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Spirobolida
| Description | Spirobolida is an order of "round-backed" millipedes containing approximately 500 species in 12 families. Its members are distinguished by the presence of a "pronounced suture that runs "vertically down the front of the head". Most of the species live in the tropics, and many are brightly coloured. Mature males have two pairs of modified legs, the gonopods, consisting of the 8th and 9th leg pair: the posterior gonopods are used in sperm-transfer while the anterior gonopods are fused into a single plate-like structure. From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirobolida, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Source Data |
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| Rank | order | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxonomy (GBIF) | Life : Animalia : Arthropoda : Diplopoda : Spirobolida | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxonomy (PBDB) | Life : Animalia : Arthropoda : Myriapoda : Spirobolida | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxonomic Status (GBIF) | accepted | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Classification (PBDB,GBIF) |
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| Scientific Name | Spirobolida | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Opinions (PBDB) |
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| Status (PBDB) | extant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxon Size (PBDB) | 38 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Extant Size (PBDB) | 5 (13%) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| First Recorded Appearance | 419 - 411 Ma Early/Lower Devonian | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Motility | actively mobile (based on Arthropoda) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary Reference (PBDB) | O. F. Cook. 1895. Introductory note on the families of Diplopoda, in The Craspedosomatidae of North America. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 9:1-9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common Name(s) | マルヤスデ, Slitsdubbelfotingar | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirobolida |
External Images
Fossil Distribution
Subtaxa
| Name | Status | Common Name(s) | Fossil Occurrences | Oldest | Youngest |
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| Xyloiuloidea ✝ superfamily | listed (PBDB) | 23 | 419 Ma Early/Lower Devonian | 290 Ma Permian | |
| Allopocockiidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Anthracojulidae ✝ family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 2 | 305 Ma Carboniferous | 305 Ma Carboniferous | |
| Atopetholidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 0 Ma Extant | |||
| Atopochetidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Floridobolidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Gaspestriidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Hoffmanobolidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Messicobolidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Nyraniidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Onychelidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Pachybolidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Plagiascetidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Pseudospirobolellidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Rhinocricidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Spirobolellidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Spirobolidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 1 | 0.30 Ma Pleistocene | 0 Ma Extant | |
| Spiromimidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Trigoniulidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Typhlobolellidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Xyloiulidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Amblybolus genus | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Banosolus genus | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Gobiulus genus | listed (PBDB) | 3 | 83.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous | 83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous | |
| Tonkouibolus genus | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
Synonymy List
| Year | Name and Author |
|---|---|
| 1969 | Spirobolida Hoffman p. 587 |
| 1975 | Spirobolida Dzik p. 17 |
| 2008 | Spirobolida Štamberg and Zajíc p. 86 |
| 2010 | Spirobolida Shear and Edgecombe p. 181 |
| 2018 | Spirobolida Riquelme and Hernández-Patricio p. 638 |
References
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
