ward L. W. (1992) Molluscan biostratigraphy of the Miocene Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain of North America, Virginia Museum of Natural History 2

del Rio C. J. (1992) Middle Miocene bivalves of the Puerto Madryn Formation, Valdes Peninsule, Chubut Province, Argentina (Nuculidae-Pectinidae): Part 1, Palaeontographica Abteilung A 225, 1-58

Wienrich G. (1999) Die Fauna des marinen Miozäns von Kevelaer (Niederrhein). Band 2 Bivalvia, Scaphopoda, Cephalopoda, Bryozoa, Annelida, Brachiopoda, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden 2, 188-384

Coan E. V., Scott P. V., et al (2000) Bivalve seashells of western North America, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural history Monographs 2, 1-764

Moerdijk P. W., van Nieulande F. A. D. (2000) Revision of Pliocene Glycymerididae (Mollusca, Bivalvia) from the North Sea Basin, Contributions to Tertiary and Quaternary Geology 37 1-2, 3-21

Tiwari B. P. (2001) Neogene palaeontology of the Surma Group, Mizoram, India. 1 - The Arcoida (Mollusca: Bivalvia), Journal of the Paleontological Society of India 46, 147-160

Spencer H. G., Willan R. C., et al (2004) Checklist of the Recent Mollusca described from the New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone, [http://www.molluscs.otago.ac.nz/index.html]

Vera-Peláez J. L., Lozano-Francisco M. C., et al (2004) Molluscos del Tirreniense (Pleistoceno Superior) de la Playa la Araña-Cala de Moral (Málaga), Revista Española de Paleontología 19 2, 251-259

Beu A. G. (2006) Marine Mollusca of oxygen isotope stages of the last 2 million years in New Zealand. Part 2. Biostratigraphically useful and new Pliocene to Recent bivalves, Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 36 4, 151-338

Mikkelsen P. M. (2006) Western Atlantic Bivalves [http://peet.amnh.org/Western_Atlantic_Bivalves.html]

Bouchet P., Rocroi J.-P., et al (2010) Nomenclator of Bivalve Families with a Classification of Bivalve Families, Malacologia 52 2, 1-184 doi:10.4002/040.052.0201

Da Costa, Mendes E. (1778). Historia naturalis testaceorum Britanniæ, or, the British conchology; containing the descriptions and other particulars of natural history of the shells of Great Britain and Ireland: illustrated with figures. In English and French. - Historia naturalis testaceorum Britanniæ, ou, la conchologie Britannique; contenant les descriptions & autres particularités d'histoire naturelle des coquilles de la Grande Bretagne & de l'Irlande: avec figures en taille douce. En anglois & françois., i-xii, 1-254, i-vii, [1], Pl. I-XVII. London. (Millan, White, Emsley & Robson). - via World Register of Marine Species

ICZN 1986. Opinion 1414: Panopea Ménard de la Groye, 1807 (Mollusca, Bivalvia): conserved. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 43(3): 258-261 - via World Register of Marine Species

Coan, E. V.; Valentich-Scott, P. (2012). Bivalve seashells of tropical West America. Marine bivalve mollusks from Baja California to northern Peru. 2 vols, 1258 pp. - via World Register of Marine Species

Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca. in: Costello, M.J. et al. (eds), European Register of Marine Species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Patrimoines Naturels. 50: 180-213. - via World Register of Marine Species

Turgeon, D. D., J. F. Quinn, Jr., A. E. Bogan, E. V. Coan, F. G. Hochberg, W. G. Lyons, et al., 1998: Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Mollusks, 2nd ed.. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 26. 526. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Opinion 1414 Panopea Menard de La Groye, 1807 (Mollusca, Bivalvia): conserved.Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 43, 258-261 (1986) - via Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology

Aphia2006 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

CoL2006 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Sepkoski, J. J., Jr. (2002). A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology. 363, 1-560. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

WoRMS (Mar 2013) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

ICZN 1986. Opinion 1414: Panopea Ménard de la Groye, 1807 (Mollusca, Bivalvia): conserved. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 43(3): 258-261 - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Brit. Conch. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000/Bouchet et al., 2001 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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