Tellurobismuthite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Tellurobismuthite
Formula:
Bi2Te3
Colour:
Lead-gray, silvery-white cleavage reflections
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
1½ - 2
Specific Gravity:
7.815
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
The name reflects its composition: tellurium and bismuth.
Prominent bright silvery metallic cleavages, often curved. Euhedral crystals rare
Tetradymite Group. Tellurantimony-Tellurobismuthite Series. One of many Bi-Te phases known, the list including unnamed species, too.
A solid solution series exists between tellurobismuthite and hedleyite (Brown and Lewis, 1962) : “X-ray study shows that a single solid solution series exists from Te 32 at % to Te 60 at % in the system Bi-Te, which includes the minerals tellurobismuthite, wehrlite and hedleyite.”
Tetradymite Group. Tellurantimony-Tellurobismuthite Series. One of many Bi-Te phases known, the list including unnamed species, too.
A solid solution series exists between tellurobismuthite and hedleyite (Brown and Lewis, 1962) : “X-ray study shows that a single solid solution series exists from Te 32 at % to Te 60 at % in the system Bi-Te, which includes the minerals tellurobismuthite, wehrlite and hedleyite.”
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3907
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3907:5
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
db8d9a61-bafb-4934-a1bc-7e1c224512f5
IMA Classification of Tellurobismuthite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Tellurobismuthite
2.DC.05
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
D : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 3 :4 and 2:3
C : Variable M:S
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
D : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 3 :4 and 2:3
C : Variable M:S
2.11.7.2
2 : SULFIDES
11 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 2:3
2 : SULFIDES
11 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 2:3
3.7.24
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
7 : Sulphides etc. of V, As, Sb and Bi
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
7 : Sulphides etc. of V, As, Sb and Bi
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Tbi | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Tellurobismuthite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Lead-gray, silvery-white cleavage reflections
Streak:
Pale lead-gray
Hardness:
1½ - 2 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Flexible
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect {0001}
Perfect {0001}
Density:
7.815 g/cm3 (Measured) 7.857 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Tellurobismuthite
Anisotropism:
Weak
Reflectivity:
Wavelength | R1 | R2 |
---|---|---|
400nm | 62.3% | 62.9% |
420nm | 62.4% | 63.4% |
440nm | 62.4% | 63.8% |
460nm | 62.6% | 64.0% |
480nm | 62.6% | 64.3% |
500nm | 62.5% | 64.7% |
520nm | 62.4% | 65.3% |
540nm | 62.4% | 65.8% |
560nm | 62.6% | 66.2% |
580nm | 62.9% | 66.5% |
600nm | 63.2% | 66.8% |
620nm | 63.5% | 67.1% |
640nm | 63.9% | 67.5% |
660nm | 64.5% | 67.9% |
680nm | 65.0% | 68.3% |
700nm | 65.3% | 68.4% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 68.4%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Chemistry of Tellurobismuthite
Mindat Formula:
Bi2Te3
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
S
Crystallography of Tellurobismuthite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m (3 2/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Space Group:
R3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 4.43 Å, c = 29.91 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 6.752
Unit Cell V:
508.34 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
3
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0012645 | Tellurobismuthite | Atabaeva E Y, Ickevich E S, Mashkov S A, Popova S V, Vereshchagin L F (1968) The polymorphism of bismuth telluride under high pressures and temperatures Fizika Tverdogo Tela 10 62-65 | 1968 | 0 | 293 | ||
0013192 | Tellurobismuthite | Nakajima S (1963) The crystal structure of Bi2Te3-xSex Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 24 479-485 | 1963 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0014367 | Tellurobismuthite | Feutelais Y, Legendre B, Rodier N, Agafonov V (1993) A study of the phases in the bismuth - tellurium system Materials Research Bulletin 28 591-596 | 1993 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0014688 | Tellurobismuthite | Lange P W (1939) Ein vergleich zwischen Bi2Te3 und Bi2Te2S Naturwissenschaften 27 133-134 | 1939 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
10.16 Å | (4) |
5.078 Å | (8) |
3.767 Å | (4) |
3.398 Å | (<1) |
3.222 Å | (100) |
2.689 Å | (2) |
2.376 Å | (25) |
2.238 Å | (4) |
2.192 Å | (25) |
2.142 Å | (2) |
2.031 Å | (6) |
2.013 Å | (4) |
1.995 Å | (2) |
1.890 Å | (<1) |
1.812 Å | (8) |
1.702 Å | (2) |
1.693 Å | (<1) |
1.611 Å | (6) |
1.565 Å | (<1) |
1.4901 Å | (8) |
1.4756 Å | (2) |
1.4513 Å | (<1) |
1.4140 Å | (4) |
1.3970 Å | (6) |
1.3449 Å | (2) |
1.3404 Å | (<1) |
1.2986 Å | (4) |
1.2660 Å | (2) |
1.2514 Å | (<1) |
1.2242 Å | (<1) |
1.2103 Å | (<1) |
1.1886 Å | (<1) |
1.1610 Å | (<1) |
1.1404 Å | (<1) |
1.1200 Å | (<1) |
1.0963 Å | (<1) |
1.0868 Å | (<1) |
1.0744 Å | (<1) |
1.0464 Å | (<1) |
1.0380 Å | (<1) |
Comments:
ICDD 15-863 Synthetic. See also ICDD 8-27
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) |
Type Occurrence of Tellurobismuthite
Co-Type Localities:
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
No designated type material.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Tellurobismuthite
Other Language Names for Tellurobismuthite
Relationship of Tellurobismuthite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Baksanite | Bi6Te2S3 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1 |
Ehrigite | Bi8Te3 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
Hedleyite | Bi7Te3 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
Hitachiite | Pb5Bi2Te2S6 | Trig. 3m : P3m1 |
Ingodite | Bi2TeS | Trig. |
Joséite-B | Bi4Te2S | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
Kawazulite | Bi2Te2Se | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
Paraguanajuatite | Bi2Se3 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
Pilsenite | Bi4Te3 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
Skippenite | Bi2TeSe2 | Trig. |
Sulphotsumoite | Bi3Te2S | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3 1m |
Tellurantimony | Sb2Te3 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
Telluronevskite | Bi3TeSe2 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1 |
Tetradymite | Bi2Te2S | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
Tsumoite | BiTe | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3 1m |
Vihorlatite | Bi24Se17Te4 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1 |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
20 photos of Tellurobismuthite associated with Gold | Au |
10 photos of Tellurobismuthite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
6 photos of Tellurobismuthite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
6 photos of Tellurobismuthite associated with Tetradymite | Bi2Te2S |
5 photos of Tellurobismuthite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
4 photos of Tellurobismuthite associated with Galena | PbS |
3 photos of Tellurobismuthite associated with Rucklidgeite | PbBi2Te4 |
2 photos of Tellurobismuthite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
2 photos of Tellurobismuthite associated with Calaverite | AuTe2 |
2 photos of Tellurobismuthite associated with Tellurium | Te |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
2.DC.05 | Hedleyite | Bi7Te3 |
2.DC.05 | Ikunolite | Bi4S3 |
2.DC.05 | Ingodite | Bi2TeS |
2.DC.05 | Joséite | Bi4TeS2 |
2.DC.05 | Joséite-A | Bi4TeS2 |
2.DC.05 | Joséite-B | Bi4Te2S |
2.DC.05 | Kawazulite | Bi2Te2Se |
2.DC.05 | Laitakarite | Bi4(Se,S)3 |
2.DC.05 | Nevskite | Bi(Se,S) |
2.DC.05 | Paraguanajuatite | Bi2Se3 |
2.DC.05 | Pilsenite | Bi4Te3 |
2.DC.05 | Skippenite | Bi2TeSe2 |
2.DC.05 | Sulphotsumoite | Bi3Te2S |
2.DC.05 | Tellurantimony | Sb2Te3 |
2.DC.05 | Tetradymite | Bi2Te2S |
2.DC.05 | Tsumoite | BiTe |
2.DC.05 | Baksanite | Bi6Te2S3 |
2.DC.05 | Joséite-C | Bi16Te3S9 |
2.DC.05 | Protojoséite | Bi3(Te,S)2 |
2.DC.05 | Sztrókayite | Bi3TeS2 |
2.DC.05 | Vihorlatite | Bi24Se17Te4 |
2.DC.05 | Telluronevskite | Bi3TeSe2 |
2.DC.05 | UM1983-09-S:BiPbTe | PbBi3S2Te |
2.DC.05 | Hitachiite | Pb5Bi2Te2S6 |
2.DC.05 | Ehrigite | Bi8Te3 |
2.DC.15 | Castaingite | CuMo2S5 |
Fluorescence of Tellurobismuthite
Not fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Tellurobismuthite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3907.html
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References for Tellurobismuthite
Reference List:
Brown, Allan, Lewis, B. (1962) The systems bismuth-tellurium and antimony-tellurium and the synthesis of the minerals hedleyite and wehrlite. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 23. 1597-1604 doi:10.1016/0022-3697(62)90242-1
Kingsbury, A.W.G. (1965) Tellurbismuth and meneghinite, two minerals new to Britain. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 35 (270) 424-426 doi:10.1180/minmag.1965.035.270.19
Localities for Tellurobismuthite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Williams et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| DE BRODTKORB +1 other reference |
| Esquivel et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1997 61 : 861-877 +3 other references |
Armenia | |
| Harris et al. (1973) +1 other reference |
| Extra Lapis English No. 5 Gold +1 other reference |
Kovalenker et al. (2006) | |
| Mederer et al. (2019) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Firstova et al. (2019) |
Australia | |
| Gilligan (1975) |
| Lehrmann (2012) |
| Lawrence (2000) +1 other reference |
| Ehrig et al. (2012) |
| Ralph Bottrill et al in prep. +1 other reference |
Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| |
| Kalleske (2010) |
| Bucci et al. (2002) |
| Yunxing Xue and Ian Campbell (2014) |
| Hassan et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Hassan (2017) +1 other reference |
| McQueen et al. (1990) |
| Rice et al. (2016) |
| Sung (2008) |
| Hassan et al. (2017) |
Hassan (2014) | |
Hassan (2014) | |
| Frater (1983) |
Marston (1979) | |
Austria | |
| Paar et al. (2019) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2020) |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
Azerbaijan | |
| Int J Econ & Environ Geology Vol 1 (2) |
Belgium | |
| Weis et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
| Michel Blondieau. +3 other references |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Brazil | |
| Oberthür et al. (2008) |
Bulgaria | |
| Cook et al. (2002) |
| Cook et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Bonev +4 other references |
Burkina Faso | |
| Fontaine et al. (2017) |
Cambodia | |
| Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (1993) |
Canada | |
| Montgomery (n.d.) |
| Mihalasky +5 other references |
| Bart Cannon |
| Manor |
| Roberts (2017) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Dana 7:I:161. +1 other reference |
| Thompson (1951) |
Panteleyev (1964?) | |
| www.em.gov.bc.ca (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Dana7:I:161. |
| Phillips (1979) |
| Phillips (1979) |
| Phillips (1979) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Geological Survey of Canada et al. (ed. 2) |
| Geological Survey of Canada +1 other reference |
| Contributions to Canadian Mineralogy |
| Reiner Mielke 2013 |
| Robert C. Smith |
Warren (2013) | |
| Ames et al. (TGI) |
| Ames et al. (TGI) |
Ames et al. (TGI) | |
| Wilson (2012) +1 other reference |
| Ames et al. (TGI) +1 other reference |
| Econ Geol (1987) |
| Ref.: R.J. Traill 1983 |
| Harris et al. (1973) |
| Ann P.Sabina (2003) |
| Kirkland Lake - Rouyn-Noranda - Val d'Or +1 other reference |
| an example of a deformed et al. (6) +1 other reference |
| Sabina (2003) |
Kirkland Lake - Rouyn-Noranda - Val d'Or +1 other reference | |
Kirkland Lake - Rouyn-Noranda - Val d'Or +1 other reference | |
Econ Geol (1984) +2 other references | |
Kirkland Lake - Rouyn-Noranda - Val d'Or +1 other reference | |
Sabina (2003) | |
| SABINA (1974) |
Anthony et al. (1990) | |
Am Min (1948) | |
| a possible Archean porphyry system. Economic geology (6) +3 other references |
| Beaudin et al. (2024) |
Beaudin et al. (2024) | |
Beaudin et al. (2024) | |
China | |
| Yunsheng Ren et al. (2007) |
| Zhao et al. (1999) |
Zhao et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Xiong et al. (2022) |
| Cui et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Bai-Lin Chen et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| Ma et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Minzhi Yang (2006) |
| Fuxin Zhang et al. (2007) |
| Yunhua Liu et al. (2011) |
He et al. (2021) | |
| Xuehui Xia et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Shuzhang Tian et al. (1990) |
| Dexian Yao et al. (1995) |
| Bin Shu et al. (2006) |
| Dexin Kong et al. (2013) |
| Guanxiang Song (1991) +3 other references |
Gao et al. (2015) | |
Debao Mao (1992) | |
| Zhiguo Zhang et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Shihua Li and Jinzhong Qi (2000) +1 other reference |
Yigui Han et al. (2007) | |
王鹏 et al. (2016) | |
| Jian et al. (2015) +2 other references |
Zhao et al. (2022) | |
| Zhenkuan Luo et al. (1999) +4 other references |
| Liu et al. (2019) |
Shuzhang Tian et al. (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Zhao et al. (1999) |
| Zhao et al. (1999) |
| Taomei Liu (1984) |
| Fengjun Nie et al. (2002) |
| 张中俭 et al. (2017) |
| Yingchen Ren et al. (1986) |
| Qiuming Chen (1990) |
| Chengde Kang (1990) |
| Shangquan Wu (1986) |
| Kai Zhang and Yongdong Shi (2000) |
| Chunyan Dong et al. (2005) +2 other references |
Yiming Zhao et al. (2013) | |
| www.portergeo.com.au (2007) |
| Jingwen Mao et al. (2002) +2 other references |
| Minzhi Yang (2006) |
| Wenxuan Hu et al. (2005) +2 other references |
Yuehong Deng and Fu Huang (2007) | |
| Yuan Zhang et al. (2010) |
| Zhaolong Li and Lianying Zhang (1999) |
| Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006) |
Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006) | |
| Xiaoqiang Hu et al. (2001) |
| Zhimin Cao (1991) |
| Zhu et al. (2010) |
| Yuchuan Chen et al. (1994) +4 other references |
| Jingwen Mao et al. (2007) |
| Huiliang Xiao et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Junfa Zhou (1992) |
| Zhenkuan Luo et al. (1985) +3 other references |
Czech Republic | |
| Lapis 2000 (4) |
| Lapis 2000 (4) |
| Litochleb J. et al. (Mine 19) |
| Květoň |
| Sejkora et al. (2009) |
| Sejkora et al. (2022) |
Dominican Republic | |
| Torró et al. (2016) |
Egypt | |
| Osman A. M. |
Fiji | |
| 16th Australian Geological Convention |
Finland | |
| Luukkonen (1994) |
| tupa.gtk.fi (n.d.) |
Kojonen et al. (1996) | |
| Chernet |
| Eilu (2003) |
| Mutanen (1997) |
| Kojonen |
Geological Survey of Finland 2008. Pampalo (Ward) +1 other reference | |
Käpyaho et al 2013. Mineralogical ... | |
| Kalinin (2021) |
Geological Survey of Finland 2007 ... +2 other references | |
Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ... | |
Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ... | |
| Kojonen K: K. (Cu,Fe) +1 other reference |
| Karinen |
| GTK 2010. Pyhäsalmi-Zinc Database. |
| Kojonen et al. (2002) |
| Kärkkäinen Niilo et al. (2016) |
Economic Geology (1996) +1 other reference | |
| Luukkonen (1993) |
| Placencia-Gómez et al. (2010) |
| Eilu (2003) |
France | |
| P. Picot |
| A. Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| A.LANDEL ET AL. (1970) |
| R. Pierrot |
Greece | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Vavelidis et al. (1994) +2 other references |
| Voudouris et al. (2011) |
Guyana | |
| ... |
Gabriel Voicu (1999) | |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll & Gatter |
100 mineral localities of Hungary: ... +2 other references | |
Japan | |
| K Jouhou (15-4-2002) |
| 島倉広至 et al. (2015) |
| Ishibashi (1960) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Akira Harada et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) +1 other reference |
| Izumino et al. (2014) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Pekov (1998) |
Spiridonov (2014) | |
| Pekov (1998) +2 other references |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Baocheng Fan et al. (2014) |
Mali | |
| Masurel et al. (2017) |
| Masurel (2016) +1 other reference |
| McFarlane et al. (2011) |
Mongolia | |
| Władysław Zygo (2011) |
Morocco | |
| Paar et al. (2006) |
Myanmar | |
| Myint et al. (2022) |
Myint et al. (2022) | |
Myint et al. (2022) | |
| Sint et al. (2019) |
Sint et al. (2019) | |
Sint et al. (2019) | |
Sint et al. (2019) | |
North Korea | |
| Resource Geology |
Norway | |
| Nordrum et al. (1981) |
| Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse. ... +1 other reference |
| Pedersen (1979) +1 other reference |
Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... | |
Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... |
| Nordrum (2006) |
Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) +1 other reference | |
Vogt (1886) +1 other reference | |
| Esmark (1815) +1 other reference |
| Nordrum et al. (1981) |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... |
| Neumann (1985) |
| McQueen (1990) +1 other reference |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ore ... |
| Ihlen (1978) |
Ihlen (1978) | |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Lindley (1998) |
| Espi et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
Peru | |
| Alfonso et al. (2023) |
| Galdos et al. (2024) |
Philippines | |
| Fermor 2011: Ore Deposits in an ... |
Poland | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Mikulski (2005, January) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Harańczyk (1983) |
Romania | |
| Cioacă et al. (2014) |
| Szakáll (2002) |
Cook et al. (2002) | |
| Ciobanu et al. (2007) +2 other references |
| Cook et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Cook et al. (2005) |
| Hirtopanu et al. (2015) |
Russia | |
| Cherkasova et al. (2015) |
| Vakh et al. (2016) |
| Maslennikov et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Vikentyev (2015) +1 other reference |
Tseluyko et al. (2019) +1 other reference | |
| Zhmodik et al. (2023) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2022) |
| Plotinskaya et al. (2018) |
| Safina et al. (2015) |
| Vikent’eva et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Lehmann et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
Plotinskaya et al. (2014) | |
| Amplieva (2008) |
Maslennikov et al. (2013) | |
Vikentyev I.V. e.a. (2004) | |
Maslennikov et al. (2013) | |
| Yakich et al. (2021) |
| Yudovskaya et al. (2015) |
| Stepanov et al. (2021) |
| Novakov et al. (2021) |
Tararin et al. (2007) | |
Tararin et al. (2007) | |
| [Der Aufschluss 1995:4 p163-180] +1 other reference |
[Der Aufschluss 1995:4 p.163-180] | |
| Kemkina et al. (2018, July) |
Fats’yanov et al. (2010, November) +1 other reference | |
| Yury L. Voytekhovsky (2008) |
| Kalinin (2021) |
Kalinin (2021) | |
| Bazai et al. (2009) |
Chernyavsky et al. (2012) +1 other reference | |
| Nevolko et al. (2019) |
| Vikent'ev et al. (2006) |
| Simonov et al. (2006) |
| Grant et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
Kazachenko et al. (2006, July) | |
| Shunso Ishihara et al. (1997) |
| Safonov et al. (2003) |
| V. I. Ivashchenko et al. (2007) |
| Kondratieva et al. (2021) |
| Kondratieva et al. (2021) |
| Kondratieva et al. (2021) +5 other references |
Kondratieva et al. (2021) | |
Kondratieva et al. (2021) | |
| Kondratieva et al. (2021) |
Kondratieva et al. (2021) | |
| Kondratieva et al. (2021) |
| [[1]]Kondratieva et al. (2023) |
[[1]]Kondratieva et al. (2023) | |
| Anisimova et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| Zaitsev et al. (2019) |
| Gamyanin +6 other references |
| V.A. Kovalenker (2005) |
| Lehmann et al. (1999) |
| Ayupova et al. (2021) |
| Murzin et al. (1999) |
Maslennikov et al. (2013) | |
| Maslennikov et al. (2013) |
| Gas’kov (2008) |
| Kuzhuget et al. (2022) |
| R. V. Kuzhuget et al. (2017) |
| Kuzhuget et al. (2023) |
| Soloviev et al. (2013) |
Мансуров et al. (2017) | |
| Lyubimtseva et al. (2018) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Hakim et al. (1992) |
Serbia | |
| Ministry of Mining and Energy (2002) |
Slovakia | |
| Ďuďa R. et al. (Schemnitz) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ferenc Š et al. (Kokava nad Rimavicou) |
| Števko M. et al. (2014) |
South Africa | |
| www.minsoc.org.za (2005) |
H.F.J. Theart and C.D. de Nooy (2001) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
South Korea | |
| Choi et al. (2005) |
Spain | |
| C. Canet et al. |
Sweden | |
| Jonssona et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Dobbe (1991) |
Dobbe (1991) | |
| Alm et al. (1992) |
| Oen et al. (1984) +3 other references |
| Econ Geol (1996) +1 other reference |
Personal communication with geologists ... +1 other reference | |
| |
T. Wikström | |
Tajikistan | |
| Badalov et al. (1975) +1 other reference |
Evseev et al. (2004) | |
Badalov et al. (1975) | |
UK | |
| Livingstone (2002) |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) |
| its geological occurrence and ... +8 other references |
| Kingsbury (1965) +1 other reference |
Ukraine | |
| Monakhov et al. (2000) |
| Bobrov et al. (2006, August) |
| Shumlyanskyy et al. (2000) |
| Bondarenko +2 other references |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| Graeme (1993) |
Graeme (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Dana 6:A2:110 & Dana 7:I:161. |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Econ Geol (1980) +1 other reference |
| Dana 7:I:161. +1 other reference |
| Dana 7:I:161. |
| Am. Min. (1940) |
| "Western Massachusetts Mineral ... |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Econ Geol (1985) +2 other references |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Jensen (1999) |
| USGS Bull 2009 |
USGS Prof Paper 798D | |
| Aird et al. (2021) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Min Rec 20:1 p11 |
McLemore (2016) | |
| Maynard (2014) |
| Smith and Barnes (2011) |
| SEM-EDS analyzed by Dr. Rob Bowell. |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Robert C. Smith |
| www.pnwfm.org (2006) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference |
Cannon (1975) | |
Uzbekistan | |
| Koneev et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
Koneev et al. (2005) | |
| Eshimov et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Kovalenker et al. (1997) +2 other references |
Vietnam | |
| Jadwiga PIECZONKA et al. (2019) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Oberthür et al. (2003) |
Venus | |
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Kutemajärvi mine, Orivesi, Pirkanmaa, Finland