Watkinsonite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Watkinsonite
Formula:
Cu2PbBi4(Se,S,Te)8
Colour:
Black
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
3½
Specific Gravity:
7.82 (Calculated)
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named in honor of David Hugh Watkinson (b. 1937), Professor of Geology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, petrologist and economic geologist, investigator of the hydrothermal mobility of the platinum-group elements.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
4247
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4247:1
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
7c706bf4-f086-4f29-b560-27ba5990bff4
IMA Classification of Watkinsonite
Approved
IMA Formula:
PbCu2Bi4(Se,S)8
Approval year:
1985
First published:
1987
Classification of Watkinsonite
2.HB.20e
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
H : Sulfosalts of SnS archetype
B : With Cu, Ag, Fe, Sn and Pb
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
H : Sulfosalts of SnS archetype
B : With Cu, Ag, Fe, Sn and Pb
3.7.21.1
3 : SULFOSALTS
7 : ø = 2
3 : SULFOSALTS
7 : ø = 2
5.7.16
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
7 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Pb and other metals
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
7 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Pb and other metals
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Wat | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Wat | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Watkinsonite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Black
Hardness:
3½ on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN25=155 - 186 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Cleavage:
None Observed
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
7.82 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Watkinsonite
Anisotropism:
Moderate; blue-grey to dark greyish brown
Bireflectance:
Not discernible in air, is very weak in oil, from greyish white to bluish white
Reflectivity:
Wavelength | R1 | R2 |
---|---|---|
420nm | 46.0% | 46.6% |
440nm | 46.7% | 47.2% |
460nm | 47.3% | 47.6% |
480nm | 47.7% | 48.0% |
500nm | 47.9% | 48.3% |
520nm | 48.1% | 48.5% |
540nm | 48.0% | 48.6% |
560nm | 47.8% | 48.7% |
580nm | 47.8% | 48.8% |
600nm | 47.9% | 48.8% |
620nm | 47.9% | 48.9% |
640nm | 48.0% | 48.9% |
660nm | 48.0% | 49.0% |
680nm | 47.9% | 49.0% |
700nm | 47.9% | 49.0% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 49.0%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
White with a bluish tint
Internal Reflections:
None observed
Chemistry of Watkinsonite
Mindat Formula:
Cu2PbBi4(Se,S,Te)8
Crystallography of Watkinsonite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/m
Setting:
P21/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 12.921(3) Å, b = 3.997(1) Å, c = 14.989(3) Å
β = 109.2(2)°
β = 109.2(2)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 3.233 : 1 : 3.75
Unit Cell V:
731 ų
Z:
2
Twinning:
None observed
Crystal Structure
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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0017825 | Watkinsonite | Topa D, Makovicky E, Sejkora J, Dittrich H (2010) The crystal structure of watkinsonite, Cu2PbBi4Se8, from the Zalesi uranium deposit, Czech Republic The Canadian Mineralogist 48 1109-1118 | 2010 | Zalesi uranium deposit, Czech Republic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
3.573 Å | (90b) |
2.976 Å | (100) |
2.929 Å | (100) |
2.407 Å | (70) |
2.140 Å | (70b) |
2.065 Å | (70b) |
1.484 Å | (70) |
2.245 Å | (60) |
3.133 Å | (50) |
2.831 Å | (50) |
2.767 Å | (50) |
1.873 Å | (50) |
1.667 Å | (50b) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) |
Type Occurrence of Watkinsonite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Irregulat grains, also partly replacing skippenite crystals, penetrating along their interstices.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Johan, Z., Picot, P., Ruhlmann, F. (1987): The ore mineralogy of the Otish Mountains uranium deposit, Quebec: skippenite, Bi2Se2Te, and watkinsonite, Cu2PbBi4(Se,S)8, two new mineral species. The Canadian Mineralogist: 25: 625-638.
Synonyms of Watkinsonite
Other Language Names for Watkinsonite
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
30 photos of Watkinsonite associated with Clausthalite | PbSe |
25 photos of Watkinsonite associated with Penroseite | (Ni,Co,Cu)Se2 |
19 photos of Watkinsonite associated with Krut'aite | CuSe2 |
16 photos of Watkinsonite associated with Eldragónite | Cu6BiSe4(Se2) |
9 photos of Watkinsonite associated with Grundmannite | CuBiSe2 |
9 photos of Watkinsonite associated with Quijarroite | Cu6HgPb2Bi4Se12 |
8 photos of Watkinsonite associated with Klockmannite | CuSe |
7 photos of Watkinsonite associated with Goethite | α-Fe3+O(OH) |
4 photos of Watkinsonite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
4 photos of Watkinsonite associated with Gold | Au |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
2.HB. | Barikaite | Ag3Pb10(Sb8As11)S40 |
2.HB. | Carducciite | (Ag2Sb2)Pb12(As,Sb)16S40 |
2.HB. | Sardashtite | Ag9Cu2.5Pb41Sb36.5As7S112 |
2.HB. | Interliveingite | AgPb18As25S56 |
2.HB. | Reckibachite | Ag2Pb12As14Sb4S40 |
2.HB.05a | Aikinite | PbCuBiS3 |
2.HB.05a | Friedrichite | Pb5Cu5Bi7S18 |
2.HB.05a | Gladite | PbCuBi5S9 |
2.HB.05a | Hammarite | Pb2Cu2Bi4S9 |
2.HB.05c | Jaskólskiite | CuxPb2+x(Sb,Bi)2-xS5 (x ~ 0.15) |
2.HB.05a | Krupkaite | PbCuBi3S6 |
2.HB.05a | Lindströmite | Pb3Cu3Bi7S15 |
2.HB.05b | Meneghinite | Pb13CuSb7S24 |
2.HB.05a | Pekoite | PbCuBi11S18 |
2.HB.05a | Emilite | Pb2.7Cu2.7Bi5.3S12 |
2.HB.05 | UM2000-46-S:BiCuPb | Cu0.33Pb0.33Bi7.67S12 |
2.HB.05a | Salzburgite | Pb1.6Cu1.6Bi6.4S12 |
2.HB.05 | UM1990-54-Se:BiCuPb | CuPb(Ni,Co)0.3Bi3Se6 |
2.HB.05a | Paarite | Pb1.7Cu1.7Bi6.3S12 |
2.HB.10c | Eclarite | (Cu,Fe)Pb9Bi12S28 |
2.HB.10b | Giessenite | Pb27Cu2(Bi,Sb)19S57 |
2.HB.10b | Izoklakeite | Pb27(Cu,Fe,Ag)2(Sb,Bi)19S57 |
2.HB.10a | Kobellite | Pb22Cu4(Bi,Sb)30S69 |
2.HB.10a | Tintinaite | Pb22Cu4(Sb,Bi)30S69 |
2.HB.15 | Benavidesite | Pb4MnSb6S14 |
2.HB.15 | Jamesonite | Pb4FeSb6S14 |
2.HB.20d | Berryite | Cu3Ag2Pb3Bi7S16 |
2.HB.20b | Buckhornite | AuPb2BiTe2S3 |
2.HB.20a | Nagyágite | [Pb3(Pb,Sb)3S6](Au,Te)3 |
2.HB.20c | Museumite | [Pb2(Pb,Sb)2S8][(Te,Au)2] |
2.HB.20e | Litochlebite | Ag2PbBi4Se8 |
2.HB.20b | Jaszczakite | [Bi3S3][AuS2] |
2.HB.20e | Luxembourgite | AgCuPbBi4Se8 |
2.HB.25 | Meerschautite | (Ag,Cu)6Pb43-2xSb44+2xS112Ox (x ~0.5) |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Watkinsonite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-4247.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Watkinsonite
Reference List:
Johan, Z., Picot, P., Ruhlmann, F. (1987) The ore mineralogy of the Otish Mountains uranium deposit, Quebec: skippenite, Bi2Se2Te, and watkinsonite, Cu2PbBi4(Se,S)8, two new mineral species. The Canadian Mineralogist, 25 (4) 625-638
Förster, H.-J., Tischendorf, G., Rhede, D. (2005) Mineralogy of the Niederschlema-Alberoda U-Se-polymetallic ore deposit, Erzgebirge, Germany. V. Watkinsonite, nevskite, bohdanowiczite, and other bismuth minerals. The Canadian Mineralogist, 43 (3) 899-908 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.43.3.899
Localities for Watkinsonite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Austria | |
| Postl et al. (1997) |
Bolivia | |
| Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) +2 other references |
Canada (TL) | |
| Johan et al. (1987) |
Czech Republic | |
| Topa et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
Germany | |
| Koch et al. (2018) |
| Förster et al. (2005) |
Förster et al. (2005) | |
| Färber (n.d.) |
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Zálesí uranium deposit, Zálesí, Javorník, Jeseník District, Olomouc Region, Czech Republic