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Holothuroidea

Photos

Photo Gallery

Achistrum sp.

Mazon Creek, Will County, Illinois, USA

Achistrum sp.

Mazon Creek, Will County, Illinois, USA

Achistrum sp.

Mazon Creek, Will County, Illinois, USA

Achistrum sp.

Mazon Creek, Will County, Illinois, USA

Achistrum sp.

Mazon Creek, Will County, Illinois, USA

Achistrum sp.

Mazon Creek, Will County, Illinois, USA

Description

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holothuroidea, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	222	https://www.gbif.org/species/222
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	31227	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=31227

Rank

class

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Echinodermata : Holothuroidea

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
-	Ambulacraria
phylum	Echinodermata	Klein 1754
class	Holothuroidea	de Blainville 1834

Common Name

sea cucumber

Scientific Name

Holothuroidea

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Holothuroidea	class	belongs to Echinodermata	stated without evidence	Clark and Twitchell, 1915
Holothuroidea	class	belongs to Echinodermata	stated with evidence	Frizzell and Exline, 1966
Holothuroidea	class	belongs to Echinodermata	implied	Barnes, 1998
Holothuroidea	class	belongs to Echinozoa	stated without evidence	Boczarowski, 2001
Holothuroidea	class	belongs to Echinodermata	second hand	Sepkoski, 2002
Holothuroidea	class	belongs to Echinodermata	stated with evidence	Jell, 2010

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

756

Extant Size (PBDB)

66 (8.7%)

First Recorded Appearance

513 - 505 Ma
Cambrian

Environment

marine (based on Echinodermata)

Motility

actively mobile

Vision

blind

Diet

detritivore

Reproduction

dispersal=water,planktonic (based on Echinodermata)

Ontogeny

accretion,addition of parts (based on Echinodermata)

Ecospace Comments

LIFE HISTORY: Multiple tiering positions (shallow infaunal, surficial epifaunal, and nektonic. Placed here in shallow infaunal.

Taphonomy

high Mg calcite (based on Echinodermata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

H. M. D. de Blainville. 1834. Manuel d'actinologie ou de zoophytologie contenant: 1- Une histoire abrégée de cette partie de la zoologie, avec des considérations générales sur l'anatomie, la physiologie, les moeurs, les habitudes et les usages des Actinozoaires; 2- Un système général d'actinologie, tiré à la fois des animaux et de leurs parties solides ou polypiers; 3- Un catalogue des principaux auteurs qui ont écrit sur le sujet, avec un atlas de 100 planches représentant une espèce de chaque genre et sous-genre

Common Name(s)

Sea Cucumbers, Sjögurkor, Cocombres De Mer, Holotúria, Pepino Do Mar, Sea Cucumber, Zeekomkommers, ナマコ／海鼠, Holothurians

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holothuroidea

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Apodacea subclass	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Aspidochirotacea subclass	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Dendrochirotacea subclass	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Apodida order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		475	408 Ma Early/Lower Devonian	0 Ma Extant
Arthrochirotida ✝ order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		11	409 Ma Early/Lower Devonian	393 Ma Early/Lower Devonian
Aspidochirotida order	listed (PBDB)		34	450 Ma Late/Upper Ordovician	0 Ma Extant
Dactylochirotida order	listed (PBDB)		2	201 Ma Early Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
Dendrochirotida order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		305	461 Ma Middle Ordovician	0 Ma Extant
Elasipodida order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		42	419 Ma Early/Lower Devonian	0 Ma Extant
Holothuriida order	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Molpadida order	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Molpadiida order	listed (PBDB)		25	237 Ma Middle Triassic	0 Ma Extant
Paractinopoda ✝ order	listed (PBDB)
Persiculida order	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Synallactida order	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Achistrulidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Alexandritidae ✝ family	listed (PBDB)
Calcancorellidae family	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Canisiidae ✝ family	listed (PBDB)		3	237 Ma Middle Triassic	216 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Chiridotitidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		9	182 Ma Early Jurassic	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Etheridgellidae ✝ family	listed (PBDB)		11	315 Ma Carboniferous	168 Ma Middle Jurassic
Kaliobullitidae ✝ family	listed (PBDB)		1	242 Ma Middle Triassic	242 Ma Middle Triassic
Kozurellidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	237 Ma Middle Triassic	222 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Kuehnitidae ✝ family	listed (PBDB)		20	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	209 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Palelpidiidae ✝ family	listed (PBDB)		2	237 Ma Middle Triassic	212 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Priscopedatidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		194	359 Ma Late/Upper Devonian	0 Ma Extant
Protocaudinidae ✝ family	listed (PBDB)
Punctatitidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		30	272 Ma Permian	201 Ma Early Jurassic
Rotasaccidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Rotiformidae ✝ family	listed (PBDB)
Stichopitidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		65	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	0 Ma Extant
Synaptellidae ✝ family	listed (PBDB)		3	164 Ma Middle Jurassic	164 Ma Middle Jurassic
Volchoviidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Acanthocaudina ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Alexandrites ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Ancistrum ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)
Arkarua genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Arthrochirota ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)
Bathysynactites ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	242 Ma Middle Triassic	242 Ma Middle Triassic
Calclyra genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Conisia ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Crucivirga ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Cucumaria genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Laetmophasma genus	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Leptosynapta ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Ocellothuria ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		2	408 Ma Early/Lower Devonian	388 Ma Middle Devonian
Oesolcucumaria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ornaticannula ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	164 Ma Middle Jurassic	164 Ma Middle Jurassic
Pararotasaccus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Parvispina ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	299 Ma Carboniferous	299 Ma Carboniferous
Sclerothurites ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	164 Ma Middle Jurassic	164 Ma Middle Jurassic
Semperites genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Staurocumites ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		24	269 Ma Permian	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Tetravirga ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		24	359 Ma Late/Upper Devonian	212 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Thyonidium genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	47.8 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Triradites ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	237 Ma Middle Triassic	228 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Uniramosa ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	237 Ma Middle Triassic	216 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Enyplastes ecalcarea species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pristopedatus frizzeli species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Psychrelpida discrepans species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Stereodema munita species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Trochodonta dunedinensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Protocaudinidae	GBIF	family	Animalia : Echinodermata : Holothuroidea : Protocaudinidae

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1915	Holothuroidea Clark and Twitchell p. 177
1966	Holothuroidea Frizzell and Exline p. U641
1998	Holothuroidea Barnes p. 313
2001	Holothuroidea Boczarowski p. 117
2002	Holothuroidea Sepkoski, Jr.
2010	Holothuroidea Jell p. 30

References

de Blainville H. M. D. , Manuel d'actinologie ou de zoophytologie contenant: 1- Une histoire abrégée de cette partie de la zoologie, avec des considérations générales sur l'anatomie, la physiologie, les moeurs, les habitudes et les usages des Actinozoaires; 2- Un système général d'actinologie, tiré à la fois des animaux et de leurs parties solides ou polypiers; 3- Un catalogue des principaux auteurs qui ont écrit sur le sujet, avec un atlas de 100 planches représentant une espèce de chaque genre et sous-genre, 1-695

Clark W. B., Twitchell M. W. (1915) The Mesozoic and Cenozoic Echinodermata of the United States, United States Geological Survey Bulletin 54, 1-341

Frizzell D. L., Exline H. (1966) Holothuroidea - Fossil Record, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part U. Echinodermata 3. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press 2, U646-U672

Boczarowski A. (2001) Isolated sclerites of Devonian nonpelmatozoan echinoderms, Palaeontologia Polonica 59, 3-220

Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560

Jell P. A. (2010) Late Silurian echinoderms from the Yass Basin, New South Wales - the earliest holothurian body fossil and two diploporitan cystoids (Sphaeronitidae and Holocystitidae), Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 39, 27-41

Miller, Allison K., A. M. Kerr, G. Paulay, M. Riech, N. G. Wilson, J. I. Carvajal, and G. W. Rouse, 2017: Molecular phylogeny of extant Holothuroidea (Echinodermata). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 111. 110-131. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Frizell, Don L., Harriet Exline, et al. / Durham, J. Wyatt, et al. / Moore, Raymond C., ed., 1966: Holothurians. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part U, Echinodermata 3, vol. 2. U641-U646. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Parker, S.P. (ed). (1982). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. McGraw-Hill, New York. 2 volumes. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Brusca, Richard C., and Gary J. Brusca, 2002: null. Invertebrates, Second Edition. xx + 936. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Hansson, H.G. (2001). Echinodermata, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels,. 50: pp. 336-351. - via World Register of Marine Species

Purcell, S.W., Samyn, Y. & Conand, C. (2013). Commercially important sea cucumbers of the world. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 6. Rome, FAO. 2012. 150 pp. 30 colour plates - via World Register of Marine Species

Reich, M. (2013). How many species of fossil holothurians are there ? In: Johnson, C., ed.: Echinoderms in a Changing World. Boca Raton / London / New York / Leiden: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 23-51. - via World Register of Marine Species

Reich, M. (2014). Supplement to: ‘How many species of fossil holothurians are there ?'. Göttingen Contributions to Geosciences. 77: 161-162. - via World Register of Marine Species

Reich, M. (2015). Supplement 2 to “How many species of fossil holothurians are there?”. Zitteliana A. 55: 121-122. - via World Register of Marine Species

Gärdenfors, Ulf, Hall, Ragnar, Hallingbäck, Tomas, Hansson, Hans G. & Hedström, Lars (2003) Djur, svampar och växter i Sverige 2003. Förteckning över antal arter per familj. ArtDatabanken Rapporterar 5, ArtDatabanken, Uppsala. (reviderad excelfil med svenska djurfamiljer). - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

WoRMS (2013) Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.eu/ - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Hansson, G, Samuelsson, Cedhagen & Strand (2013) Nationalnyckeln till Sveriges flora och fauna. Tagghudingar–svalgsträngsdjur. Echinodermata– Hemichordata. - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Reich, M. (2014). Supplement to: ‘How many species of fossil holothurians are there ?'. Göttingen Contributions to Geosciences. 77: 161-162. - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Reich, M. (2015). Supplement 2 to “How many species of fossil holothurians are there?”. Zitteliana A. 55: 121-122. - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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