Bitumen
A variety of Petroleum
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About Bitumen
Name:
The expression "bitumen" originated in the Sanskrit words jatu, meaning "pitch", and jatu-krit, meaning "pitch creating" or "pitch producing" (referring to coniferous or resinous trees). The Latin equivalent is claimed by some to be originally gwitu-men (pertaining to pitch), and by others, pixtumens (exuding or bubbling pitch), which was subsequently shortened to bitumen, thence passing via French into English. From the same root is derived the Anglo-Saxon word cwidu (mastix), the German word Kitt (cement or mastic) and the old Norse word kvada. (Wikipedia)
A variety of Petroleum
A sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid to solid form of Petroleum. It may be applied to the substance found in natural deposits (crude bitumen) or may be a refined product. It is a substance also classed as asphalt, pitch or asphaltum (term used before the 20th century).
Commonly differentiated from other organic matter in sediments (eg Kerogen) by its solubility in organic solvents.
In comparison, pyrobitumen is brittle, infusible and relatively insoluble.
A sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid to solid form of Petroleum. It may be applied to the substance found in natural deposits (crude bitumen) or may be a refined product. It is a substance also classed as asphalt, pitch or asphaltum (term used before the 20th century).
Commonly differentiated from other organic matter in sediments (eg Kerogen) by its solubility in organic solvents.
In comparison, pyrobitumen is brittle, infusible and relatively insoluble.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
9424 (as Bitumen)
9532 (as Petroleum)
9532 (as Petroleum)
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:9424:1 (as Bitumen)
mindat:1:1:9532:3 (as Petroleum)
mindat:1:1:9532:3 (as Petroleum)
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
667947a2-7f59-4a5f-8022-c7a1193aff23 (as Bitumen)
d6f62b20-1a81-4f0d-90ac-d323753c2d31 (as Petroleum)
d6f62b20-1a81-4f0d-90ac-d323753c2d31 (as Petroleum)
Synonyms of Bitumen
Other Language Names for Bitumen
Varieties of Bitumen
| Albertite | A variety of asphaltum (mineral asphalt) from which the volatile components have evaporated, leaving a harder and less soluble substance with a glistening pitch-like luster. Used for carvings as a jet simulant. |
| Aromatite | A bituminous stone resembling a fragrant gum resin in color and odor. It was a precious stone in ancient Arabia and Egypt. Ref: AGI |
| Broggite | i. A variety of asphalt from Peru. Ref: Tomkeieff ii. A variety of anthraxolite. Ref: Crosby |
| Fucosite | Bitumen derived from the hydration of fucose pentosane and found among clays and sands in California. Ref: Tomkeieff |
| Humacite | A group name for bitumens that vary from gelatinous to hard resinous or elastic. Believed to represent an emulsion of highly acidic (humic acids) hydrocarbons with a varying amount of water (as high as 90%). Insoluble in organic solvents. Ref: Tomkeieff |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 117 photos of Bitumen associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 106 photos of Bitumen associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
| 61 photos of Bitumen associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 59 photos of Bitumen associated with Sulphur | S8 |
| 46 photos of Bitumen associated with Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| 35 photos of Bitumen associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 34 photos of Bitumen associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
| 21 photos of Bitumen associated with Opal-CT | SiO2 · nH2O |
| 19 photos of Bitumen associated with Aragonite | CaCO3 |
| 18 photos of Bitumen associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Bitumen in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Bitumen
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-9424.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Bitumen
Reference List:
Localities for Bitumen
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
Algeria | |
| Singer et al. (2009) |
| Singer et al. (2009) | |
Argentina | |
| FERNANDEZ |
| Saravia (1960) |
| Saravia (1960) |
| Saravia (1960) | |
| Saravia (1960) | |
| Saravia (1960) |
| Grundmann et al. (2018) |
| Grundmann et al. (2018) |
| Grundmann et al. (2018) |
| Juan Carlos Lodovichi. +1 other reference |
| Heys Mineral Index | |
| Raúl J. Tauber Larry´collection | |
| Montagne et al. (2014) | |
| Tauber | |
| Tauber | |
| Tauber | |
| Tauber | |
| Tauber | |
| PONS |
| Montagne et al. (2014) |
| Ponce et al. (2014) | |
| Montagna et al. (2014) |
| Montagna et al. (2014) | |
| Montagna et al. (2014) |
| Montagne et al. (2014) | |
| Tauber | |
| Tauber | |
| G. A. Cetrángolo y H. Kleimans (1938) |
| Hugo A. Peña (1970) |
| Hugo A. Peña (1970) |
| Hugo A. Peña (1970) | |
| Hugo A. Peña (1970) |
| Hugo A. Peña (1970) | |
| Hugo A. Peña (1970) | |
Australia | |
| England et al. (2019) |
| Li et al. (2022) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2009) |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Carinthia II (2011) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| C. Auer (1984) |
| A. M. Götzinger: Der Aufschluss 35 (10) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| G. Niedermayr: Der Hochobir (Klagenfurt) |
| G. Niedermayr: Der Hochobir (Klagenfurt) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Farka collection |
| www.univie.ac.at (2020) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| C. Auer (2023) |
| Postl et al. (2009) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2017) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2002) |
| Der Aufschluß (2006) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2005) | |
| Schnorrer+Poeverlein (2005) | |
| Reiter (2011) +1 other reference |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Bojar et al. (1999) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2023) |
| 70. +1 other reference |
Barbados | |
| ... |
Belgium | |
| Harjo Neutkens |
Bolivia | |
| Wilson (2001) |
| Arch. Mineral. Warsaw |
| Wilson (2001) |
Brazil | |
| Aldis et al. (2022) |
| Berni et al. (2016) |
Canada | |
| www.venuewest.com/8IKC/s1post.htm. |
| minfile.gov.bc.ca (2013) |
| Ray |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Hood et al. (1991) |
| Gwen L. Martin. "Gesner's Dream: The Trials and Triumphs of Early Mining in New Brunswick" et al. (New Brunswick) |
| Sabina (1992) |
| Lane (1990) |
| Can. Rockhound 7 (1) |
| Sangster et al. (1998) |
| Parnell et al. (2007) |
| Ref.: Geological Survey of Canada ... |
| |
| Ref.: Geological Survey of Canada ... |
| HAMILTON (1975) |
| Reiner Mielke | |
| Melanson et al. (1982) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Hugh S. Spence (1930) |
| Reiner Mielke |
| Reiner Mielke 2012 | |
| Horváth collection |
| Fred Schuster. personal observations |
| personal identification |
Chile | |
| Cisternas et al. (2006) |
| Econ Geol (1987) |
| Zentilli et al. (1997) |
| Uwe Kolitsch collection | |
| Sernageomin database 2007 +1 other reference | |
| Zentilli et al. (1997) |
| Maskaev et al. (2007) |
| Zentilli et al. (1997) |
China | |
| Yang Gang et al. (2004) |
| Guangli Ren et al. (2010) |
| Yang Wao et al. (1999) |
| Xiong Song (1989) +1 other reference | |
| Xiong Song (1989) | |
| Dequan Shuai and Xiaojiang Hu (1995) +1 other reference |
| Peters (2002) |
| Donghong Zhao et al. (2003) |
| Bochong Liu et al. (2005) | |
| Hu Kai et al. (2002) |
| Peilan Li (1989) |
| Gao et al. (2021) |
| Wu et al. (2022) |
| Kai Hu et al. (2000) |
| Liu et al. (2022) |
| Xiaohuan Luo et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Shijie Chen et al. (1984) |
| Guanqing Lu (1994) |
| Xie et al. (2017) | |
| Yuancheng Huang (2003) |
| Lin Ye (2005) +1 other reference |
| www.portergeo.com.au (2007) |
| Ge et al. (2022) |
| Ge et al. (2022) | |
| brightrich.com (2009) | |
| Guozhi Wang and Ruizhong Hu (2002) |
| Ge et al. (2022) |
| Xingchun Zhang et al. (2003) +2 other references | |
| Aimin Liu et al. (2007) |
| Denghong Wang et al. (2012) | |
| Xiong Song (1989) +2 other references |
| Yongfeng Hua (1987) | |
| Wang et al. (2023) | |
| Liangzuo Fu (1984) | |
| Lehmann et al. (2007) |
| Yuan et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| Zhen-Qi Zhou et al. (2006) |
| Jihua Li et al. (2012) |
| Wen Qi et al. (2006) |
| Kai Hu et al. (2000) |
| Geng Ansong and Parnell (1994) |
| Yun Zhou et al. (2014) |
| Kai Hu et al. (2000) |
| Xiong Song (1989) +1 other reference |
| Shaoxiang Yang and Ketong Lao (2007) |
| National Geological Archives of China ... | |
| National Geological Archives of China ... | |
| National Geological Archives of China ... | |
| Shengyun Fu et al. (2006) |
| Wenjun Liu and Rongcai Zheng (2000) | |
| Zhang et al. (2022) | |
| Zhang et al. (2022) | |
| Wenjun Liu and Rongcai Zheng (2000) +1 other reference | |
| Schneider et al. (2002) | |
| Schneider et al. (2002) | |
| Yun Zhou et al. (2014) |
| Schneider et al. (2002) |
| Tang et al. (1999) | |
| Dongchu Tang (1999) |
| Mengjun Ceng (1992) |
| Mengjun Ceng (1992) +1 other reference |
| Junsheng Feng (2001) |
| Junsheng Feng (2001) |
| Junsheng Feng (2001) | |
| Junsheng Feng (2001) |
| Wenle Zeng et al. (2010) |
| Kai Hu et al. (2000) |
| Dahlkamp et al. (2009) |
| Xinghua Tan et al. (2014) |
| Ruiting Wang et al. (2013) |
| Xiong Song (1989) |
| Guan +5 other references |
| Qinghong Xu et al. (2007) |
| Hongbin Chen et al. (2006) |
| Yu et al. (2022) |
| M Kampf collection |
| Changqing Zhang et al. (2010) +2 other references |
| Zejiang Wang and Anru Wang (1985) +2 other references |
| Dingmao Chou (1989) |
| Zejiang Wang and Anru Wang (1985) +1 other reference | |
| Wen Qi et al. (2006) |
| Peters (2002) |
| www.cicresources.com (2006) |
| Fangcheng Lin (2005) +1 other reference |
| Wang et al. (2022) | |
| Wang et al. (2022) | |
| Zhang et al. (2016) |
| Li +8 other references |
| Zhang et al. (2022) |
| Xiangrong Yang et al. (2009) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Weitao Wang et al. (2006) |
| Zhang et al. (2019, December) |
| Dahlkamp et al. (2009) |
| Chuanjie Pu and Dexian Qin (1991) +1 other reference |
| Liangsheng Ge et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Yi Li et al. (2005) |
| Wenping Guo and Shouquan Hu (2002) |
| Dahlkamp et al. (2009) |
| Dahlkamp et al. (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp et al. (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp et al. (2009) |
| Dahlkamp et al. (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp et al. (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp et al. (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp et al. (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp et al. (2009) |
| Dahlkamp et al. (2009) | |
| Lan Gao et al. (2005) +2 other references |
| Liu Jiajun et al. (2001) | |
| Li et al. (2020) |
| Yifeng Meng and Bin Cui (1998) |
| Bugao Xue (2007) |
| Houmin Li et al. (2005) |
| Qian Zhang et al. (2009) | |
| Houmin Li et al. (2005) | |
| Juli Wang et al. (2006) |
| Qian Zhang et al. (2008) |
| Yan Wang et al. (2006) |
| Wang et al. (2023) | |
Croatia | |
| Naumann et al. (1898) |
Czech Republic | |
| Sýkorová et al. (2016) |
| Havelcová et al. (2022) |
| Havelcová et al. (2020) |
| Kříbek et al. (2009) |
Egypt | |
| BORCHERT et al. (801-864) +2 other references |
Finland | |
| Peltonen et al. (2008) |
| Peltonen et al. (2008) |
France | |
| 54 (in German) +1 other reference |
| |
| Aimé Rudel : "Curiosités Géologiques ... |
| Aimé Rudel : "Curiosités Géologiques ... |
| Aimé Rudel : "Curiosités Géologiques ... |
| Aimé Rudel : "Curiosités Géologiques ... |
| Aimé Rudel : "Curiosités Géologiques ... |
| "Les minéraux et al. (1977) |
| L. Chauris |
| R. Pierrot |
| National History Museum Vienna ... |
| Hohh (1994) |
| Hohh (1994) |
| M. Argulie |
| |
| Belot (1978) | |
| [var: Albertite] Analysis from CRG (Centre d'Etudes Gemmologiques de l'Université de Nantes/France) +1 other reference |
| perso.wanadoo.fr (2003) |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot | |
| Gol et al. (2010) |
| |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Ref. Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Self collected by S. MAURY |
| Bull. Minéral. |
| Williamson |
| Joan Rosell-Riba (2024) |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| undefined +2 other references |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Hanke et al. (2018) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schüller et al. (1949) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Uwe Kolitsch collection (PXRD and/or SEM-EDS analyses) |
| Sandstein Museum Bad Bentheim |
| Weiß (1990) +2 other references |
| Andreas Gerstenberg |
| Krul (1969) |
| Blaß et al. (2021) |
| D. Pawlowski: "Mineralfundstellen im Sauerland" (Munich) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Hentschel (1986) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Own analyses R. Lang |
| Weiß (1990) |
| 50. +2 other references |
| Karsten's Archiv für Mineralogie +1 other reference |
| Arndt +2 other references |
| Arndt +2 other references |
| Lapis 2001 (6) | |
| Geognostische Jahreshefte XXXI/XXXII +1 other reference |
| Lapis 2001 (6) |
| Lapis 2001 (6) | |
| 58. +1 other reference |
| Gerhard Müller: Bergbau-PSL-Mineralogie et al. (Saarbrücken 1996) |
| Bergbau PSL Blatt Lebach 6507-4 +1 other reference |
| Thomas Kleser Collection |
| Urbigkeit et al. (1987) |
| J. Gröbner & J. Wesiger (2008) |
Greenland | |
| Jakobsen et al. (1985) |
| Van der Stijl et al. (1998) |
Hungary | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Molnár +7 other references |
Indonesia | |
| Arisona et al. (2016) |
Iran | |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
| Asadi et al. (2000) |
Ireland | |
| Morrissey (1970) |
| Moreton (2008) |
| Barry Flannery Collection |
| Dr Stephen Moreton |
| Henwood (1871) |
Israel | |
| Galuskin et al. (2023) |
Italy | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Capellini (1866) +1 other reference | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Jervis (1874) +2 other references | |
| Jervis (1874) | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Jervis (1874) +2 other references | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Scicli (1955) |
| Critelli et al. (2017) |
| Ragone (2000) |
| Adorni et al. (2010) |
| Adorni et al. (2010) |
| Jervis (1874) +1 other reference |
| Venerandi Pirri (1977) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| Foetterle (1873) +2 other references |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Pagano et al. (2012) |
| Jervis (1881) |
| Friedel (1890) |
| Mezzadri (1988) |
| Jervis (1881) |
| www.mindat.org (2003) |
| Giordano (2008) +1 other reference |
| Di Colbertaldo (1968) +1 other reference |
| Giordano (2014) |
| Cavinato (1968) +2 other references |
Japan | |
| Alfredo Petrov specimen |
Kazakhstan | |
| Spiridonov (2014) |
| P. A. Karpov et al. (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Pautov L.A. |
Mexico | |
| Mineralium Deposita (2009) +1 other reference |
| Forti (2006) |
| Ruiz |
| Porras-Toribio et al. (2022) |
New Zealand | |
| Christie et al. (1995) |
Nicaragua | |
| ... | |
Norway | |
| Bancroft et al. (2001) |
Peru | |
| Petersen (1970) |
| Petersen (1970) |
Poland | |
| Personally collected by Zając Piotr in ... |
| Personally collected by Zając Piotr in ... | |
| Oszczepalski (1999) |
| Oszczepalski (1999) | |
| Die Schwefellagerstätte in Czarkowy. ... +2 other references |
Portugal | |
| Marques de Sá et al. (2010) |
| Rui Nunes 2012 |
| Rui Nunes collection | |
| Rui Nunes' collection. |
| LNEG Siorminp database | |
| LNEG Siorminp ID 1814Betume |
| LNEG Siorminp ID 1810BetumePetro | |
| LNEG Siorminp ID 1813Betume | |
| LNEG Siorminp ID 1697Betume | |
Red Sea | |
| Blum and Puchelt (1991) | |
Russia | |
| Parnell et al. (2001) |
| www.igem.ru (2001) |
| Kondrat'eva et al. (2004) |
| Spiridonov et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Voroshin et al. (2006) |
| Filimonova et al. (2010) |
| A.N. Labuntsov Mineralogical survey of central parts of Khibina massif (zircon, catapleiite and fersmanite localities) |
| Pekov et al. (2008) |
| Lapis 28 (12) |
| Kartashov et al. (2006) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +2 other references | |
| Koval'chuk et al. (2008) |
| Vikent'ev et al. (2006) |
| Sokolova et al. (2011) |
| Nokleberg (2005) |
| Sidorov A.A. Mineralogy of Vodinskoe ... |
| Azovskova et al. (2013, January) |
Slovakia | |
| Ozdín et al. (2007) |
| Koděra (1986) |
Slovenia | |
| Rečnik et al. (2012) | |
Spain | |
| A. Paniagua et al. |
| www.elcorreo.com (n.d.) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
| Alejandro Franco's collection |
| Perona et al. (2018) | |
| À. PIQUÉ et al. (2009) |
| Alejandro Franco's collection |
| Velasco et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
Sweden | |
| Natural History Museum |
| Natural History Museum |
| Collection of Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet i Stockholm (The Natural History Museum) |
| Grensman et al. (2001) |
| Wilke (1976) |
| |
| Hedström (1928) |
| Gatedal (1997) |
| Sandström et al. (2008) |
| |
| Bergström et al. (1982) |
| Thorin (1987) |
| Scherbina (1941) |
| |
| Collection of Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet i Stockholm (The Natural History Museum) |
| C. Ottesen | |
Switzerland | |
| Kürsteiner et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
| Soom (1981) +1 other reference |
| Meisser et al. (2000) |
Trinidad and Tobago | |
| en.wikipedia.org (2005) | |
Tunisia | |
| King (n.d.) |
| Souissi et al. (1997) |
UK | |
| Hall (1868) |
| Henwood (1843) |
| Henwood (1843) |
| Dines (1956) |
| Hall (1868) +2 other references |
| Henwood (1843) +1 other reference | |
| Hill et al. (1906) | |
| Carne (1822) +3 other references |
| Hall (1868) +1 other reference |
| Hogg (1825) +2 other references | |
| Collins (1871) |
| Henwood (1843) +1 other reference |
| Henwood (1843) +2 other references |
| Collins (1871) |
| Martin Števko-self collected |
| J.F.L.Hausmann (1813) |
| Hall (1868) | |
| Quirk (1986) | |
| Quirk (1986) | |
| Hall (1868) +3 other references | |
| Quirk (1986) | |
| Hall (1868) | |
| Quirk (1986) | |
| Congealed "drips" field collected by ... | |
| Farey (1815) |
| Hogg (1825) |
| Hall (1868) +1 other reference |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Braithwaite et al. (1990) |
| Heddle |
| Richard Tayler specimens |
| [var: Albertite] Meikle (1994) |
USA | |
| - (1917) |
| Scarborough (1981) |
| Witkind (1963) |
| - (1917) |
| Arkansas Geological Commission |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| Pearcy et al. (1993) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 113. +1 other reference |
| Chorazewicz (2014) |
| Pemberton (1968) |
| Coltrain et al. (2004) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 220. +2 other references |
| Murdoch (1966) | |
| Pelletier | |
| Ron Layton Collection |
| Pampeyan (2010) |
| Eichhubl et al. (1998) |
| Irelan et al. (1890a) +1 other reference |
| […American Journal of Science (128-129) +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Miklancic collection |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Bull 1042F |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Kampf et al. (2019) |
| Williamson | |
| and various other mineral localities in ... +1 other reference |
| Hubert et al. (1992) |
| John Burnham | |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Jeremy Zolan | |
| Miller (circa 1986) | |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| Moritz (n.d.) | |
| Simpson (1966) |
| Simpson (1966) | |
| Shepard (1837) |
| Silliman (1819) |
| Former Ed Force collection | |
| Moritz (n.d.) | |
| Mahaffey et al. (2022) |
| van Tuyl (1923) +1 other reference | |
| Mineralogical Record (1997) |
| Philip Bluemner photo | |
| Mineralogical Record (1997) | |
| Mineralogical Record (1997) |
| Mineralogical Record (1997) | |
| |
| Stuart Weller et al. (1920) |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
| Freiburg et al. (2012) |
| |
| Rocks & Min.: 61:138-142 & 64:230. +1 other reference |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) | |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) | |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) | |
| Erd et al. (1960) | |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) | |
| Erd et al. (1960) | |
| R&M 77:6 pp 404-413 |
| R&M 77:6 pp 404-413 +1 other reference |
| - (1917) |
| - (1917) |
| Alan Goldstein | |
| - (1917) | |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| direct observation |
| - (1917) | |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| - (1917) | |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Sam Pavadore collection |
| Carlson et al. (2007) |
| Robbins et al. (2023) |
| Saunders et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Winslow (1894) |
| Econ Geol (1993) |
| Kunz |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt. (1906) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Manchester (1931) | |
| Kent et al. (2000) |
| King (n.d.) |
| King (n.d.) |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 16770 |
| King (n.d.) |
| "MINERALOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF A METEORITE IMPACT BRECCIA FROM THE SERPENT MOUND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE et al. (1) |
| Minerals of Ohio by E.H. Carlson |
| Chris Stefano collection |
| - (1917) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:128. |
| Rocks & Min. vol. 72 (1997) |
| Jay Ellis Ransom | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Ken Gliesman specimen |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| former Christian Hartmann Collection | |
| Jensen et al. (1) +1 other reference |
| Travis A. Paris (2011) |
| - (1917) |
| - (1917) | |
| BEG Min Res Circ 73 |
| R&M 66:3 p202 |
| BEG Min Res Circ 73 | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| Frank C. Schrader. (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| Barton et al. (2018) | |
| Amer. Chem. J. | |
| Sun Advocate - October 9 |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Rocks & Min.:4:89. | |
| Rocks & Min.:4:86. | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 4:89. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 4:86. |
| Rocks & Min.: 4: 87 & 89. | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Young et al. (1960) |
| - (2005) |
| Collection of Alex Earl | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| USGS Bull 1046E |
| Page et al. (1956) +2 other references |
| Page et al. (1956) +2 other references |
| Kampf et al. (2018) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Taylor Boden and Bryce T. Tripp (2012) | |
| Taylor Boden and Bryce T. Tripp (2012) | |
| Taylor Boden and Bryce T. Tripp (2012) |
| Taylor Boden and Bryce T. Tripp (2012) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 4:86. | |
| Rick Dalrymple Collection | |
| Taylor Boden and Bryce T. Tripp (2012) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 4:89. | |
| - (2005) |
| Clark (1993) | |
| - (1917) |
State Route 9 - Ellis Street and State Route 72 interchanges, New Britain, Hartford County, Connecticut, USA