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Hemiaster

Photos

Photo Gallery

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	2278910	https://www.gbif.org/species/2278910
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	33391	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=33391

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF)

Life : Animalia : Echinodermata : Echinoidea : Spatangoida : Hemiasteridae : Hemiaster

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Echinodermata : Echinoidea : Spatangoida : Hemiasteridae : Hemiaster

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
-	Ambulacraria
phylum	Echinodermata	Klein 1754
subphylum	Echinozoa	von Zittel 1895
class	Echinoidea
subclass	Euechinoidea	Bronn 1860
superorder	Acroechinoidea
-	Carinacea	Kroh and Smith 2010
-	Irregularia
-	Atelostomata	von Zittel 1879
order	Spatangoida	Agassiz 1840
family	Hemiasteridae	Clark 1917
genus	Hemiaster	Desor 1847

Common Name

heart urchin

Scientific Name

Hemiaster Desor, 1847

Name Published In

Ann. Sci. Nat. [3] (Zool.), 8

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Hemiaster	genus	belongs to Spatangidae	stated without evidence	Clark and Twitchell, 1915
Hemiaster	genus	belongs to Hemiasteridae	stated without evidence	Grant and Hertlein, 1938
Hemiaster	genus	belongs to Schizasteridae	stated without evidence	Cooke, 1942
Hemiaster	genus	belongs to Hemiasteridae	stated without evidence	Fischer, 1966
Hemiaster	genus	belongs to Hemiasteridae	stated with evidence	Henderson, 1975
Hemiaster	genus	belongs to Hemiasteridae	stated without evidence	Kier, 1984
Hemiaster	genus	belongs to Hemiasteridae	stated with evidence	McNamara, 1987
Hemiaster	genus	belongs to Hemiasteridae	stated without evidence	Ragaini, 1994
Hemiaster	genus	belongs to Hemiasteridae	stated with evidence	Smith, 1995
Hemiaster	genus	belongs to Spatangoida	second hand	Sepkoski, 2002
Hemiaster	genus	belongs to Hemiasteridae	stated with evidence	Berndt, 2003

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

2 (4.3%)

First Recorded Appearance

122 - 112 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous

Environment

marine (based on Spatangoida)

Motility

slow-moving (based on Spatangoida)

Vision

limited (based on Echinoidea)

Diet

deposit feeder, detritivore (based on Spatangoida)

Reproduction

dispersal=water,planktonic (based on Spatangoida)

Ontogeny

accretion,addition of parts (based on Echinodermata)

Taphonomy

high Mg calcite (based on Spatangoida)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

L. Agassiz and P. J. E. Desor. 1847. Catalogue raisonné des familles, des genres, et des espèces de la classe des échinodermes. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Troisième Série, Zoologie 7-8

Common Name(s)

コダヌキブンブク, Heart Urchin

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Hemiaster (Bolbaster) ✝ subgenus	listed (PBDB)		32	101 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	16.0 Ma Miocene
Hemiaster (Gregoryaster) ✝ subgenus	listed (PBDB)
Hemiaster (Hemiaster) ✝ subgenus	listed (PBDB)	Heart Urchin	5	105 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	99.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Hemiaster (Holanthus) subgenus	listed (PBDB)		2	20.4 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Hemiaster (Integraster) ✝ subgenus	listed (PBDB)
Hemiaster (Leymeriaster) ✝ subgenus	listed (PBDB)
Hemiaster (Trachyaster) ✝ subgenus	listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Hemiaster aequisgranensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	85.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	85.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Hemiaster alamedensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Hemiaster amelianus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	83.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Hemiaster amudariensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster amurensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster anisopetalus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster antillensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	56.0 Ma Paleocene	56.0 Ma Paleocene
Hemiaster arachnius species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster ararensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster archiaci species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster arcolensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	86.3 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	86.3 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Hemiaster arcticus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	85.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	85.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Hemiaster arnaudi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster asperatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster auberti species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster auressensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster baconicus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster balboi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster barroisi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster barthouxi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster batalleri species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster beecheri ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	101 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Hemiaster benhurensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster besairiei species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster bexari species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster bigoneti species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster birostratus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster blankenhorni species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster boulei species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster bourguignati species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster bowerbanki species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster branderianus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster bufo ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		13	105 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	93.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Hemiaster californicus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	93.9 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	93.9 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Hemiaster callidus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster calvini ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	99.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	99.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Hemiaster cascajalensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster catandubensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster cearensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster cedroensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster checchiai species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster chirakhanensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster cholamensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Hemiaster comanchei ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	145 Ma Late Jurassic	145 Ma Late Jurassic
Hemiaster conradi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster cossignyi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster cottreaui species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster cranium species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster cubicus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster dalli species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster delawarensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Hemiaster despujolsi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster dewalquei ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	56.0 Ma Paleocene	56.0 Ma Paleocene
Hemiaster digonus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster dolosus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster elegans ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	145 Ma Late Jurassic	145 Ma Late Jurassic
Hemiaster enormis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster estepi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster excavatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster figarii species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster florigerus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster forbesi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster forbesii species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster fourtaui species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster foveatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster gabrielis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster gaudryi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster gauthieri species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster gemellaroi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster gissarensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster globulosus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster gonzalezmunozi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Hemiaster guillieri species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster hattaensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Hemiaster hawkinsi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster heteropneustes species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster himalayensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster holoambitatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster hourcqi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster humphreysanus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		6	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Hemiaster icaunensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster insolitus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster integer species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster jacksoni species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster jacobi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster javanicus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster judinkensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster koninckanus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster krenchelensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster kunlunensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster labriei species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster lacunosus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster lamberti species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster latesulcatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster leynerii species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster madagascariensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster madrugensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster majungensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster mancus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster meslei species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster messai species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster micranthus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster mikasaensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster mirabilis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster moscovensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Hemiaster mutabilis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster narindensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster nucleus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster nux species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster oliveirai species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster oregonensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Hemiaster oriens species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster parallelus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster parastatus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		3	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	59.2 Ma Paleocene
Hemiaster paronai ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Hemiaster polygonalis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster prestwichi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster proclivus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		2	105 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	105 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Hemiaster pseudoanticus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster pulcher species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster punctatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster rarus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster reineckei species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster rioupanemensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster riovistae species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster rollandi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster rostratus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster sabinal ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	89.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	89.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Hemiaster sanctisebastiani species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster sannio species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster saulcyanus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster schluteri species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster schoelleri species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster semicavatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster setifensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster sibiricus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster siboneyensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster simakovi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster similis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster solignaci species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster sourkoldjenouensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster sphericus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster spissus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster stefaninii species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster stella ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		11	89.3 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	59.2 Ma Paleocene
Hemiaster stoliczkai species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster subameliae species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster subbibansensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster subconicus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster subidus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster submirabilis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster sudanensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster superbissimus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster teilhardi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster texanus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		12	86.3 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Hemiaster toucasanus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster tubillensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster turkestanensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster ungula ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		3	83.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	59.2 Ma Paleocene
Hemiaster uwajimensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster verecundus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster verneuili species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster victoris species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster vistulensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster wayensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster welleri ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	86.3 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	86.3 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Hemiaster wetherbyi ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		54	113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Hemiaster whitei species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiaster zululandensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spatangus bufo species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spatangus parastatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spatangus stella species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Peroniaster Gauthier, 1887	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Echinodermata : Echinoidea : Spatangoida : Hemiasteridae : *Peroniaster*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1847	Hemiaster Agassiz and Desor p. 16
1907	Hemiaster kuemmeli Clark
1915	Hemiaster Clark and Twitchell p. 88
1915	Hemiaster kuemmeli Clark and Twitchell p. 97
1938	Hemiaster Grant and Hertlein p. 116
1942	Hemiaster Cooke p. 43
1949	Hemiaster (Integraster) globulosus Sanchez Roig
1966	Hemiaster Fischer p. U557
1975	Hemiaster Henderson p. 29

Year	Name and Author
1976	Hemiaster sibiricus Shmidt figs. Pl 1, fig 6
1984	Hemiaster Kier p. 16
1987	Hemiaster McNamara p. 336
1991	Hemiaster Smith p. 52
1993	Hemiaster Donovan p. 101
1994	Hemiaster Ragaini p. 289
1995	Hemiaster Smith p. 232
2002	Hemiaster Sepkoski, Jr.
2003	Hemiaster Berndt p. 84

References

Agassiz L., Desor P. J. E. Catalogue raisonné des familles, des genres, et des espèces de la classe des échinodermes, Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Troisième Série, Zoologie 7-8

Clark W. B., Twitchell M. W. (1915) The Mesozoic and Cenozoic Echinodermata of the United States, United States Geological Survey Bulletin 54, 1-341

Grant U. S., Hertlein L. G. (1938) The West American Cenozoic Echinoidea, Publications of the University of California at Los Angeles in Mathematical and Physical Sciences 2, 1-225

Cooke C. W. (1942) Cenozoic irregular echinoids of the Eastern United States, Journal of Paleontology 16, 1-62

Fischer A. G. (1966) Spatangoids, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part U. Echinodermata. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Boulder and Lawrence 3 2, U543-U628

Henderson R. A. (1975) Cenozoic Spatangoid Echinoids from New Zealand, New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin 46, 1-129

Shmidt O. I. (1976) O pervykh nakhodkakh morskikh ezhey v verkhnemelovykh otlozheniyakh Sovetskoy Arktiki, Trudy Vsesoyuzhnogo Neftyanogo Nauchno-Issledovatelskogo Geologorazvedochnogo Instituta 388, 151-156

Kier P. M. (1984) Fossil spatangoid echinoids of Cuba, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 55, 1-336

McNamara K. J. (1987) Taxonomy, evolution and functional morphology of southern Australian Tertiary hemisasterid echinoids, Palaeontology 30 2, 319-352

Smith A. B. (1991) Taxonomic descriptions, in Cretaceous echinoids from north-eastern Brazil, Fossils and Strata 31, 1-88

Donovan S. K. (1993) Jamaican Cretaceous Echinoidea, Geological Society of America Memoir 182, 93-103

Ragaini L. (1994) Neogene echinoids from Salento (Apulia, Southern Italy), Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 287-290

Smith A. B. (1995) Late Campanian-Maastrichtian echinoids from the United Arab Emirates-Oman border region, Bulletin of the Natural History Museum (Geology Series) 51, 121-240

Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560

Berndt R. (2003) Cenomanian echinoids from Southern Jordan, N. Jb. Geol. Palaont. Mh 2003 2, 73-90

Hansson, H.G. (2001). Echinodermata, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels,. 50: pp. 336-351. - via World Register of Marine Species

Ann. Sci. Nat. [3] (Zool.), 8 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Aphia2006 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

CoL2006 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000/Fell, 1982 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Sepkoski, J. J., Jr. (2002). A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology. 363, 1-560. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

WoRMS (Mar 2013) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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