Serpierite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Serpierite
Giovanni Battista Serpieri
Formula:
Ca(Cu,Zn)4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O
Colour:
Dark sky-blue ("linarite-blue") to medium sky-blue; greenish blue in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Pearly
Hardness:
2
Specific Gravity:
3.07
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1881 by Alfred Louis Olivier Legrand Des Cloizeaux in honor of Giovanni Battista Serpieri [March 23, 1832 Rimini, Italia - October 17, 1897 Athens, Greece], revolutionary, engineer, Italian mining entrepreneur, and a developer of mines in the Lavrion District, Attiki, Greece.
Type Locality:
Isostructural with:
Ca-analogue of aldridgeite.
Platy varieties are visually indistinguishable from orthoserpierite.
Warning: Slightly to moderately soluble in water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaning.
Note that the Serpieri mine/shaft is NOT the type locality of serpierite. The old literature providing a first description of the mineral gives only Lavrion or Kamariza as the locality.
Platy varieties are visually indistinguishable from orthoserpierite.
Warning: Slightly to moderately soluble in water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaning.
Note that the Serpieri mine/shaft is NOT the type locality of serpierite. The old literature providing a first description of the mineral gives only Lavrion or Kamariza as the locality.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3625
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3625:8
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
ac60133e-f692-4736-ab32-7b5c935adfb5
IMA Classification of Serpierite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Serpierite
7.DD.30
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
D : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, with H2O
D : With only medium-sized cations; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
D : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, with H2O
D : With only medium-sized cations; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
Dana 7th ed.:
31.6.2.1
31.6.2.1
31 : HYDRATED SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
6 : (AB)5(XO4)2Zq·xH2O
31 : HYDRATED SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
6 : (AB)5(XO4)2Zq·xH2O
25.5.7
25 : Sulphates
5 : Sulphates of Zn and Hg
25 : Sulphates
5 : Sulphates of Zn and Hg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Spe | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Serpierite
Vitreous, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent
Comment:
Pearly on the cleavage.
Colour:
Dark sky-blue ("linarite-blue") to medium sky-blue; greenish blue in transmitted light.
Streak:
White or pale blue
Hardness:
2 on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {001}.
Perfect on {001}.
Fracture:
Splintery
Density:
3.07 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.08 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Serpierite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.584(3) nβ = 1.642(3) nγ = 1.647(3)
2V:
Measured: 33° to 37°, Calculated: 37°
Birefringence:
0.063
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.063
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
small
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X = c = Nearly colourless
Y = a = Deep greenish blue
Z = b = Deep greenish blue
Y = a = Deep greenish blue
Z = b = Deep greenish blue
Chemistry of Serpierite
Mindat Formula:
Ca(Cu,Zn)4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O
Crystallography of Serpierite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/b
Setting:
C2/c
Cell Parameters:
a = 22.186(2) Å, b = 6.250(2) Å, c = 21.853(2) Å
β = 113.36(1)°
β = 113.36(1)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 3.55 : 1 : 3.496
Unit Cell V:
2,781.81 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Typically occurs as clusters or sprays of lath-like to acicular micro-crystals, elongated on [100] and flattened on {001}; more rarely botryoidal.
Crystal Structure
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2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0009345 | Serpierite | Sabelli C, Zanazzi P F (1968) The crystal structure of serpierite Acta Crystallographica B24 1214-1221 |  | 1968 | Laurion mine, Greece | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 10.20 Å | (100) |
| 6.05 Å | (5) |
| 5.61 Å | (10) |
| 5.09 Å | (80) |
| 4.74 Å | (40) |
| 4.58 Å | (5) |
| 4.37 Å | (10) |
| 3.90 Å | (10) |
| 3.53 Å | (20) |
| 3.39 Å | (80) |
| 3.17 Å | (40) |
| 3.01 Å | (10) |
| 2.832 Å | (10) |
| 2.708 Å | (60) |
| 2.650 Å | (60) |
| 2.554 Å | (40) |
| 2.440 Å | (60) |
| 2.341 Å | (5) |
| 2.294 Å | (20) |
| 2.232 Å | (5) |
| 2.172 Å | (60) |
| 2.114 Å | (5) |
| 2.063 Å | (10) |
| 2.019 Å | (10) |
| 1.955 Å | (5) |
| 1.902 Å | (40) |
| 1.847 Å | (5) |
| 1.809 Å | (5) |
| 1.767 Å | (10) |
| 1.734 Å | (10) |
| 1.695 Å | (20) |
| 1.669 Å | (5) |
| 1.626 Å | (5) |
| 1.586 Å | (10) |
| 1.567 Å | (60) |
| 1.542 Å | (40) |
| 1.509 Å | (5) |
| 1.493 Å | (10) |
| 1.473 Å | (10) |
Comments:
ICDD 22-148
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals | |
| 56 : Slag and smelter minerals (see also #51 and #55) |
Type Occurrence of Serpierite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Natural History Museum, Paris, France, 73.38, 78.226
Geological Setting of Type Material:
secondary mineral in the oxidized zone of hydrothermal Cu–Zn-bearing hydrothermal mineral deposits
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Serpierite
Relationship of Serpierite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Aldridgeite | (Cd,Ca)(Cu,Zn)4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Campigliaite | Mn2+Cu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O | Mon. 2 : B2 |
| Devilline | CaCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Kobyashevite | Cu5(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Lautenthalite | PbCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Orthoserpierite | Ca(Cu,Zn)4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O | Orth. mm2 : Pca21 |
| Unnamed (Dimorph of Devilline) | CaCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Structurally related to group(s):
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 92 photos of Serpierite associated with Linarite | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 56 photos of Serpierite associated with Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 55 photos of Serpierite associated with Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| 32 photos of Serpierite associated with Ktenasite | ZnCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 30 photos of Serpierite associated with Schulenbergite | (Cu,Zn)7(SO4)2(OH)10 · 3H2O |
| 29 photos of Serpierite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 29 photos of Serpierite associated with Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| 22 photos of Serpierite associated with Chalcoalumite | CuAl4(SO4)(OH)12 · 3H2O |
| 22 photos of Serpierite associated with Hydrozincite | Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 |
| 20 photos of Serpierite associated with Langite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · 2H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.DD. | Asagiite | NiCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.05 | Felsőbányaite | Al4(SO4)(OH)10 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.07 | Llantenesite | Cu6Al[SeO4](OH)12Cl · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.10 | Langite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| 7.DD.10 | Posnjakite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · H2O |
| 7.DD.10 | Wroewolfeite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| 7.DD.10 | Gobelinite | CoCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.10 | Fehrite | MgCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.15 | Spangolite | Cu6Al(SO4)(OH)12Cl · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.15 | Kobyashevite | Cu5(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.15 | Unnamed (Dimorph of Devilline) | CaCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.20 | Ktenasite | ZnCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.25 | Christelite | Cu2Zn3(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.30 | Campigliaite | Mn2+Cu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.30 | Devilline | CaCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.30 | Orthoserpierite | Ca(Cu,Zn)4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.30 | Niedermayrite | CdCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.30 | Edwardsite | Cu3Cd2(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Carrboydite | (Ni1-xAlx)(SO4)x/2(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Glaucocerinite | (Zn1-xAlx)(OH)2(SO4)x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Honessite | (Ni1-xFe3+x)(OH)2[SO4]x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Hydrohonessite | (Ni1-xFe3+x)(OH)2(SO4)x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Motukoreaite | Mg6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6][SO4]2 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Mountkeithite | [(Mg1-xFe3+x)(OH)2][SO4]x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Shigaite | Mn6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Wermlandite | Mg7Al2(OH)18[Ca(H2O)6][SO4]2 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Woodwardite | Cu1-xAlx(OH)2(SO4)x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Zincaluminite | Zn6Al6(SO4)2(OH)16 · 5H2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Hydrowoodwardite | (Cu1-xAlx)(OH)2[SO4]x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Zincowoodwardite | Zn1-xAlx(OH)2[SO4]x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Natroglaucocerinite | Zn6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Nikischerite | Fe2+6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.40 | Isselite | Cu6(SO4)(OH)10 · 5H2O |
| 7.DD.40 | Lawsonbauerite | (Mn2+,Mg)9Zn4(SO4)2(OH)22 · 8H2O |
| 7.DD.40 | Torreyite | (Mg,Mn2+)7◻2Mn2+2Zn4(SO4)2(OH)22 · 8H2O |
| 7.DD.45 | Mooreite | Mg9◻2Mn2Zn4(SO4)2(OH)26 · 8H2O |
| 7.DD.45 | Hodgesmithite | (Cu,Zn)6Zn(SO4)2(OH)10 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.47 | Lahnsteinite | Zn4(SO4)(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.50 | Namuwite | Zn4(SO4)(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.50 | Minohlite | (Cu,Zn)7(SO4)2(OH)10 · 8H2O |
| 7.DD.52 | Lauraniite | Cu6Cd2(SO4)2(OH)12 · 5H2O |
| 7.DD.55 | Bechererite | Zn7Cu(OH)13[(SiO(OH)3(SO4)] |
| 7.DD.60 | Ramsbeckite | (Cu,Zn)15(SO4)4(OH)22 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.65 | Vonbezingite | Ca6Cu3(SO4)3(OH)12 · 2H2O |
| 7.DD.70 | Redgillite | Cu6(SO4)(OH)10 · H2O |
| 7.DD.75 | Chalcoalumite | CuAl4(SO4)(OH)12 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.75 | Nickelalumite | NiAl4(SO4)(OH)12(H2O)3 |
| 7.DD.75 | Kyrgyzstanite | ZnAl4(SO4)(OH)12 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.80 | Guarinoite | Zn6(SO4)(OH)10 · 5H2O |
| 7.DD.80 | Schulenbergite | (Cu,Zn)7(SO4)2(OH)10 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.80 | Thérèsemagnanite | NaCo4(SO4)(OH)6Cl · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.80 | UM1992-30-SO:CCuHZn | (Zn,Cu)7(SO4,CO3)2(OH)10 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.85 | Montetrisaite | Cu6(SO4)(OH)10 · 2H2O |
Fluorescence of Serpierite
Not fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Notes:
Readily soluble in acids.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Serpierite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3625.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Serpierite
Reference List:
Des Cloizeaux, Alfred (1881) Étude de différents minéraux. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 4 (4) 89-96 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1881.1636pp.89-92
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin Vol. 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.133
Localities for Serpierite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Milka K. de Brodtkorb (2002) |
Australia | |
| Leverett et al. (2004) |
| Graham et al. (2005) |
| Crocoite.com |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Kolitsch et al. (1999) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Downes et al. (2017) |
| Downes et al. (2017) | |
Austria | |
| |
| Kolitsch et al. (2013) |
| C.Auer (2013) |
| Niedermayr (1987) +1 other reference |
| Puttner +1 other reference | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Pichler (1990) |
| Pichler (1990) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Puttner (1996) |
| C.Auer (2013) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Niedermayr et al. (2009) | |
| Auer (2023) |
| [Lapis 1992: 2 p.19-30] |
| Schnorrer et al. (2002) |
| Der Aufschluß (2006) |
| Lapis 2007 | |
| Schnorrer et al. (2008) | |
| Schnorrer et al. (2005) | |
| Schnorrer+Poeverlein (2005) | |
| Schnorrer et al. (2007) |
Belgium | |
| Ottenburgs et al. (1998) |
| van Tassel et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| Arnold Van Herreweghe Collection |
| van Tassel. R. (1979) |
Canada | |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Ann P.Sabina (1991) |
Chile | |
| M. Dini & A.Molina Collections - analysed with quantitative and semi quantitative methods by Dr. Jochen Schluter (curator of Hamburg Mineral Museum) |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University) |
Czech Republic | |
| Pauliš P. Mineralogické lokality ... |
| RÜSENBERG et al. (1996) |
| C.Auer (2016) |
| Ondruš et al. (1989) |
| C.Auer (2014) | |
| Ondruš et al. (1989) | |
| Ondruš et al. (1989) |
| C.Auer (1992) |
| Sejkora et al. (2019) |
| |
| Hajek (2010) |
| Novotný |
| Pauliš +1 other reference | |
| Sejkora et al. (2012) |
| none |
| mineral.-petrolog. Odd. Nár. Muz. (Praha) +2 other references | |
| Analysed by geology lab Green Gas DPB |
France | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Designolle J-L. (1993) |
| Chollet et al. (2013) |
| Vernay (1997) +1 other reference | |
| Coueille (1988) |
| Paul Poulain +1 other reference | |
| Chollet Pascal Collection | |
| OLLIC Pascal Collection |
| Germain C. et al. (1990) |
| Remy Ph. (2003) |
| Inventaire Mineralogique de la France ... |
| Gol et al. (2010) |
| Y. Vessely collection | |
| Chollet Pascal Collection | |
| JM Johannet. |
| Le Règne Minéral 47: 5-21 |
| Gourault C. (1997) | |
| Gol et al. (2010) | |
| Boisson et al. (2013) |
| Lheur et al. (1998) |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... |
| Chollet Pascal collection - obtained ... |
| Jean-Luc Portes Collection |
| Jean-Marie Claude collection +1 other reference |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Walenta (1999) |
| Lapis 21 (12) | |
| |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
| Blaß et al. (1993) | |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Joachim Gröbner (2019) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Lapis (1) |
| "Lithothek" collection of the ... | |
| |
| van den Berg et al. (1990) |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| van den Berg et al. (1990) |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| |
| Schnorrer-Köhler et al. (1986) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| 62. +1 other reference |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
| |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Jahn et al. (2009) |
| Berthold (1982) +3 other references |
| Der Aufschluss 2000 (2) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1987) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Coll. R. Lang +1 other reference | |
| Coll. R. Lang +1 other reference | |
| Graf et al. (1992) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| Heckmann et al. (2005) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Graf et al. (1991) |
| Markl et al. (1990) |
| Weiss: "Mineralienfundstellen et al. (Munich) |
| Habel (2006) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| 58 (in German) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Schnorrer (2004) |
| Ließmann et al. (2020) |
| C.Auer (2019) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Mineralien Welt Jg.15 Heft 2 ... | |
| Besteman | |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| SEM-EDS by Joy Desor |
| Lapis (10) | |
| Schlegel (1991) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| 43-47 +2 other references |
| J. Gröbner & J. Wesiger (2008) |
| Marcus Vau Collection |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| Frenzel (1895) |
| Bertrand (1881) +4 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
| Hanke (1998) | |
| LAPIS 24 (7/8) +1 other reference | |
| Hanke (1998) +1 other reference | |
| |
| Lapis (May 2003) |
| Gröbner (2003) | |
| Blaß et al. (1998) |
| Branko Rieck collection |
| Blaß et al. (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Lapis et al. (1999) | |
| 58. +1 other reference | |
| Gelaude et al. (1996) | |
Hungary | |
| Sánoor Szakáll et al. (1997) |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral ... |
Iran | |
| Bariand |
Ireland | |
| de Haller |
| and of Serpierite at Ross Island Mine et al. (119) +3 other references |
Isle of Man | |
| Day (1999) |
Italy | |
| Bartoli et al. (2008) |
| Bartoli et al. (2008) | |
| Adorni F. (1997) |
| ADORNI F. (1997) | |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2018) |
| Negretti +2 other references |
| analysed by Dr. Anthony Kampf |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana (Avril/Juin) |
| I. Campostrini SEM photo +1 other reference |
| Maida (2002) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| Maida (2002) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2023) |
| Stara et al. (1999) |
| Olmi F. et al. (1995) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1994) | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana 4/1992-"I minerali del giacimento di Monte Tamara (Nuxis) |
| XRD analysis at Euratom Research Centre (Varese) | |
| Stara et al. (1993) |
| Stara et al. (1993) | |
| Campostrini et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| Mair (1996) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Ferretti et al. (2017) |
| Conedera M. et al. (2016) |
| EDX analysis. |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Vecchi et al. (2013) |
| Biagioni et al. (2018) |
| "Lithothek der Münchener Micromounter" ... |
| Ko Jansen | |
| Bazzoni et al. (2001) |
| Biagioni et al. (2013) |
| Bonotti et al. (2012) |
| Am Min 67:385-393 +1 other reference | |
| Muenchener Micromounter-Lithothek |
| Giovanni Scapin Collection |
| Benvenuti M. et al. (1992/93) |
| Capperi M. et al. (FI) |
| Capperi M. et al. (FI) | |
| Sergio Pegoraro et al. (2022) +2 other references |
| Lapis (2) +1 other reference |
| Pegoraro S. (2014) | |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| Lapis +1 other reference |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) |
Japan | |
| Kitamine et al. (2001) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Ohnishi et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Yuko Tanaka specimens |
| Masutomi Museum specimens (Kyoto) |
| Yamada (2004) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Chukhrov (1945) +2 other references |
Mexico | |
| Moore et al. (2003) |
| 86. +1 other reference |
| Panczner (1987) |
Morocco | |
| Georges Favreau collection |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
Namibia | |
| Gebhard (1999) |
New Zealand | |
| Courtney et al. (1990) |
| Collection of RJ Martin |
Norway | |
| Raade et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Raade et al. (1990) +1 other reference | |
| Juul Nilsen (1993) | |
| Raade (1995) |
Portugal | |
| Marques de Sá et al. (2010) |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
Romania | |
| Januszewska et al. (9th Meeting of the Mineralogical Society of Poland 28th Meeting of the Petrology group of the Mineralogical Society of Poland, October 19-22, 2023, Bielawa, Poland) |
Russia | |
| Pekov I.V. et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Pekov et al. (2011) |
Slovakia | |
| Števko M. et al. (2018) |
| Martin Števko |
| Pauliš P. |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) | |
Spain | |
| Valladares et al. (2021) |
| Valladares et al. (2021) | |
| Jose Francisco Castro collection |
| Rewitzer et al. (part 2) |
| Colectivo Arrayanes et al. (2008) |
| www.foro-minerales.com (2022) +1 other reference |
| Joan Rosell |
| Joan Abella i Creus specimens |
Sweden | |
| Öhman et al. (2000) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Schmutz et al. (1986) | |
| EDXS analyses |
| 86. (in German) +2 other references |
UK | |
| George Eric Stanley Curtis collection |
| Paul De Bondt collection |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Paul De Bondt collection | |
| Norman Wilson collection. |
| Jarvis +2 other references |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +2 other references |
| - (2006) | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) |
| Kingsbury (MS1) +3 other references | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Bridges et al. (2011) | |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Bridges et al. (1987) |
| Green et al. (2000) |
| Bridges et al. (1987) | |
| Thomson (1997) | |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| |
| Rust (1995) |
| Braithwaite et al. (1968) +1 other reference | |
| Livingstone et al. (1976) +3 other references |
| Green (1987) +2 other references |
| Day (1999) |
| Rust et al. (1988) | |
| S Rust collection | |
| |
| |
| Green et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Mason et al. (1997) |
| Day (1999) |
Ukraine | |
| A. Tischenko. Minerals of the Crimea - ... |
USA | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Bob Jenkins | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Rob Bowell |
| Rob Bowell | |
| Raman analyzed at the University of ... |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Michael Cline Collection | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| In the collection of Joe Ruiz. ... |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Stolburg (1984) |
| Mineral News: 16 (9) +4 other references |
| In the collection of Brent Thorne. ... +1 other reference |
| Robert M. Housley (2005) |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| McKnight (1974) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Kampf et al. (2019) |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Jensen et al. (2012) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Tony Nickischer |
| J.V. Tingley and J. Quade (1986) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Rocks & Minerals +1 other reference |
| A. Plante collection +1 other reference |
| Dunn (1995) |
| Pete Dunn | |
| Jerry Cone Collection |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| collection of Patrick Haynes +1 other reference | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Januzzi +2 other references |
| Rocks & Minerals 82:472-483 |
| numerous small specimens have been found both in rock and slag vesicles of light blue silky sprays and tuffs that i long supposed to be aurichalcite. but recently jason Smith had this material analyzed (consult him for details) |
| Smith (1978) |
| R&M 68:6 p381-393 |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| Min News 14:10 p1 +1 other reference |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| In the collection of Alex Earl |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Kearns et al. (2009) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
Vietnam | |
| TienTienMinerals |
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Hilarion Mine, Kamariza Mines, Agios Konstantinos, Lavrion Mining District, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece