Thomsonite-Ca
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Thomsonite-Ca
Formula:
NaCa2[Al5Si5O20] · 6H2O
Colour:
Colourless, white, light yellow, light green, pink, brown
Lustre:
Vitreous, Pearly
Hardness:
5 - 5½
Specific Gravity:
2.23 - 2.29
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Renamed in 1820 by Henry James Brooke in honor of Thomas Thomson [April 12, 1773 Crieff, Perthshire, Scotland - July 2, 1852 Kilmun, Argyleshire, Scotland], professor of chemistry at the University of Glasgow. Thomson was an indefatigable mineral chemist and contributed enormously to the number of accurate chemical analyses of minerals during his career as well as having discovered many new mineral species. The suffix -Ca denotes the dominance of calcium in the mineral.
Type Locality:
Zeolite Group.
The calcium analogue of Thomsonite-Sr.
Some habits may be confused with stellerite.
A potential Mg analogue may be present at this locality: https://www.mindat.org/loc-414057.html
The calcium analogue of Thomsonite-Sr.
Some habits may be confused with stellerite.
A potential Mg analogue may be present at this locality: https://www.mindat.org/loc-414057.html
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3941
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3941:9
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
58b1276f-1ecc-4edd-b2c4-f9af58d843b4
IMA Classification of Thomsonite-Ca
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
NaCa2(Al5Si5)O20 · 6H2O
Classification of Thomsonite-Ca
9.GA.10
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
G : Tektosilicates with zeolitic H2O; zeolite family
A : Zeolites with T5O10 Units – The Fibrous Zeolites
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
G : Tektosilicates with zeolitic H2O; zeolite family
A : Zeolites with T5O10 Units – The Fibrous Zeolites
16.10.4
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
10 : Aluminosilicates of Ca and alkalis
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
10 : Aluminosilicates of Ca and alkalis
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Thm-Ca | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Tmp | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
Thm | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Tho | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Thomsonite-Ca
Vitreous, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colourless, white, light yellow, light green, pink, brown
Streak:
White
Hardness:
5 - 5½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {010}
Good on {100}
Perfect on {010}
Good on {100}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
2.23 - 2.29 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.366 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Thomsonite-Ca
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.511 - 1.530 nβ = 1.513 - 1.532 nγ = 1.516 - 1.545
2V:
Measured: 44° to 75°, Calculated: 44° to 80°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.005 - 0.015
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Low
Dispersion:
r > v strong
Chemistry of Thomsonite-Ca
Mindat Formula:
NaCa2[Al5Si5O20] · 6H2O
Common Impurities:
K
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
1 | |
---|---|
SiO2 | 36.45 % |
Al2O3 | 31.37 % |
FeO | 0.07 % |
CaO | 12.60 % |
MgO | 0.02 % |
SrO | 1.86 % |
BaO | 0.03 % |
Na2O | 3.90 % |
K2O | 0.05 % |
H2O | 13.52 % |
Total: | 99.87 % |
Empirical formulas:
Sample ID | Empirical Formula |
---|---|
1 | (Ca1.83Sr0.15Fe0.01)AL5.01Si4.94O20·6.11H2O |
Sample references:
Crystallography of Thomsonite-Ca
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 13.088(2) Å, b = 13.052(2) Å, c = 13.229(2) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.003 : 1 : 1.014
Unit Cell V:
2,259.84 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals commonly prismatic, acicular, bladed, massive.
Forms:
Common {100}, {010}, {001}, {110}. Uncommon {101}, {401}, {801}, {0·1·48}. Rare {012}, {111}, {705}, {334}, {502}, {301}, {401}, {021}, {072}, {041}, {071}, {081}, {601}, {0·14·1}, {0·1·50}.
Forms:
Common {100}, {010}, {001}, {110}. Uncommon {101}, {401}, {801}, {0·1·48}. Rare {012}, {111}, {705}, {334}, {502}, {301}, {401}, {021}, {072}, {041}, {071}, {081}, {601}, {0·14·1}, {0·1·50}.
Twinning:
On {110}. This twinning can be cyclic for repetition of 4 crystals.
Reference: Rudy Tschernich on Micro Probe (1996 vol. VIII, n. 4) SEM photo n.489 and one twinned crystal drawing. The sample is from Yellow Lake, Olalla, British Columbia, Canada
Reference: Rudy Tschernich on Micro Probe (1996 vol. VIII, n. 4) SEM photo n.489 and one twinned crystal drawing. The sample is from Yellow Lake, Olalla, British Columbia, Canada
Comment:
Space group Pncn. Note: Thomsonite-Ca with disordered Al/Si-distribution has a = 13.0809(3), b = 13.0597(3), c = 6.6051(1) Å, V = 1128.37(14) Å3 and space group Pbnm (Gatta et al., 2010).
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0005037 | Thomsonite-Ca | Gatta G D, Kahlenberg V, Kaindl R, Rotiroti N, Cappelletti P, de Gennaro M (2010) Crystal structure and low-temperature behavior of "disordered" thomsonite American Mineralogist 95 495-502 | 2010 | Terzigno, Somma-Vesuvius volcanic complex, Naples Province, Italy | 0 | 295.5 | |
0005038 | Thomsonite-Ca | Gatta G D, Kahlenberg V, Kaindl R, Rotiroti N, Cappelletti P, de Gennaro M (2010) Crystal structure and low-temperature behavior of "disordered" thomsonite American Mineralogist 95 495-502 | 2010 | Terzigno, Somma-Vesuvius volcanic complex, Naples Province, Italy | 0 | 98 | |
0010164 | Thomsonite-Ca | Stahl K, Kvick A, Smith J V (1990) Thomsonite, a neutron diffraction study at 13 K Acta Crystallographica C46 1370-1373 | 1990 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Image Loading
Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
2.86 Å | (100) |
4.64 Å | (90) |
2.68 Å | (80) |
2.95 Å | (70) |
3.51 Å | (65) |
6.60 Å | (60) |
3.19 Å | (45) |
Comments:
Kadan, Czech Republic. ICDD 19-1344.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
14 : Hot springs, geysers, and other subaerial geothermal minerals | |
Near-surface Processes | |
24 : Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments (see also #17) | |
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
38 : Ophiolites | |
40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Geological Setting:
In vugs in basalts, as cement in some sandstones.
Type Occurrence of Thomsonite-Ca
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Amygdaloids in basalt.
Synonyms of Thomsonite-Ca
Other Language Names for Thomsonite-Ca
German:Bagotit
Carphostilbit
Charphostilbit
Comptonit
Echellit
Faröelit
Karphostilbit
Koodilit
Lintonit
Ozarkit
Picrothomsonit
Thompsonit
Thomsonit
Thomsonit-Ca
Tonsonit
Carphostilbit
Charphostilbit
Comptonit
Echellit
Faröelit
Karphostilbit
Koodilit
Lintonit
Ozarkit
Picrothomsonit
Thompsonit
Thomsonit
Thomsonit-Ca
Tonsonit
Russian:Томсонит-Ca
Simplified Chinese:钙杆沸石
Traditional Chinese:鈣桿沸石
Varieties of Thomsonite-Ca
Strontium-bearing Thomsonite | A strontian variety. Originally described from Inagli Massif, Aldan, Aldan Shield, Saha Republic (Sakha Republic; Yakutia), Eastern-Siberian Region, Russia. |
Relationship of Thomsonite-Ca to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Thomsonite-Sr | Na(Sr,Ca)2[Al5Si5O20] · 7H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
230 photos of Thomsonite-Ca associated with Mesolite | Na2Ca2Si9Al6O30 · 8H2O |
218 photos of Thomsonite-Ca associated with Analcime | Na(AlSi2O6) · H2O |
199 photos of Thomsonite-Ca associated with Chabazite | |
187 photos of Thomsonite-Ca associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
154 photos of Thomsonite-Ca associated with Natrolite | Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O |
106 photos of Thomsonite-Ca associated with Chabazite-Ca | (Ca,K2,Na2)2[Al2Si4O12]2 · 12H2O |
92 photos of Thomsonite-Ca associated with Phillipsite Subgroup | |
54 photos of Thomsonite-Ca associated with Apophyllite Group | AB4[Si8O22]X · 8H2O |
46 photos of Thomsonite-Ca associated with Stilbite Subgroup | M6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] · nH2O |
45 photos of Thomsonite-Ca associated with Heulandite Subgroup | (Na/Ca/K)5-6[Al8-9 Si27-28 O72] · nH2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
9.GA.05 | Gonnardite | (Na,Ca)2(Si,Al)5O10 · 3H2O |
9.GA.05 | Mesolite | Na2Ca2Si9Al6O30 · 8H2O |
9.GA.05 | Natrolite | Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O |
9.GA.05 | Paranatrolite | Na2Al2Si3O10 · 3H2O |
9.GA.05 | Scolecite | CaAl2Si3O10 · 3H2O |
9.GA.10 | Thomsonite-Sr | Na(Sr,Ca)2[Al5Si5O20] · 7H2O |
9.GA.15 | Edingtonite | Ba[Al2Si3O10] · 4H2O |
9.GA.15 | Kalborsite | K6Al4BSi6O20(OH)4Cl |
9.GA.20 | Tetranatrolite |
Other Information
Electrical:
Pyroelectric
Thermal Behaviour:
Before the blowpipe, fuses with intumescence, at 2 to a white enamel.
Notes:
Gelatinizes in HCl.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Thomsonite-Ca
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3941.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Thomsonite-Ca
Reference List:
Phillips, Alexander H. (1924) Thomsonite from Peekskill, New York. American Mineralogist, 9 (12) 240-241
Wherry, Edgar T. (1925) Pseudo-isomorphism as illustrated in thomsonite. American Mineralogist, 10 (10) 342-347
Winchell, A. N. (1926) Doubtful mineral species as illustrated by "faroelite". American Mineralogist, 11 (4) 82-89
Hey, Max H. (1932) Studies on the zeolites. Part II. Thomsonite (including faroelite) and gonnardite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 23 (137) 51-125 doi:10.1180/minmag.1932.023.137.01
Taylor, W. H., Meek, C. A., Jackson, W. W. (1933) The Structures of the Fibrous Zeolites. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 84 (1) 373-398 doi:10.1524/zkri.1933.84.1.373
Wise, William, Tschernich, Rudy W. (1978) Habits, crystal forms and composition of thomsonite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 16 (3) 487-493
Alberti, Alberto, Vezzalini, Giovanna, Tazzoli, Vittorio (1981) Thomsonite: a detailed refinement with cross checking by crystal energy calculations. Zeolites, 1 (2) 91-97 doi:10.1016/s0144-2449(81)80021-8
Ståhl, K., Kvick, Å ;., Smith, J. V. (1990) Thomsonite, a neutron diffraction study at 13 K. Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications, 46 (8) 1370-1373 doi:10.1107/s0108270189013259
Ross, Malcolm, Flohr, Marta J. K., Ross, Daphne R. (1992) Crystalline solution series and order-disorder within the natrolite mineral group. American Mineralogist, 77 (7-8) 685-703
Coombs, Douglas S., Alberti, Alberto, Armbruster, Thomas, Artioli, Gilberto, Colella, Carmine, Galli, Ermanno, Grice, Joel D., Liebau, Friedrich, Mandarino, Joseph A., Minato, Hideo, Nickel, Ernest H., Passaglia, Elio, Peacor, Donald R., Quartieri, Simona, Rinaldi, Romano, Ross, Malcolm I., Sheppard, Richard A., Tillmanns, Ekkehart, Vezzalini, Giovanna (1997) Recommended nomenclature for zeolite minerals; report of the Subcommittee on Zeolites of the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. The Canadian Mineralogist, 35 (6) 1571-1606
Pekov, I. V., Lovskaya, E. V., Turchkova, A. G., Chukanov, N. V., Zadov, A. E., Rastsvetaeva, R. K., Kononkova, N. N. (2001) Thomsonite-Sr (Sr,Ca)2Na[Al2Si5O20]·6–7H2O, a new zeolite mineral from Khibiny Massif (Kola Peninsula) and thomsonite-Ca—thomsonite-Sr an isomorphous series. Zapiski Vserossijskogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva, 130 (4) 46-55
Jambor, John L., Roberts, Andrew C. (2001) New mineral names. American Mineralogist, 86 (9) 1112-1115
Jambor, John L., Grew, Edward S., Roberts, Andrew C. (2002) New mineral names. American Mineralogist, 87. 1509-1513
Lee, Y., Hriljac, J. A., Studer, A., Vogt, T. (2004) Anisotropic compression of edingtonite and thomsonite to 6 GPa at room temperature. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 31 (1) 22-27 doi:10.1007/s00269-003-0330-6
Kol’tsova, T. N. (2005) Zeolites of the natrolite-thomsonite series. Inorganic Materials, 41 (7) 750-756 doi:10.1007/s10789-005-0203-0
Localities for Thomsonite-Ca
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| RWMW Collection |
Antarctica | |
Argentina | |
| Pagano et al. (2016) +2 other references |
Australia | |
| Dieter Mylius collection |
| England (2000) |
England (1996) | |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Vic Cloete. |
| |
| Noble et al. (1983) |
| |
| Saul Krotki collection |
Bottrill | |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Sutherland et al. (2004) |
| www.crocoite.com (2001) |
Sorrell (n.d.) | |
| Bottrill et al. (2021) |
| Sutherland et al. (2004) |
| |
| W.D.Birch 1987. Zeolites from Jindivick +3 other references |
| Birch (1989) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Birch (1989) |
| Birch (1989) |
| Birch (1989) |
| Henry et al. (1988) |
Birch (1989) | |
| Birch (1989) |
| W.D.Birch 1989. Zeolites of Victoria |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Strasser (1989) |
Exel (1993) | |
| |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1956 31 : 265-271 +1 other reference |
| Exel (1993) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
Cambodia | |
Sutherland et al. (2015) +2 other references | |
| Piilonen et al. (2022) |
Canada | |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Richard Gunter specimen |
| Simandl et al. (1997) |
| Sabina (2015) |
Tschernich (1992) | |
| Tschernich (1992) |
Walker et al. (1922) | |
Terry Collett | |
| Pe-Piper et al. (2002) |
| Mineralogy of Nova Scotia +3 other references |
Sabina (1964) | |
| Tschernich (1992) |
Curatorial Report No. 90 The Nova ... | |
| Mineralogy of Nova Scotia +1 other reference |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Walker et al. (1922) |
Pe-Piper et al. (2002) | |
Walker et al. (1922) | |
Tschernich (1992) | |
R. Van Dommelen collection | |
Sabina (1964) | |
| GAUDARD (1993) |
Dana 7 | |
Canadian Museum of Nature & Horvath ... | |
| Canadian Museum of Nature collection |
| 179-181. +2 other references |
| Van Velthuizen et al. (2006) |
| Tschernich (1992) +1 other reference |
| GOLD (1972) |
Gold (1969) | |
| 166-175. +3 other references |
| HORVÁTH (2010) |
Chile | |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| XRD by Gerhard Möhn |
China | |
| Hercule Shen |
| Peter Elliott |
Costa Rica | |
| Micro Probe Vol 7 No. 7 Spring 1993 +1 other reference |
| Micro Probe Vol 7 No. 7 Spring 1993 +1 other reference |
| Micro Probe Vol 7 No. 7 Spring 1993 +1 other reference |
| Micro Probe Vol. 7 No. 7 Spring 1993 +1 other reference |
| Micro Probe Vol 7 No. 7 Spring 1993 +1 other reference |
| Micro Probe Volume VII Number 7 Spring ... |
| Micro Probe Volume VII Number 7 Spring ... |
| Micro Probe Volume VII Number Spring ... |
| Micro Probe Volume VII Number 7 Spring ... |
Micro Probe Volume VII Number 7 Spring ... +1 other reference | |
Czech Republic | |
| Č +4 other references |
| Pauliš et al. (2023) |
| Pauliš et al. (2019) |
| Pauliš et al. (2019) |
| P.Pauliš et al. (2017) |
| Pauliš et al. (2018) |
Pauliš et al. (2018) | |
| Matýsek et al. (2016) |
| Matýsek et al. (2016) |
| Matýsek et al. (2016) |
| Prokop et al. (2013) |
| Zippe (1832) |
| Pauliš et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Zbynek Burival collection |
Ulrych et al. (1986) | |
| Pauliš et al. (2021) |
| |
| collection of Petr Fuchs |
| P.Zeman et al. (2017) |
| Hibsch et al. (1911) |
| Rychlý |
| |
| Review of zeolite mineralizations from ... |
| Canadian Mineralogist |
Faroe Islands | |
| Fabrizio Frattini photo & collection +1 other reference |
| Volker Baetz |
Volker Betz photo & collection | |
| Christian Bracke collection and photo |
| Zeolite colletion of Volker Betz |
| Volker Betz |
| Volker Betz photo & collection |
Christian Bracke | |
| Zeolite collection of Volker Betz |
| Zeoliite collection of Volker Betz |
| Collection of Volker Betz |
| Zeolite collection of Volker Betz |
| Zeolite collection of Volker Betz |
| |
Zeolite collection of Volker Betz | |
| Enrico Bonacina |
Finland | |
| Mutanen |
France | |
| Robert (1988) |
| Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... |
| Ref: Boisson J.M. |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Giret et al. (1992) |
| Christophe Schwarze |
| |
| Boutry et al. (1986) |
| Le Règne Minéral 47: 5-21 |
P. Nativel | |
Zeolite collection of Volker Betz | |
Bull. Minéral. | |
Germany | |
| Weisenberger et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Schelken et al. (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Aufschluss 1977 (6) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| |
| Kolitsch (1997) |
| Lapis 2/2011 |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Zeolite collection of Volker Betz |
| |
| |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Hentschel (1983) |
| Hentschel et al. (1976) |
Peacor et al. (1984) | |
in the collection of Christof Schäfer | |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Lapis (5) |
in the collection of Christof Schäfer | |
| Hentschel (1989) |
| Blaß et al. (2012) |
| Hentschel (1993) +1 other reference |
| Hentschel (1973) +1 other reference |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland" et al. (2003) |
| |
Greenland | |
| www.koeln.netsurf.de (1999) |
Hungary | |
| www.geomania.hu |
www.geomania.hu | |
| Mineral Species of Hungary +1 other reference |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
Iceland | |
| Weisenberger et al. (2009) |
Weisenberger et al. (2009) | |
Dario Cericola collection +1 other reference | |
| Zeolite collection of Volker Betz |
| Zeolite collection of Volker Betz |
| Zeolite collection of Volker Betz |
| Zeolite collection of Volker Betz |
| |
Zeolite collection of Volker Betz | |
| Zeolite collection of Volker Betz |
| Zeolite collection of Volker Betz |
| Zeolite collection of Volker Betz |
| Zeolite collection of Volker Betz |
Volker Betz | |
India | |
| Rob Lavinsky photo |
| webmineral.com (2000) |
Israel | |
| Kruszewski et al. (2021) |
Italy | |
| C.M. Gramaccioli (1975) |
| Punzo I. (1998) +1 other reference |
Russo (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Russo et al. (2004) |
Russo et al. (2004) | |
| |
| M. Carati - Guida alla mineralogia ... |
| M. Carati - Guida alla mineralogia ... |
Imma Punzo find & collection | |
| Russo et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Bombicci (1874) +1 other reference |
| Carlini et al. (2018) |
| Carlini et al. (2018) |
| Stoppani et al. (1982) +4 other references |
| Cresta et al. (2002) |
| Antofilli |
| Antofilli |
| Bracco R. et al. (La Spezia, Liguria) |
| Antofilli |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
| Cortesogno L. |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Jervis (1873) +3 other references |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| |
| Boscardin et al. (2013) |
| Mattioli V. (1987) |
| Mattioli (1979 a) +8 other references |
Appiani et al. (1995) | |
| Preite (2003) |
| Preite (2003) |
Calanchi N. et al. (1980) | |
Pongiluppi D. (1974) | |
| |
Di Franco S. (1932) | |
Mariani P. et al. (1975) | |
Gemellaro (1856) | |
| Gasser (1913) +7 other references |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Raman Spectroscopy |
| Manasse E. (1906) |
| Peacor et al. (1984) +2 other references |
| Andrea Canal collection. Performed analyses : XRD at Politecnico di Milano (Servizi Porto Marghera S.c. a r.l.) |
| "Minerali del Vicentino - La natrolite" ... |
| Boscardin M. et al. (2011) |
| Boscardin M. et al. (2011) |
| Lapis (12) +1 other reference |
Boscardin et al. (2000) | |
| Boscardin M. et al. (2011) |
| Raman Spectroscopy |
| Boscardin M. et al. (2011) |
Boscardin M. et al. (Vicenza) | |
| Mateo Chinelatto |
| Boscardin M. et al. (Vicenza) |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| |
| SHIMAZU et al. (1972) |
| Shi et al. (2012) |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Shi et al. (2012) |
| Am Min 74: pp 1337-1342 |
Kenya | |
| Baker (1967) |
| Bowell et al. (1996) |
Korea | |
Sadanaga & Bunno (1973) | |
Mauritius | |
| Georges Favreau collection |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Tschernich (1992) |
Middle East | |
Gross (1977) | |
Mozambique | |
| Hurai et al. (2017) |
Myanmar | |
| Shi et al. (2012) |
Shi et al. (2012) | |
New Zealand | |
| Essence of Microscope |
| Railton et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Thornton (Ed) |
| Courtney et al. (1988) |
| Blackhead Quarry +1 other reference |
North America | |
182-183. +1 other reference | |
Norway | |
| Larsen (1981) +1 other reference |
Larsen et al. (2005) | |
Andersen et al. (1996) | |
| Andresen. P. & Friis (2020) |
Brøgger (1890, January) | |
Garmo (1978) | |
P. Andresen collection. +1 other reference | |
Brøgger (1890, January) | |
Burvald (1993) | |
Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Burvald (1993) |
| Jamtveit et al. (1997) |
| Zozulya et al. (2018) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Berge (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Collection of Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet i Stockholm (The Natural History Museum) +1 other reference | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
Peter Andresen observation in field ... | |
Brøgger (1890, January) | |
| Segalstad et al. (1978) |
Brøgger (1890, January) | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Larsen et al. (2015) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-4101 |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection (micromount # 1385) |
Larsen et al. (2010) | |
Personally collected by Peter Andresen ... | |
Andersen et al. (1996) | |
Nordrum (2007) | |
Larsen et al. (2010) | |
Brøgger (1890, January) | |
Philippines | |
| Albrecht et al. (1990) |
Portugal | |
| A. M. I. Martins collection |
| |
| |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
Romania | |
| www.minerals-of-the-carpathians |
Russia | |
| Talovina et al. (2008) |
| Burlakov (1999) |
| Berzin et al. (2020) |
| Betts (n.d.) |
Levitsky et al. (2010) | |
Kievlenko et al. (1987) | |
| O.A. Dyuzhikov data |
| Chakhmouradian et al. (2002) |
| PEKOV et al. (2013) |
Pekov et al. (2004) | |
Mikhailova et al. (2007) | |
| Mikhailova et al. (2015) |
N.V. Chukanov et al.: Zap. Vses. Mineral. Obshch. 133 (1) | |
... +1 other reference | |
| Igor Pekov data |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
[World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Antonov A.A. [Антонов А.А.] (2003) |
Pekov et al. (2022) | |
| [Mineralien Welt 6/92:62] |
Slovakia | |
| Ďuďa R. et al. (Schemnitz) |
| Koděra (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| [Gliddon et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
| Gutzmer et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
Spain | |
| Calvo (2018) |
| Zeolite collection of Volker Betz |
Collection of Volker Betz | |
Zeolite collection of Volker Betz | |
Collection of Volker Betz | |
| Zeolite collection of Volker Betz |
Collection of Volker Betz | |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Lapis 17 42-45 |
| Zeolite collection of Volker Betz |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| Analyzed by XRD by Dr. Joan Vinals (Barcelona) |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| Calvo et al. (2013) |
| Calvo et al. (2013) |
| Calvo et al. (2013) |
Sweden | |
| |
| BGIU 12 |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Taiwan | |
| Tschernich (1992) |
Tschernich (1992) | |
Turkey | |
| Nikiforov et al. (2014) |
| Alan F. Cooper et al. (2011) |
UK | |
| Day (1999) |
| |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1962 33 : ... |
Betts (n.d.) | |
| S. Moreton |
Fleischmann (1910) | |
| |
| Artioli et al. (1994) |
| Specimen in Alan Goldstein collection |
| Day (1999) |
| Cann (1965) +1 other reference |
| |
Dagmara Lesiow-Laszczewska | |
| |
| Livingstone (1988) |
| Green et al. (1996) |
| |
| |
| |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum |
| Day (1999) |
| American Mineralogist 35:1080 |
| |
Day (1999) | |
| Day (1999) |
| Clark (1993) |
| Williams |
Ukraine | |
| Tischenko Alexander |
USA | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Hunt (1983) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Bideaux et al. (1960) +2 other references |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Wise et al. (1975) |
| Ross et al. (1992) |
Flohr et al. (1989) | |
R&M 67:6 p402-404 | |
Rocks & Min.: 63: 109. | |
| |
Henry Barwood - unpublished (2010) | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 371 +2 other references |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Cameron Holden’s collection |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 372. +3 other references |
| [micromounts@yahoogroups.com] |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 498. +1 other reference |
Mineral News v.14 no.9 | |
| Rocks & Minerals 79:4 |
Simon and Schuster's Rocks & Minerals. | |
Simon and Schuster's Rokcs & Minerals | |
Wilson (1988) | |
| Rocks & Minerals 70:242-264 |
| Ream (1995) |
Allan Young | |
| Tschernich (1992) +1 other reference |
| Ream (1995) |
| Hintze (1897) |
| Tschernich (1992) |
Tschernich (1992) | |
| Shaub (1941) |
| ... |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Morris Jr. (1983) |
| Morris Jr. (1983) |
| Morris Jr. (1983) |
| [www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com] : Dorothy M. Schlegal (1957) |
| Bill Morgenstern - collected location |
| American Mineralogist 27:229 +1 other reference |
| Mitchell (2000) +2 other references |
| Collected by Bob Housley +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Mins. of NYC & Its Environs et al. (1931) |
| Mins. of NYC & Its Environs (1931) +1 other reference |
| NJ Geol. Survey Bull. #64 et al. (1960) +2 other references |
American Museum of Nat. History +1 other reference | |
| Lapidary Jour.: 32:1700-1720 et al. (1978) +3 other references |
Rock Currier | |
| Kent et al. (2000) |
| Palache (1935) +2 other references |
FOMS Millsite Committee (1986) | |
| Harvard University #114036 |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Min Rec 20:1 p59 |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
geoinfo.nmt.edu (2000) | |
| Tschernich (1992) +1 other reference |
| Patrick Haynes |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
Manchester (1931) | |
| Manchester (1931) |
| - (Januzzi, 1966, 1989) +1 other reference |
| Manchester (1931) |
Manchester (1931) | |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Ransum (1974) |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Tschernich (1992) |
Micro Probe Volume VI Number 4 | |
| |
| Staples et al. (1973) |
Tschernich (1992) | |
Micro Probe Vol. 6 No. 5 Fall 1987 +1 other reference | |
| K. Starnes |
Housley (2022) | |
| Micro Probe Volume VI Number 4 +1 other reference |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Micro Probe Volume VI Number 4 |
| Micro Probe Volume VI Number 4 |
| Micro Probe Volume VI Number 8 |
| Rudy Tschernich Zeolite Collection |
Rudy Tschernich Zeolite Collection | |
Micro Probe Volume VII Number 8 Fall ... | |
Rudy Tschernich Zeolite Collection | |
Micro Probe Volume VII Number 8 Fall ... | |
| K. Starnes |
K. Starnes | |
| Micro Probe Vol. 7 No. 9 Spring 1994 |
| Betts (n.d.) |
| Micro Probe Volume VI Number 4 |
| Micro Probe Volume VI Number 4 |
| Micro Probe Vol. 6 No. 4 +1 other reference |
Micro Probe Volume VI Number 4 | |
Micro Probe Vol. 6 No. 4 +1 other reference | |
| Micro Probe Volume VII Number 10 Fall ... |
| King (n.d.) |
| Micro Probe Volume VI Number 4 |
| Micro Probe Vol. 6 No. 4 +1 other reference |
Micro Probe VolumeVII Number 3 Spring ... | |
Micro Probe Volume IX Number 2 Fall 2000 | |
Mineral News (1995) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 21:278. |
| Rocks & Min.: 21:278. |
| |
| Rocks & Min.:59:109-120. |
| Lapham & Geyer |
| Bullock (1981) |
| R&M 68:6 p381-393 |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Penick Jr. (1985) |
| Micro Probe VolumeVIII Number 8 Fall ... |
| Micro Probe Volume VI Number 4 |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) +1 other reference |
Micro Probe Vol.7 No.9 Spring '94 | |
| Micro Probe Vol. 7 No. 10 |
| |
Collected by Paul Gilmore | |
Micro Probe Volume VII Number 5 Spring ... | |
Micro Probe Vol. 7 No. 5 Spring '92 | |
Rudy Tschernich Zeolite Collection | |
| Micro Probe Volume VIII Number 9 |
Tschernich (1992) | |
| Micro Probe Volume VII Number 7 Spring ... |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) +1 other reference |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Rocks & Minerals 68:167 +2 other references |
| Cannon (1996) |
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