Caledonite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page is currently not sponsored. Click here to sponsor this page.
About Caledonite
Flag of Scotland
Formula:
Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6
Colour:
Dark blue to bluish-green; light bluish green in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Resinous
Hardness:
2½ - 3
Specific Gravity:
5.75 - 5.77
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
Named in 1832 after "Caledonia," an ancient name for Scotland, in view of the initial discovery of the species in Scotland.
Type Locality:
Visit gemdat.org for Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
865
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:865:5
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
16b68062-23b8-41d4-a2c0-a1fdf0a9e965
IMA Classification of Caledonite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Cu2Pb5(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6
Classification of Caledonite
7.BC.50
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
B : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, without H2O
C : With medium-sized and large cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
B : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, without H2O
C : With medium-sized and large cations
Dana 7th ed.:
32.3.2.1
32.3.2.1
32 : COMPOUND SULFATES
3 : Anhydrous Compound Sulfates containing Hydroxyl or Halogen
32 : COMPOUND SULFATES
3 : Anhydrous Compound Sulfates containing Hydroxyl or Halogen
12.2.15
12 : Carbonates with other anions
2 : Carbonates with sulphate
12 : Carbonates with other anions
2 : Carbonates with sulphate
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Cdo | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Caledonite
Vitreous, Resinous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Dark blue to bluish-green; light bluish green in transmitted light.
Streak:
Greenish-blue to bluish-white, paler than the sample.
Hardness:
2½ - 3 on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {010}; incomplete on {100} and {101}.
Perfect on {010}; incomplete on {100} and {101}.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
5.75 - 5.77 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.689 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
5.6 value on Mammoth Mine, AZ, material.
Optical Data of Caledonite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.818(3) nβ = 1.866(3) nγ = 1.909(3)
2V:
Measured: 85° , Calculated: 84°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.091
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Dispersion:
very weak r < v
Pleochroism:
Weak
Chemistry of Caledonite
Mindat Formula:
Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6
Crystallography of Caledonite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mm2 - Pyramidal
Space Group:
Pmn21
Cell Parameters:
a = 20.085(3) Å, b = 7.141(1) Å, c = 6.563(1) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 2.813 : 1 : 0.919
Unit Cell V:
941.2 ų
Z:
2
Morphology:
Prismatic crystals, elongated [001], often striated and with vicinal faces in the [001] zone. Crystals often tiny and aggregated into divergent groups; coatings; rarely massive.
Twinning:
None reported.
Comment:
a = 7.14, b = 20.06, c = 6.55 (Palache and Richmond 1939). a = 20.089(7), b = 7.146(3), c = 6.560(5) (Giacovazzo et al 1973). a = 20.085(3), b = 7.141(1), c = 6.563(1) (Schofield et al. 2009, at 293 K).
Crystallographic forms of Caledonite
Crystal Atlas:
Image Loading
Click on an icon to view
Caledonite no.3 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Caledonite no.9 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
Toggle
Edge Lines | Miller Indices | Axes
Transparency
Opaque | Translucent | Transparent
View
Along a-axis | Along b-axis | Along c-axis | Start rotation | Stop rotation
Toggle
Edge Lines | Miller Indices | Axes
Transparency
Opaque | Translucent | Transparent
View
Along a-axis | Along b-axis | Along c-axis | Start rotation | Stop rotation
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Show
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Display Options
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
View
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
Rotation
Stop | Start
Stop | Start
Labels
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0006294 | Caledonite | Schofield P F, Wilson C C, Knight K S, Kirk C A (2009) Proton location and hydrogen bonding in the hydrous lead copper sulfates linarite, PbCu(SO4)(OH)2, and caledonite, Pb5Cu2(SO4)3CO3(OH)6 The Canadian Mineralogist 47 649-662 |  | 2009 | Leadhills, Lanarkshire, Scotland | 0 | 293 |
| 0009484 | Caledonite | Giacovazzo C, Menchetti S, Scordari F (1973) The crystal structure of caledonite, Cu2Pb5(SO4)3CO3(OH)6 Acta Crystallographica B29 1986-1990 |  | 1973 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.69 Å | (60) |
| 3.15 Å | (40) |
| 3.14 Å | (100) |
| 3.03 Å | (60) |
| 2.75 Å | (50) |
| 2.27 Å | (30) |
| 2.23 Å | (40) |
| 1.86 Å | (60) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates] | |
| 45b : [Other oxidized fumarolic minerals] | |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] |
Geological Setting:
A rare mineral found in the oxidized zones of copper-lead deposits as a secondary mineral.
Type Occurrence of Caledonite
Synonyms of Caledonite
Other Language Names for Caledonite
German:Caledonit
Halbasurblei
Halbazurblei
Kaledonit
Kupferhaltiges schwefelkohlensaures Blei
Prismatischer Kupferbleispat
Halbasurblei
Halbazurblei
Kaledonit
Kupferhaltiges schwefelkohlensaures Blei
Prismatischer Kupferbleispat
Japanese:カレドニア石
Russian:Каледонит
Simplified Chinese:铅蓝矾
Spanish:Caledonita
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 306 photos of Caledonite associated with Linarite | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 160 photos of Caledonite associated with Leadhillite | Pb4(CO3)2(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 140 photos of Caledonite associated with Anglesite | PbSO4 |
| 119 photos of Caledonite associated with Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| 100 photos of Caledonite associated with Susannite | Pb4(CO3)2(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 85 photos of Caledonite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 44 photos of Caledonite associated with Galena | PbS |
| 38 photos of Caledonite associated with Mattheddleite | Pb5(SiO4)1.5(SO4)1.5(Cl,OH) |
| 32 photos of Caledonite associated with Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 25 photos of Caledonite associated with Lanarkite | Pb2(SO4)O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.BC. | Adranosite-(Fe) | (NH4)4NaFe3+2(SO4)4Cl(OH)2 |
| 7.BC. | Adranosite | (NH4)4NaAl2(SO4)4Cl(OH)2 |
| 7.BC. | D'Ansite-(Mn) | Na21Mn2+(SO4)10Cl3 |
| 7.BC. | Agaite | Pb3CuTeO5(OH)2(CO3) |
| 7.BC. | D'Ansite-(Fe) | Na21Fe2+(SO4)10Cl3 |
| 7.BC. | Acmonidesite | (NH4,K,Pb)8NaFe2+4(SO4)5Cl8 |
| 7.BC. | Backite | Pb2AlTeO6Cl |
| 7.BC. | Hagstromite | Pb8Cu2+(Te6+O6)2(CO3)Cl4 |
| 7.BC. | Wildcatite | CaFe3+Te6+O5(OH) |
| 7.BC. | Franksousaite | PbCu(Se6+O4)(OH)2 |
| 7.BC. | Zincochenite | Pb4Zn(OH)6(SO4)2 |
| 7.BC. | Viskontite | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(SeO3)(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.05 | D'Ansite | Na21Mg(SO4)10Cl3 |
| 7.BC.07 | Apatelite | Fe3(SO4)2(OH)5 · 0.5H2O |
| 7.BC.07 | Unnamed (Ba-Fe Vanadate) | Ba, Fe, V, O, H |
| 7.BC.10 | Alunite | KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Ammonioalunite | (NH4)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Ammoniojarosite | (NH4)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Argentojarosite | AgFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Beaverite-(Cu) | Pb(Fe3+2Cu)(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Dorallcharite | TlFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Huangite | Ca0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Hydroniumjarosite | (H3O)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Jarosite | KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Natroalunite-2c | (Na,Ca0.5,K)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Natroalunite | NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Natrojarosite | NaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Osarizawaite | Pb(Al2Cu2+)(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Plumbojarosite | Pb0.5Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Schlossmacherite | (H3O)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Walthierite | Ba0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Beaverite-(Zn) | Pb(Fe3+2Zn)(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.15 | Ye'elimite | Ca4Al6(SO4)O12 |
| 7.BC.20 | Atlasovite | K(BiO)Cu6Fe3+(SO4)5O3Cl |
| 7.BC.20 | Nabokoite | KCu7(SO4)5(Te4+O3)OCl |
| 7.BC.20 | Puninite | Na2Cu3O(SO4)3 |
| 7.BC.25 | Chlorothionite | K2Cu(SO4)Cl2 |
| 7.BC.30 | Euchlorine | KNaCu3(SO4)3O |
| 7.BC.30 | Fedotovite | K2Cu3(SO4)3O |
| 7.BC.35 | Kamchatkite | KCu3(SO4)2OCl |
| 7.BC.40 | Piypite | K4Cu4O2(SO4)4 · (Na,Cu)Cl |
| 7.BC.45 | Klyuchevskite | K3Cu3(Fe3+,Al)(SO4)4O2 |
| 7.BC.45 | Alumoklyuchevskite | K3Cu3(Al,Fe3+)(SO4)4O2 |
| 7.BC.45 | Belousovite | KZn(SO4)Cl |
| 7.BC.47 | Müllerite | Pb2Fe3+(Te6+O6)Cl |
| 7.BC.50 | Elasmochloite | Na3Cu6BiO4(SO4)5 |
| 7.BC.52 | Eleomelanite | (K2Pb)Cu4O2(SO4)4 |
| 7.BC.55 | Wherryite | Pb7Cu2(SO4)4(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
| 7.BC.55 | Falgarite | K4(VO)3(SO4)5 |
| 7.BC.57 | Krasheninnikovite | KNa2CaMg(SO4)3F |
| 7.BC.60 | Mammothite | Pb6Cu4AlSb5+O2(OH)16Cl4(SO4)2 |
| 7.BC.60 | Wulffite | K3NaCu4O2(SO4)4 |
| 7.BC.60 | Parawulffite | K5Na3Cu8O4(SO4)8 |
| 7.BC.62 | Shuvalovite | K2(Ca2Na)(SO4)3F |
| 7.BC.65 | Linarite | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 7.BC.65 | Schmiederite | Pb2Cu2(Se6+O4)(Se4+O3)(OH)4 |
| 7.BC.65 | Munakataite | Pb2Cu2(Se4+O3)(SO4)(OH)4 |
| 7.BC.65 | Therasiaite | (NH4)3KNa2Fe2+Fe3+(SO4)3Cl5 |
| 7.BC.65 | Saccoite | Ca2Mn3+2F(OH)8 · 0.5(SO4) |
| 7.BC.70 | Chenite | Pb4Cu(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.75 | Krivovichevite | Pb3Al(OH)6(SO4)(OH) |
| 7.BC.80 | Anhydrokainite | KMg(SO4)Cl |
Other Information
Electrical:
Piezoelectric
Notes:
Soluble in nitric acid with effervescence.
Alteration to cerussite observed.
Alteration to cerussite observed.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
None
Internet Links for Caledonite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-865.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Caledonite
Reference List:
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin Vol. 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.52
Giacovazzo, C., Menchetti, S., Scordari, F. (1973) The crystal structure of caledonite, Cu2Pb5(SO4)3CO3(OH)6. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 29 (9) 1986-1990 doi:10.1107/s056774087300590x
Giacovazzo, C., Menchetti, S., Scordari, F. (1976) X-ray powder data for caledonite. Mineralogical Magazine, 40 (313) 536 doi:10.1180/minmag.1976.040.313.20
Frost, Ray L., Kloprogge, J. Theo, Williams, Peter A. (2003) Raman spectroscopy of lead sulphate-carbonate minerals – implications for hydrogen bonding. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Monatshefte, 2003 (12) 529-542 doi:10.1127/0028-3649/2003/2003-0529
Localities for Caledonite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Milka K. de Brodtkorb (2002) |
| de Brodtkorb +2 other references |
Australia | |
| McQueen +2 other references |
| Worner et al. (et al) |
| Con Constantinides collection |
| M. Latham Collection 2011 |
| [Mandarino +1 other reference |
| Mineralogical Record 24 | |
| Grice et al. (1991) | |
| Hancock et al. (2007) |
Austria | |
| Exel (1993) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2013) |
| Meixner (1976) |
| Blaß et al. (1997) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Puttner (1996) |
| A.Pichler (2012) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Auer (2021) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Neschen (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Schebesta (Autoren) +1 other reference | |
| Leikauf et al. (2013) |
| [Lapis 1992: 2 p.19-30] |
| Schachinger et al. (2012) |
| Hlawatsch (1924) +1 other reference |
| Jakely (2008) |
Belgium | |
| |
| José Dehove collection |
| |
Bolivia | |
| Petrov et al. (2006) |
Bulgaria | |
| Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Annual ... |
Canada | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Norman Wilson collection |
| R.D. Green collection |
Chile | |
| Wet Chemical by Gerhard Möhn |
| "Apuntes sobre algunas minas de la ... +2 other references |
| collected and analysed by french ... |
| samples analysed by Gerhard Moehn | |
| maurizio dini collection - analysed ... |
| A.Molina collection +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
China | |
| Personally collected David Clayton ... |
Czech Republic | |
| C.Auer (2016) |
| Pauliš et al. (2023) |
France | |
| Y. Vessely collection |
| Robin Fialip 2013 |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| Vernay (1997) +1 other reference | |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| P.-C. Guiollard (2002) +1 other reference |
| Queneau (n.d.) | |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Vessely Collection |
| Favreau G. et al. (1996) |
| Vessely Collection |
| Valverde J. (1999) | |
| Y. Vessely collection | |
| various photographs |
| various added photos | |
| Y. Vessely collection | |
| P. Le Roch collection |
| Germain C. et al. (1990) |
| Uwe Kolitsch (SXRD-analysed) +1 other reference |
| Thierry Brunsperger collection and determined by Nicolas Meisser (Lausanne Geological Museum) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Mines |
| Mines | |
| T. Brunsperger | |
| Gol (2014) |
| Leconte J. et al. (2016) |
| Favreau et al. (2010) |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| Jean Claude Dol |
| Le Cahier des micromonteurs |
| collection bernard bouissac/antoine ... |
| Marcel Valladares collection |
| Lheur et al. (1998) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Legrand et al. (1986) |
| Y. Vessely collection |
| Jean-Marie Claude collection +1 other reference |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Schlomann et al. (1988) |
| Schlomann et al. (1988) | |
| Pöllmann et al. (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Wittern (1995) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Lapis 21 (12) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Lapis 25 (2) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Eigenfunde/Halde Manfred Gross +1 other reference |
| Lapis (1) |
| "Lithothek" collection of the ... | |
| Gröbner et al. (2009) |
| |
| Ko Jansen |
| |
| Ko Jansen collection |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Jesse Crawford specimen | |
| van den Berg et al. (1990) | |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference |
| Lapis (2) |
| Blaß et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1987) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Habel et al. (2009) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| Nino Martincevic Collection |
| Lapis 1988 (1) +1 other reference |
| Lapis 1988 (1) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Henrich (2007) | |
| www.mgas.de (2003) |
| Lapis (2) |
| Lapis (5) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Lapis (9) |
| Weiss: "Mineralienfundstellen et al. (Munich) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Paar (1983) |
| Thomas Luehr collection |
| Junker et al. (1991) |
| checked (SEM-EDS/XRD) +1 other reference |
Greece | |
| Lapis et al. (1999) |
| Lapis et al. (1999) |
| Rieck et al. (1999) |
| Lapis et al. (1999) |
| 58. +1 other reference | |
| L. Rantos collection |
Iran | |
| Specimen in the University of ... |
| Bariand | |
Ireland | |
| Moreton et al. (2007) |
| Moreton et al. (2007) |
| Russell (1906) |
| Dr Richard Unitt Collection |
Italy | |
| M. Russo & I. Campostrini (2011) +1 other reference |
| Campostrini et al. (2005) +2 other references | |
| Campostrini et al. (2005) +2 other references |
| Maida (2002) |
| Vergani et al. (2021) |
| Orlandi et al. (1) |
| Parola et al. (2023) |
| Pelloux (1904) +4 other references |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Olmi et al. (1995) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Preite et al. (2007) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Antonio Gamboni collection +1 other reference | |
| Brugnatelli (1897) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
| |
| Rocchetti I. (2012) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2010) |
| "Lithothek der Münchener Micromounter" ... |
| Jansen et al. (1998) | |
| Int. Assoc. of Collectors of Slag Minerals (2) |
| www.comune.pisa.it (2000) | |
| Cerutti et al. (1995) |
| Jansen et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Luigi Chiappino data |
| Pegoraro S. (2014) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| Ohnishi et al. (2011) |
| - (Tada-ginzan article in the show guide for the 5th Osaka mineral show) +2 other references |
| Okamoto collection (curated at the Geological Survey museum, Japan) +1 other reference |
| Ogawa (1996) | |
| "Caledonite from Shin-mikawa mine et al. (4) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analythical data of ... |
Mexico | |
| Megaw |
| Braith et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Lapis 2001 (1) | |
Morocco | |
| Georges Favreau collection |
| Barral et al. (2009) |
Namibia | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Norway | |
| Raade (1993) +1 other reference |
Pakistan | |
| Ikram Mineralogy | |
| Ikram Mineralogy |
Peru | |
| Sangameshwar et al. (1983) |
Portugal | |
| Marques de Sá et al. (2010) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Romania | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Russia | |
| Okrugin (2004) |
| Wilson (2016) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Spain | |
| Jose Francisco Castro collection |
| Georges Favreau collection |
| Georges Favreau collection |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2022) |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2018) |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2018) |
| Díaz de Baranda et al. (2009) |
| Sáinz de Baranda et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| www.foro-minerales.com (2022) +1 other reference | |
| Mineralogistes de Catalunya (2/3) |
| Abella i Creus (2018) |
| Calvo (2014) |
Switzerland | |
| 86. (in German) +2 other references |
| Ansermet et al. (2021) | |
UK | |
| |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Steve Rust collection |
| Golley et al. (1995) +1 other reference | |
| Norman Wilson collection +1 other reference |
| Norman Wilson collection |
| Cooper et al. (1990) |
| Kingsbury (MS4) +1 other reference | |
| Davidson et al. (1951) +3 other references | |
| Hartley (1984) +1 other reference |
| Davidson et al. (1951) +4 other references | |
| Greg et al. (1858) +14 other references | |
| comprising a familiar account of ... +10 other references | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) | |
| Day (1999) | |
| Sorrell (n.d.) | |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Hartley (1984) +1 other reference |
| Briscoe et al. (2008) | |
| |
| |
| Green (1987) +2 other references |
| S. Rust collection | |
| |
| Day (1999) | |
| S.Rust Collection | |
| Davies (1877) +1 other reference |
| Steve Burchmore collection |
| Specimen in the British Museum of ... | |
| Day (1999) |
| S Rust collection | |
| S.Rust Collection | |
| Rust (1996) |
| S Rust collection | |
| Rust et al. (1988) | |
| S.Rust Collection | |
| S Rust collection |
| S.Rust collection |
| Day (1999) | |
| Steve Rust Collection | |
| S.Rust Collection |
| Steve Rust collection |
| Green et al. (1996) +2 other references |
| S.Rust Collection |
| Day (1999) | |
| Day (1999) |
| S.Rust Collection |
| Day (1999) |
| Cotterell et al. (2011) |
| S. Rust collection |
USA | |
| Ron Layton self collected |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Rob Bowell | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Jones (1980) +2 other references |
| Francis Sousa |
| Rocks & Min.: 61:55-56 +1 other reference |
| "Sigurd Stordal" Collection |
| Allen et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Yang et al. (2016) |
| Galbraith (1959) +2 other references |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Williams et al. (1963) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +3 other references |
| Galbraith (1959) +2 other references | |
| Collected by |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 299. +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 299. +3 other references | |
| Min Rec Vol 15 No 1 p13 |
| www.mineralsocal.org |
| Rocks & Min.: 23:504-507. |
| [… (abstract) +4 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 234 +6 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 299 +4 other references |
| Daniel Evanich Collection. +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 299 +7 other references |
| Robert M. Housley (2005) |
| Hall (1963) +3 other references |
| Keck Museum (Reno, Nevada) |
| collected by Keith Wentz |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Self collected by Bob Griffis. |
| personal communication with mine owner |
| Paul M. Adams (2003) |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Kampf et al. (2010) |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Joe Marty specimens | |
| Rocks & Minerals 86:132-142 | |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Murdoch (1966) | |
| Crowley (1977) +4 other references |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Dana 6:1089. |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Dana 6: 1090. |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Rocks & Min. 70:244 |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (1995) |
| Chris DeGrave Collection |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Rocks & Min. 70:255 |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (1995) |
| Rocks & Min. 70:261 +1 other reference | |
| Ream (2004) |
| The Kansas University Quarterly |
| Gleba (2008) |
| Dana (1892) |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Rob Lavinsky |
| Dana (1892) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Dr. William S. Wise presentation to ... |
| Rocks & Minerals |
| Rocks & Minerals |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| collected by and in the collection of ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Mineralogical Record: 20: 25-30. +1 other reference | |
| R&M 77:5 p298-305 |
| Jerry Cone Collection |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| M Massis collection |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| [Mineralogical Record 30:337] | |
| Mineralogical Record: 26 (5) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| R&M 66:1 p56-63 | |
| Personal Collection |
| Michael Lambert II visual I.D | |
| Jason B. Smith collection |
| Jason B. Smith collection. |
| Rocks & Min. | |
| Am Min 41:441-445 +1 other reference |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| Min News 13:9 p1 |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
Quick NavTopAbout CaledoniteUnique IdentifiersIMA Classification Classification Mineral SymbolsPhysical Properties Optical Data Chemistry Crystallography Crystallographic forms Crystal StructureX-Ray Powder DiffractionGeological EnvironmentType Occurrence SynonymsOther LanguagesCommon AssociatesStrunz-MindatOther InformationInternet Links References Localities Locality List
Reward Mine, Reward, Russ Mining District, Inyo Mts, Inyo County, California, USA