Baddeleyite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Baddeleyite
Formula:
ZrO2
Colour:
Colourless to yellow, green, greenish or reddish brown, brown, iron-black; colourless to brown in transmitted light
Lustre:
Vitreous, Greasy
Hardness:
6½
Specific Gravity:
5.4 - 6.02
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in honor of Joseph Baddeley, British geologist, and superintendent of a railroad project in Rakwana, Sri Lanka. Baddeley sent samples of unusual minerals to the Museum of Practical Geology in London for analysis. This led to the discovery of geikielite. Baddeley then sent more samples of that mineral, but one of them was instead the new mineral, to be named baddeleyite.
Dimorph of:
Visit gemdat.org for Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
480
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:480:8
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
0c53bf3d-7fdf-4e66-93ec-679b1585a021
IMA Classification of Baddeleyite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1892
Type description reference:
Classification of Baddeleyite
4.DE.35
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
E : With medium-sized cations; with various polyhedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
E : With medium-sized cations; with various polyhedra
4.4.14.1
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
4 : AX2
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
4 : AX2
7.10.1
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
10 : Oxides of Zr and Th
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
10 : Oxides of Zr and Th
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Bdy | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Bdy | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Bdl | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Baddeleyite
Vitreous, Greasy
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Colourless to yellow, green, greenish or reddish brown, brown, iron-black; colourless to brown in transmitted light
Streak:
White to brownish white
Hardness:
6½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Very Good
nearly perfect on {001}, less perfect on {010} and {110}
nearly perfect on {001}, less perfect on {010} and {110}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
5.4 - 6.02 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.83 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Baddeleyite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 2.130 nβ = 2.190 nγ = 2.200
2V:
Measured: 30° to 31°, Calculated: 28°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.070
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Dispersion:
r > v, rather strong
Comments:
X = yellow, reddish brown, oil-green; Y = oil-green, reddish brown; Z = brown, light brown; Orientation: X vs. c = 13°, Y = b
Chemistry of Baddeleyite
Mindat Formula:
ZrO2
Elements listed:
CAS Registry number:
Common Impurities:
Ca,Fe,Hf,Si,Ti
Age distribution
Recorded ages:
Paleoproterozoic to Cretaceous : 2219.1 Ma to 105.2 ± 0.5 Ma - based on 9 recorded ages.
Crystallography of Baddeleyite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/b
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.1505 Å, b = 5.2116 Å, c = 5.3173 Å
β = 99.23°
β = 99.23°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.988 : 1 : 1.02
Unit Cell V:
140.88 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals commonly tabular on {100} and somewhat elongated on [010], or short to long prismatic along [001], to 6 cm; rarely equant; prism faces striated parallel to [001]; also botryoidal masses with radially fibrous structure and concentric banding.
Twinning:
Ubiquitous; on {100} and {110}, both may be polysynthetic; rare on {201}.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0007415 | Baddeleyite | Kudoh Y, Takeda H, Arashi H (1986) In situ determination of crystal structure for high pressure phase of ZrO2 using a diamond anvil and single crystal X-ray diffraction method Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13 233-237 | 1986 | 1.5 | 293 | ||
| 0007416 | Baddeleyite | Kudoh Y, Takeda H, Arashi H (1986) In situ determination of crystal structure for high pressure phase of ZrO2 using a diamond anvil and single crystal X-ray diffraction method Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13 233-237 | 1986 | 3.9 | 293 | ||
| 0007417 | Baddeleyite | Kudoh Y, Takeda H, Arashi H (1986) In situ determination of crystal structure for high pressure phase of ZrO2 using a diamond anvil and single crystal X-ray diffraction method Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13 233-237 | 1986 | 5.1 | 293 | ||
| 0009231 | Baddeleyite | McCullough J D, Trueblood K N (1959) The crystal structure of baddeleyite (monoclinic ZrO2) Acta Crystallographica 12 507-511 |  | 1959 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009296 | Baddeleyite | Smith D K, Newkirk H W (1965) The crystal structure of baddeleyite (monoclinic ZrO2) and its relation to the polymorphism of ZrO2 Acta Crystallographica 18 983-991 | | 1965 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0019229 | Baddeleyite | Howard C J, Hill R J, Reichert B E (1988) Structures of the ZrO2 polymorphs at room temperature by high-resolution neutron powder diffraction Acta Crystallographica B44 116-120 | | 1988 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0017640 | Baddeleyite | Naray-Szabo S (1936) Zur Struktur des Baddeleyits Zr O2 _cod_database_code 1010912 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 94 414-416 | 1936 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0014064 | Baddeleyite | Kisi E H, Howard C J, Hill R J (1989) Crystal structure of orthorhombic zirconia in partially stabilized zirconia Journal of the American Ceramic Society 72 1757-1760 | 1989 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Image Loading
Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.15 Å | (10) |
| 2.835 Å | (9) |
| 2.62 Å | (5) |
| 1.817 Å | (5) |
| 3.66 Å | (4) |
| 3.51 Å | (4) |
| 1.847 Å | (4) |
Comments:
Recorded on material from Palabora Mine, South Africa
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 1: Primary nebular phases | 4.567-4.561 |
| 3 : Solar nebular condensates (CAIs, AOAs, URIs) | >4.565 |
| Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
| 5 : Primary asteroid phases | 4.566–4.560 |
| 6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
| Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
| 7 : Ultramafic igneous rocks | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Geological Setting:
An accessory mineral in carbonatites and kimberlites; in syenites, diabases, gabbros, anorthosites; detrital in gem gravels; also in lunar basalt, tektites and meteorites.
Type Occurrence of Baddeleyite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
The Natural History Museum, London, England.
Reference:
Fletcher, L. (1892) Geikielite and Baddeleyite, two new mineral species. Nature: 46(1200): 620-621.
Synonyms of Baddeleyite
Other Language Names for Baddeleyite
Relationship of Baddeleyite to other Species
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 13 photos of Baddeleyite associated with Pyrochlore Group | A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z |
| 8 photos of Baddeleyite associated with Zircon | Zr(SiO4) |
| 8 photos of Baddeleyite associated with Corundum | Al2O3 |
| 8 photos of Baddeleyite associated with Sanidine | K(AlSi3O8) |
| 7 photos of Baddeleyite associated with Kimzeyite | Ca3Zr2(SiO4)(AlO4)2 |
| 5 photos of Baddeleyite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 5 photos of Baddeleyite associated with Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 5 photos of Baddeleyite associated with Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 4 photos of Baddeleyite associated with Titanite | CaTi(SiO4)O |
| 4 photos of Baddeleyite associated with Allanite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(AlAlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.DE. | Ziroite | ZrO2 |
| 4.DE. | Pertoldite | GeO2 |
| 4.DE. | Colchesterite | Bi3+2Mo6+2O9 |
| 4.DE.05 | Downeyite | SeO2 |
| 4.DE.10 | Koragoite | (Mn2+,Fe3+)3(Nb,Ta,Ti)2(Nb,Mn)2(W,Ta)2O20 |
| 4.DE.15 | Koechlinite | Bi2MoO6 |
| 4.DE.15 | Russellite | Bi2WO6 |
| 4.DE.15 | Tungstibite | Sb3+2WO6 |
| 4.DE.20 | Tellurite | TeO2 |
| 4.DE.25 | Paratellurite | TeO2 |
| 4.DE.30 | Bismutotantalite | Bi(Ta,Nb)O4 |
| 4.DE.30 | Bismutocolumbite | Bi(Nb,Ta)O4 |
| 4.DE.30 | Cervantite | Sb3+Sb5+O4 |
| 4.DE.30 | Stibiotantalite | Sb(Ta,Nb)O4 |
| 4.DE.30 | Stibiocolumbite | Sb(Nb,Ta)O4 |
| 4.DE.30 | Clinocervantite | Sb3+Sb5+O4 |
| 4.DE.40 | Billwiseite | Sb3+5Nb3WO18 |
| 4.DE.45 | Kyawthuite | Bi3+Sb5+O4 |
Fluorescence of Baddeleyite
Shows a blue-green cathodoluminescence
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Baddeleyite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Baddeleyite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-480.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Baddeleyite
Reference List:
Nikiforov, Sergey, Dauletbekova, Alma, Gerasimov, Maksim, Kasatkina, Yana, Denisova, Olga, Lisitsyn, Viktor, Golkovski, Mikhail, Akylbekova, Aiman, Bazarbek, Assyl-Dastan, Akilbekov, Abdirash, Popov, Anatoli I. (2023) Thermoluminescent and Dosimetric Properties of Zirconium Dioxide Ceramics Irradiated with High Doses of Pulsed Electron Beam. Crystals, 13 (11) doi:10.3390/cryst13111585
Localities for Baddeleyite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Angola | |
| Gomes (Angola) +4 other references |
| Castellano Calvo A et al. (2014) |
| Amores Casals S et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Cruz et al. (2008) |
Antarctica | |
| Andronikov et al. (2001) |
| Niihara et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| McSween Jr. et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
Argentina | |
| ZAPPETTINI |
Armenia | |
| Kogarko et al. (1995) |
| |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Sharkov et al. (2007) |
Australia | |
| New York +4 other references |
| Sutherland |
| Keyser et al. (2019) |
| Adam Abersteiner |
| Sebastian Meffre | |
| Ivanov |
| Melluso et al. (2014) |
| Rasmussen et. al +3 other references |
| Rasmussen et. al +3 other references |
| Rasmussen et. al +4 other references | |
| geology.gsapubs.org (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Sun et al. (1986, September) +2 other references |
| Rasmussen et. al +3 other references | |
| Hsu et al. (Sept 2013) |
| Rasmussen (2009) |
| Dunkan +4 other references |
| Tamaki et al. (2006) |
| Douglas GB et al. (1993) |
| Rasmussen et. al +3 other references | |
| Grguric (2003) |
| Hsu et al. (2013) |
| Alvin et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
Austria | |
| Carinthia II (2017) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2023) |
| Tropper (2001, 2003, 2005, 2007) |
| Mineralogical Magazine | |
| Purtscheller et al. (1985) |
| Purtscheller et al. (1985) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2018) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
Belarus | |
| Levitskiy et al. (2018, July) |
Brazil | |
| Leandro et al. (2022) |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
| Romanian Journal of Mineral Deposits |
| Guarino (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Yuri de Melo Portella et al. (2016) |
| Thomson et al. (2014) |
| Ruy Ribeiro Franco - Minerais de ... |
| Waber (1991) +1 other reference | |
| Christopher O'Neill collection | |
| database and grade and tonnage models: ... +1 other reference |
| Wedow (1967) |
| Horstpeter H. G. J. Ulbrich (1984) | |
| Guarino et al. (2021) | |
| Prinz et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
| Comin-Chiaramonti et al. (2008) |
| Franco et al. (1948) |
| Oliveira et al. (2020) |
| Melcher (1965) +3 other references | |
| 33rd International Geological Congress (2008) |
| 33rd International Geological Congress (2008) | |
| Rojas et al. (2016) |
| de Sá et al. (2018) |
Cambodia | |
| Sutherland et al. (2015) +2 other references | |
Canada | |
| |
| Jennifer Pell (1994) +2 other references |
| Yuri Amelin |
| Pohlner et al. (2020) |
| Pohlner et al. (2020) | |
| Li et al. (2021) |
| Roach et al. (1998) |
| AmMin 59:249-253 |
| Am. Min. 59 | |
| Sage (1983) |
| McLaughlin (1990) |
| Mariano et al. (1989) +3 other references |
| Wilson et al. (2013) |
| Geological Association of Canada (2014) |
| Schilling et al. (2011) |
| 176-178. +2 other references |
| Zurevinski +2 other references |
| Néron et al. (2018) |
| in International Workshop on the ... +1 other reference |
Chile | |
| Kimura et al. (1991) |
China | |
| Xu (2008) |
| Zou et al. (2022) |
| Qiu Zhili et al. (2005) |
| Sun et al. (2021) |
| Jian Shao et al. (2009) |
| Zhen +1 other reference |
| Xue et al. (2021) |
| Xue et al. (2021) | |
| Wang et al. (2022) |
| Yang et al. (2006) +2 other references |
| Jing et al. (2022) |
| Jing et al. (2022) |
| Bai (1985) +4 other references |
| Wang +1 other reference |
Cuba | |
| Aiglsperger et al. (Eastern Cuban Ophiolites) |
Czech Republic | |
| Scharm +7 other references |
| Matýsek D. |
| Novak et al. (2010) +2 other references |
| geolib.geology.cz (n.d.) +2 other references |
| geolib.geology.cz (n.d.) +3 other references | |
| Čopjáková et al. (2008) |
| Jirásek J et al. (2022) |
| Houzar et al. (2006) |
DR Congo | |
| Mineral. Deposita (Berl.) +1 other reference |
Egypt | |
| Aaron J. Cavosie +1 other reference |
| El Ramly +4 other references |
| Kamar et al. (2022, August) |
Finland | |
| Canadian Mineralogist: 43: 1663-1686. |
| Vartiainen +24 other references |
| Pelayo Barrón Francisco (2020) |
| Pérez del Villar et al. (386) |
France | |
| Floran et al. (1978) |
| Dubru. M (1986) |
Gabon | |
| Maier et al. (2015) |
| Berger et al. (2009) |
Germany | |
| Tschauner +3 other references |
| Saarbrücken +3 other references |
| Skrzyńska et al. (2023) |
| Schmitt et al. (2017) |
| Hentschel +1 other reference | |
| Hentschel | |
| Hentschel |
| Hentschel |
| [Hentschel et al. (5) |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer | |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer | |
| Schmitt et al. (2017) |
| Schmitt et al. (2017) |
| Wand et al. (1989) +3 other references |
Greece | |
| Mondillo et al. (2022) |
| Vasilatos et al. (2023) |
| Vasilatos et al. (2023) | |
Greenland | |
| Petersen (2001) |
| Mineralogical Magazine et al. (4) |
| Tappe et al. (2009) | |
Hungary | |
| Koch: Minerals of Hungary |
India | |
| Shaikh et al. (2018) |
| Kumar et al. (1996) +4 other references |
| Lundberg et al. (1988) |
| Chandra et al. (2018) |
| Sandiford et al. (1991) +3 other references |
| Raychaudhuri et al. (2021, March) |
Indian Ocean | |
| Bibhuranjan Nayak et al. (2011) | |
Indonesia | |
| doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13179.41767 +1 other reference |
| Hakim (2017) | |
Iran | |
| Iranmanesh et al. (2018) |
Iraq | |
| Al-Hermezi et al. (1986) |
Italy | |
| Putzolu et al. (2018) |
| Putzolu et al. (2018) | |
| Della Ventura et al. (2001) |
| Fedele L. et al. (2006) |
| Di Vito et al. (1987) +21 other references | |
| Russo (2010) | |
| Punzo et al. (1996) +1 other reference | |
| Pascal et al. (2008) +3 other references | |
| [Lapis 1994:5 p.13-23 +1 other reference | |
| Imma Punzo find & collection |
| Collection from Elmar Lackner +3 other references |
| Gruppo Mineralogico Geologico ... | |
| Punzo et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Russo et al. (2004) | |
| H.E. Belkin et al. (silicte/saline/sulfur-rich/CO2) |
| Caponera et al. (2007) |
| Gianfagna et al. (1988) | |
| Luigi Mattei collection | |
| Parodi et al. (1994) | |
| Giuseppe Illuminati Collection |
| Mattei et al. (2009) |
| Liotti L. (1983) | |
| Caprilli (2000) |
| Gianfagna A. (1985) |
| Burli et al. (1988) | |
| Bonatti et al. (1950) +3 other references |
| |
| A. Borrelli collection | |
| Carloni et al. (2002) |
| American Mineralogist | |
| Della Ventura et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| forum.amiminerals.it (n.d.) | |
| Signoretti et al. (2001) |
| Dario Di Domenico collection | |
| Cresta et al. (2002) |
| Burli et al. (2010) |
| Burli et al. (2007) | |
| American Mineralogist +1 other reference |
| Carlini | |
| Cámara et al. (2004) |
| Canadian Mineralogist 35 (1997) |
| Tumiati et al. (2018) |
| Airaudi et al. (2009) |
| Zaccarini et al. (2005) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Hanke (2016) |
| Ferry J.M. et al. (2002) |
| Liotti L. (Grosseto) +1 other reference |
| Gianfranco Ciccolini Collection | |
| Zaccaria et al. (2021) |
Ivory Coast | |
| Allialy et al. (2011) |
| Pouclet A. et al. (2004) |
Japan | |
| The Mineral Species of Japan (5th ed) +1 other reference |
| Mineralogical Record: 27: 303-304. +1 other reference |
Kazakhstan | |
| Korobkin et al. (2022) |
| Kogarko et al. (1995) |
| |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Vrublevskii et al. (2017) +2 other references |
Madagascar | |
| www.gemresearch.ch/andranon/madcon.htm. |
| Hatzl (2010) |
| Zhai et al. (2022) |
Mauritania | |
| - (n.d.) |
Mexico | |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
Mongolia | |
| Dostal et al. (2023) |
Morocco | |
| Ferrière et al. (2017) |
Mozambique | |
| Slobodník +7 other references |
Myanmar | |
| Myint Myat Phyo et al. (2019) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data +2 other references |
| Themelis (2008) | |
| RRUFF data | |
| Wu et al. (2023) | |
Namibia | |
| Blancher (2008) |
| KOLLER et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Cairncross (2004) |
Nigeria | |
| Ma et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
Northwest Africa Meteorites | |
| Treiman et al. (2023) | |
| Irving et al. (2003, March) | |
| www2.jpl.nasa.gov/snc/news51.html | |
| Ozawa et al. (2009) | |
| ... | |
| Lindner et al. (2022) | |
| Jambon et al. (2002) +1 other reference | |
Norway | |
| Krause et al. (1975) |
| Gierth et al. (1974) | |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) |
| Jamtveit et al. (1997) |
| Zozulya et al. (2018) |
| Dahlgren et al. (1998) |
| Widenfalk et al. (1971) | |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) |
| Dahlgren et al. (1998) |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) |
Oman | |
| Zhang et al. (2009) |
| Nasir |
| Taylor et al. (2001) |
| Meteoritical Bulletin No. 86 | |
| The Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (2004) | |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Volokhina et al. (2020) +2 other references |
Portugal | |
| Samples collected by Luigi Chiappino ... +1 other reference |
| Lavarde et al. (2019) |
| Pedro Alves data and collection |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... | |
| Carlos Augusto Alves Leal Gomes: ... +1 other reference |
Romania | |
| www.researchgate.net (n.d.) |
| Pál Molnár (2000) |
| Szakáll et al. (2010) | |
| Hirtopanu et al. (2013) |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
Russia | |
| Kepezhinskas et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2011) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Spiridonov et al. (2019) |
| Spiridonov et al. (2019, April) | |
| Spiridonov et al. (2018) | |
| Cherednichenko (2023) |
| Murzin et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Popov et al. (2022) | |
| Sorokina et al. (2019) |
| www.igem.ru (2001) +1 other reference |
| Sklyarov +6 other references |
| Galuskina et al. (2013) |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) |
| Ras et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Nedosekova et al. (2021) | |
| Sharygin +9 other references |
| Sokol et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| Kolotilina et al. (2024) |
| Anthony (1997) +5 other references |
| Gritsenko et al. (2022) |
| Chayka +9 other references |
| Barkov et al. (2021) +2 other references |
| Spiridonov et al. (2016) | |
| Ryabov et al. (2010, October) |
| Pekov (1998) +2 other references |
| Serov (2021) | |
| Sushchenko et al. (2023) | |
| Groshev et al. (2019) | |
| Arzamastsev et al. (2006) | |
| Anthony (1997) | |
| Barkov et al. (2004) | |
| ... | |
| Mikhailova et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
| an X-ray and electron microprobe study of a partially metamict mineral. Mineralogical Magazine (6) +1 other reference |
| Williams (1996) +5 other references |
| Britvin et al. (2008) +2 other references | |
| Kaulina et al. (2023) |
| Smol’kin et al. (2023) | |
| Zaitsev et al. (2004) |
| ... | |
| Bea et al. (2001) | |
| ... |
| Kazachenko et al. (2013) |
| Bea et al. (2001) |
| Anthony (1997) |
| www.researchgate.net (n.d.) | |
| Putintseva et al. (2017) |
| Коневин et al. (2020) |
| Kruk et al. (2021) +1 other reference | |
| Antonov A.A. [Антонов А.А.] (2003) |
| Doroshkevich et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| [Mineralien Welt 6/92:62] |
| 6th orogenic lherzolite conference 2014 ... +1 other reference |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Abuamarah et al. (2023) |
Sierra Leone | |
| Bowles et al. (2018) |
South Africa | |
| ... | |
| Kamenetsky et al. (2014) |
| Lee +4 other references |
| Van der Merwe (2011) |
| R. Liferovich - L. Horváth p.c. (2004) |
| Andreoli et al. (1999) |
| MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE +1 other reference |
| Konzett et al. (2013) | |
| Soltys et al. (2018) | |
Spain | |
| Ковальчук et al. (2014) |
| Casillas et al. (2011) | |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| Dill et al. (2023) | |
| Dill et al. (2023) | |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| Dill et al. (2023) | |
Sri Lanka | |
| Anthony (1997) |
| Am Min 40 (1955) |
Sweden | |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
| Gatedal et al. (2009) | |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
| Gatedal (n.d.) | |
| Sandström et al. (2009) |
| Zakrezewski et al. (1992) | |
| Billström et al. (2012) |
| Sandström et al. (2010) |
| Sandström et al. (2010) | |
Tanzania | |
| Zaitsev A.N. et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Wilhelmij et al. (2016) |
Uganda | |
| USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A |
| Reedman (1984) |
UK | |
| Tindle (2008) | |
| Williams (1978) +2 other references |
| Ferry (1996) |
| Reddy et al. (2015) |
Ukraine | |
| Gornostayev et al. (2002) |
| Spiridonov et al. (2020) |
| V.V. Sharygin (2011) |
| Gurov et al. (2015) |
| Ryabchikov et al. (2008) |
| Amelin et al. (1994) |
| L. N. Kogarko et al. (1995) | |
| Popov (2023) |
Uruguay | |
| Prichard et al. (2004) |
USA | |
| Tice et al. (2001) |
| A.E. Smith (2005) | |
| www.mineralsocal.org |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 176. +1 other reference |
| Watts et al. (2022) |
| Carnein et al. (2005) |
| Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Volume ... |
| Carlson et al. (2021) |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| Good et al. (2010) |
| Econ Geol (1993) |
| Dana 6:A3:10 +1 other reference |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Corkery (2002) |
| MacDonald et al. (2019) |
| XRD Czech Geol Survey Pequa Mineral Co ... |
| Hunt et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Smith et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Audétat (2010) |
| Carlson (1998) |
| Falster et al. (2014) |
| Scoates et al. (ZrO2) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Cairncross (2004) |
| Cairncross (2004) |
The Moon | |
| El Goresy et al. (1971) |
| Mokhov A.V. et al. (2013) |
| Peckett et al. (1972) +1 other reference |
| Tian et al. (2021) +1 other reference |
| Meyer et al. (1974) |
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Poços de Caldas alkaline complex, Minas Gerais, Brazil