Safflorite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Safflorite
Formula:
(Co,Ni,Fe)As2
Must contain Fe and/or Ni replacing Co for structure stabilization.
Colour:
Tin-white, tarnishing to dark grey
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
4½ - 5
Specific Gravity:
7.2
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1835 by Johann Friedrich August Breithaupt from German "Safflor" or "Zaffer" because it was used in the manufacture of zaffer, an impure oxide of cobalt used as a pigment.
Type Locality:
Isostructural with:
Löllingite Group.
"Chemical analyses of various natural and synthetic samples reveal that Pnnm safflorite always contains some amounts of Fe and Ni, whereas materials with 80–100% (mole) CoAs2 crystallize in monoclinic P21/c symmetry [= clinosafflorite] (Holmes, 1947; Swanson et al., 1966; Radcliffe & Berry, 1971)." (Yang et al., 2008).
"Chemical analyses of various natural and synthetic samples reveal that Pnnm safflorite always contains some amounts of Fe and Ni, whereas materials with 80–100% (mole) CoAs2 crystallize in monoclinic P21/c symmetry [= clinosafflorite] (Holmes, 1947; Swanson et al., 1966; Radcliffe & Berry, 1971)." (Yang et al., 2008).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3500
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3500:8
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
8a5bbbb3-eb30-45ed-b5d2-de233c5fa129
IMA Classification of Safflorite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
CoAs2
First published:
1817
Classification of Safflorite
2.EB.15a
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
E : Metal Sulfides, M: S <= 1:2
B : M:S = 1:2, with Fe, Co, Ni, PGE, etc.
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
E : Metal Sulfides, M: S <= 1:2
B : M:S = 1:2, with Fe, Co, Ni, PGE, etc.
2.12.2.11
2 : SULFIDES
12 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:2
2 : SULFIDES
12 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:2
3.10.10
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
10 : Sulphides etc. of Co
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
10 : Sulphides etc. of Co
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Saf | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Saf | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Sfl | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Safflorite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Safflorite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Tin-white, tarnishing to dark grey
Streak:
Grayish black
Hardness:
4½ - 5 on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=792 - 882 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Distinct on {100}
Distinct on {100}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal
Density:
7.2 g/cm3 (Measured) 7.471 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Safflorite
Anisotropism:
Strong
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 | R2 |
|---|---|---|
| 400nm | 55.8% | 52.6% |
| 420nm | 55.8% | 53.0% |
| 440nm | 55.8% | 53.4% |
| 460nm | 55.6% | 53.8% |
| 480nm | 55.2% | 54.1% |
| 500nm | 54.7% | 54.3% |
| 520nm | 54.2% | 54.4% |
| 540nm | 53.5% | 54.5% |
| 560nm | 52.8% | 54.5% |
| 580nm | 52.2% | 54.5% |
| 600nm | 51.8% | 54.4% |
| 620nm | 51.3% | 54.3% |
| 640nm | 51.0% | 54.2% |
| 660nm | 50.7% | 54.1% |
| 680nm | 50.5% | 53.9% |
| 700nm | 50.3% | 53.8% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 55.8%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
White
Pleochroism:
Weak
Chemistry of Safflorite
Mindat Formula:
(Co,Ni,Fe)As2
Must contain Fe and/or Ni replacing Co for structure stabilization.
Must contain Fe and/or Ni replacing Co for structure stabilization.
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Cu,Ni,S
Crystallography of Safflorite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pnnm
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.173 Å, b = 5.954 Å, c = 2.999 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.869 : 1 : 0.504
Unit Cell V:
92.37 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Prismatic crystals.
Twinning:
As fivelings on {011}, twin plane {101}.
Crystallographic forms of Safflorite
Crystal Atlas:
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Safflorite no.5 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0010487 | Safflorite | Yang H, Downs R T, Eichler C (2008) Safflorite, (Co,Ni,Fe)As2, isomorphous with marcasite Acta Crystallographica E64 i62-i62 |  | 2008 | Timiskaming County, Ontario, Canada, RRUFF ID: R070611 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.91 Å | (2) |
| 2.958 Å | (14) |
| 2.677 Å | (88) |
| 2.597 Å | (55) |
| 2.572 Å | (80) |
| 2.379 Å | (100) |
| 1.953 Å | (14) |
| 1.945 Å | (14) |
| 1.862 Å | (45) |
| 1.849 Å | (20) |
| 1.650 Å | (20) |
| 1.636 Å | (20) |
| 1.569 Å | (8) |
| 1.503 Å | (8) |
| 1.500 Å | (8) |
| 1.307 Å | (2) |
| 1.283 Å | (8) |
| 1.103 Å | (4) |
| 1.076 Å | (4) |
| 1.051 Å | (1) |
| 1.018 Å | (1) |
| 0.924 Å | (1) |
| 0.9208 Å | (1) |
Comments:
Cobalt, Canada, ICDD 23-88
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) |
Geological Setting:
In moderate temperature hydrothermal veins
Type Occurrence of Safflorite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Technische Universität, Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany, number 3865.
Synonyms of Safflorite
Other Language Names for Safflorite
Anglo-Saxon:Safflorite
German:Arsenikkobalteisen
Arsenkobalteisen
Asenikkobalt
Eisenkobaltkies
Eisenspeiskobalt
Grauer Speiskobalt
Safflorit
Arsenkobalteisen
Asenikkobalt
Eisenkobaltkies
Eisenspeiskobalt
Grauer Speiskobalt
Safflorit
Japanese:サフロ鉱
Russian:Саффлорит
Simplified Chinese:斜方砷钴矿
Spanish:Safflorita
Relationship of Safflorite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Alloclasite | Co1-xFexAsS | Mon. 2 : P21 |
| Anduoite | (Ru,Os)As2 | Orth. |
| Clinosafflorite | CoAs2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Costibite | CoSbS | Orth. mm2 : Pmn21 |
| Löllingite | FeAs2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
| Nisbite | NiSb2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
| Oenite | CoSbAs | Orth. |
| Omeiite | (Os,Ru)As2 | Orth. |
| Paracostibite | CoSbS | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbca |
| Pararammelsbergite | NiAs2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbca |
| Rammelsbergite | NiAs2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
| UM1998-01-AsSb:CoFeNi | (Fe,Ni)SbAs |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 140 photos of Safflorite associated with Silver | Ag |
| 78 photos of Safflorite associated with Skutterudite | CoAs3 |
| 61 photos of Safflorite associated with Bismuth | Bi |
| 52 photos of Safflorite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 43 photos of Safflorite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 41 photos of Safflorite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 35 photos of Safflorite associated with Nickeline | NiAs |
| 31 photos of Safflorite associated with Erythrite | Co3(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 24 photos of Safflorite associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 21 photos of Safflorite associated with Aragonite | CaCO3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 2.EB. | Iridarsenite | (Ir,Ru)As2 |
| 2.EB. | Selenolaurite | RuSe2 |
| 2.EB. | Andrieslombaardite | RhSbS |
| 2.EB. | Kanatzidisite | (SbBiS3)2Te2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Aurostibite | AuSb2 |
| 2.EB.05b | Bambollaite | Cu(Se,Te)2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Cattierite | CoS2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Erlichmanite | OsS2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Fukuchilite | Cu3FeS8 |
| 2.EB.05a | Geversite | PtSb2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Hauerite | MnS2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Insizwaite | Pt(Bi,Sb)2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Krut'aite | CuSe2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Laurite | RuS2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Penroseite | (Ni,Co,Cu)Se2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Sperrylite | PtAs2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Trogtalite | CoSe2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Vaesite | NiS2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Villamanínite | (Cu,Ni,Co,Fe)S2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Dzharkenite | FeSe2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Gaotaiite | Ir3Te8 |
| 2.EB.05a v | Cayeuxite | |
| 2.EB.10b | Alloclasite | Co1-xFexAsS |
| 2.EB.10d | Costibite | CoSbS |
| 2.EB.10a | Ferroselite | FeSe2 |
| 2.EB.10a | Frohbergite | FeTe2 |
| 2.EB.10c | Glaucodot | (Co0.50Fe0.50)AsS |
| 2.EB.10a | Kullerudite | NiSe2 |
| 2.EB.10a | Marcasite | FeS2 |
| 2.EB.10a | Mattagamite | CoTe2 |
| 2.EB.10e | Paracostibite | CoSbS |
| 2.EB.10e | Pararammelsbergite | NiAs2 |
| 2.EB.10f | Oenite | CoSbAs |
| 2.EB.10a | Petříčekite | CuSe2 |
| 2.EB.15a | Anduoite | (Ru,Os)As2 |
| 2.EB.15a | Clinosafflorite | CoAs2 |
| 2.EB.15a | Löllingite | FeAs2 |
| 2.EB.15a | Nisbite | NiSb2 |
| 2.EB.15a | Omeiite | (Os,Ru)As2 |
| 2.EB.15c | Paxite | CuAs2 |
| 2.EB.15a | Rammelsbergite | NiAs2 |
| 2.EB.15b | Seinäjokite | (Fe,Ni)(Sb,As)2 |
| 2.EB.20 | Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
| 2.EB.20 | Gudmundite | FeSbS |
| 2.EB.20 | Osarsite | (Os,Ru)AsS |
| 2.EB.20 | Ruarsite | (Ru,Os)AsS |
| 2.EB.25 va | Antimony-bearing Gersdorffite | Ni(As,Sb)S |
| 2.EB.25 | Cobaltite | CoAsS |
| 2.EB.25 | Gersdorffite | NiAsS |
| 2.EB.25 | Hollingworthite | (Rh,Pt,Pd)AsS |
| 2.EB.25 | Irarsite | (Ir,Ru,Rh,Pt)AsS |
| 2.EB.25 | Jolliffeite | NiAsSe |
| 2.EB.25 | Krutovite | NiAs2 |
| 2.EB.25 | Maslovite | PtBiTe |
| 2.EB.25 | Michenerite | PdBiTe |
| 2.EB.25 | Padmaite | PdBiSe |
| 2.EB.25 | Platarsite | Pt(As,S)2 |
| 2.EB.25 | Testibiopalladite | PdSbTe |
| 2.EB.25 | Tolovkite | IrSbS |
| 2.EB.25 | Ullmannite | NiSbS |
| 2.EB.25 | Willyamite | CoSbS |
| 2.EB.25 | Changchengite | IrBiS |
| 2.EB.25 | Mayingite | IrBiTe |
| 2.EB.25 | Kalungaite | PdAsSe |
| 2.EB.25 | Milotaite | PdSbSe |
| 2.EB.25 | Paragersdorffite | Ni(As,S)2 |
| 2.EB.25 | Orthogersdorffite | NiAsS |
| 2.EB.25 | Kvačekite | NiSbSe |
| 2.EB.30 | Urvantsevite | Pd(Bi,Pb)2 |
| 2.EB.35 | Rheniite | ReS2 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Safflorite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Safflorite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3500.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Safflorite
Reference List:
Hem, S. R., Makovicky, E. (2004) The System Fe Co Ni As S. II. Phase Relations in the (Fe,Co,Ni)As1.5S0.5 Section at 650 and 500 C. The Canadian Mineralogist, 42 (1) 63-86 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.42.1.63
Localities for Safflorite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| DE BRODTKORB |
| Brodtkorb (2002) | |
Australia | |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Vera Munro-Smith (2006) |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Ramdohr (1950) |
| Vera Munro-Smith (2006) | |
| Ehrig et al. (2012) |
| Marston (1984) |
Austria | |
| Huber et al. (1977) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Friedrich (1933) |
| Pribitzer (1956) +1 other reference | |
| Leitner (2013) |
| Raith et al. (2015) | |
| Gröbner (2000) | |
| Lapis 19 (7/8) |
| Exel (1982) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2017) |
Azerbaijan | |
| - (2005) |
Bolivia | |
| Federico Ahlfeld y Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) |
| Econ Geol (1997) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Slobodan A. Radosavljević et al. (2016) |
Brazil | |
| Villas et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| Montgomery (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Montgomery (n.d.) |
| Montgomery (n.d.) | |
| Montgomery (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Montgomery (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| THOMPSON (1951) |
| Badham (1975) |
| Badham (1975) | |
| D. C. Harris (1973) +1 other reference | |
| Badham et al. (1980) |
| Badham et al. (1980) |
| Badham et al. (1980) | |
| Lang (1952) +2 other references |
| Lang (1952) | |
| Reiner Mielke +1 other reference | |
| Kidd et al. (1935) +1 other reference | |
| Lang (1952) | |
| ntgomap.nwtgeoscience.ca (2015) | |
| 159-161. +1 other reference |
| MDI Number: MDI31M05NE00117 |
| Sabina (2000) | |
| Reiner Mielke | |
| Petruk et al. (1969) |
| MDI Number: MDI31M05NE00202 |
| Sergiades | |
| M.Kampf +3 other references | |
| Sergiades | |
| Reiner Mielke 2016 |
| Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous ... +1 other reference | |
| Reiner Mielke 2016 | |
| Reiner Mielke | |
| MDI31M05NE00197 | |
| Sabina (2000) | |
| Reiner Mielke | |
| Sergiades | |
| Sabina (1974) | |
| Montgomery (n.d.) | |
| MDI Number: MDI31M05SE00144 | |
| Andrew Debnam collection | |
| ontariominerals.com | |
| Sabina (2000) | |
| Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous ... +1 other reference | |
| personal correspondence with Doug Scott | |
| Sergiades | |
| R.Mielke 2009 | |
| Sabina (2000) | |
| Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous ... +1 other reference | |
| Can. Mineral l0 | |
| Reiner Mielke 2016 | |
| Reiner Mielke (2016) | |
| Reiner Mielke 2016 | |
| Reiner Mielke 2016 | |
| Sabina (2000) | |
| Sabina (2000) | |
| Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous ... +1 other reference | |
| MDI Number: MDI31M05NE00207 | |
| Sabina (2000) | |
| Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous ... +1 other reference | |
| Reiner Mielke | |
| Sergiades | |
| Sabina (2000) | |
| Sabina (2000) | |
| Sabina (2000) | |
| Sergiades | |
| Jeffrey de Fourestier collection | |
| Sabina (2000) | |
| R.Mielke | |
| Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous ... +1 other reference | |
| Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous ... +1 other reference | |
| Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous ... +2 other references | |
| Ontario Dept. of Mines | |
| Robert C. Smith |
| Sergiades | |
| Reiner Mielke 2016 | |
| MDI31M12SE00003 |
| MDI31M12SE00010 | |
| MDI Number: MDI41P09NW00002 |
| Sergiades | |
| Sabina (2000) |
| Sergiades | |
| Sabina (1974) | |
| MDI41P10NW00030 | |
| Ontario Dept. of Mines | |
| Sergiades | |
| Sabina (2000) | |
| Can Mineral December 1971 v. 11 no. 1 ... |
| MDI Number: MDI41P10NW00021 |
| Sabina (1974) +2 other references | |
| MDI Number: MDI41P10SW00005 | |
| Maggie Wilson |
| Specimens obtained at 2010 CMMA ... | |
| Can Mineral December 1971 v. 11 no. 1 ... | |
| Ontario Geological Survey (2014) |
| Ontario Geological Survey (2014) | |
| Reiner Mielke |
| Sergiades | |
| Reiner Mielke +1 other reference | |
| MDI Number: MDI31M03NW00012 | |
| MDI Number: MDI41P08NW00008 |
| MDI Number: MDI41P08NW00002 | |
| Girard (1971) |
Chile | |
| Documents from Enami 1964-1983 (Chilean National Enterprise for Small Mines) |
| Sample in the I. Domeyko Museum |
| SEM-EDS by Joy Desor |
| C. Ruiz Fuller/F. Peebles (1988) |
| C. Ruiz Fuller/F. Peebles (1988) |
China | |
| Dongqing Xu et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000) |
| Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000) |
| Guangcheng Chi and Ailin Zhao (2006) |
| Yiming Zhao and Daxin Li (2003) |
| Jingchun Wang and Nan Fang (2005) |
Czech Republic | |
| Rob Lavinsky photograph |
| Sejkora et al. (2024) |
| |
| Duda |
| Fengl (1.) |
| Scharm +7 other references | |
| Sejkora (2016) |
| Pauliš |
| Sejkora (1994) |
| Malec et al. (2013) |
| www.mineralos.cz (2002) |
| Parma (1973) |
| Sejkora et al. (2019) |
| Hyrsl et al. (2009) | |
| Sejkora (1994) |
Ecuador | |
| I. Vikentyev et al. (2005) |
Finland | |
| Hector et al. (2023) |
| Eilu (2003) |
France | |
| ... +1 other reference |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| P&T N°23-24 et al. (Haut-Rhin) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) | |
| Paul De Bondt | |
| Paul De Bondt | |
| Wittern +1 other reference |
| This mine worked the same vein as Gabe ... +2 other references | |
| Wittern |
| Minéraux et mines du massif Vosgien |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) | |
| Hohh (1994) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Le Règne Minéral 47: 5-21 |
| Notice de la carte géologique d'Arreau | |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Wimmenauer (1955) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference | |
| |
| |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| [Lapis 1992 |
| |
| Steen (2007) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Nickel et al. (1985) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Dill et al. (2010) | |
| Nickel et al. (1985) |
| Nickel et al. (1985) |
| Nickel et al. (1985) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wagner et al. (2002) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler et al. (1986) | |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| 54 +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Aufschluss 69/ (7+8) +1 other reference |
| |
| Lapis (5) | |
| Lapis (5) | |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| www.mgas.de (2006) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| |
| Förster et al. (2005) |
| P. Andresen collection +1 other reference | |
| Andrew Hodgson Collection | |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2011) |
| collection H.J. Haas | |
| P. Andresen collection | |
| Lapis (4) |
| Baumann et al. (2000) | |
| Gröbner J. +1 other reference |
| Baumann et al. (2000) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Kleeberg et al. (1992) |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) |
| A. Breithaupt (1817) | |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) | |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) | |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) | |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Tröger (2012) |
| Gröbner et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| |
Greece | |
| Meixner et al. (1982) |
| |
| Rieck et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| Rieck et al. (2022) | |
Iran | |
| Tarkian et al. (1983) +1 other reference |
| Rezazadeh et al. (2020) |
Italy | |
| Raccagni (2018) |
| Respino (1980) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| De Michele (1974) |
| doi.org (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Moroni et al. (2019) | |
| Dessau (1936) +2 other references | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| doi.org (n.d.) +2 other references | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| . +1 other reference | |
| doi.org (n.d.) +3 other references | |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara P. (1996) | |
| AA. VV. +2 other references | |
| Piepoli (1933) +1 other reference |
| Piepoli (1933) +1 other reference |
| Piepoli (1933) +1 other reference | |
| Piepoli (1933) +1 other reference | |
Japan | |
| |
| Yamaoka (1982) | |
| D Ishiyama (2000) |
| Nagashima et al. (2021) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Wilson et al. (1986) |
Morocco | |
| Econ Geol (1997) |
| Gunnar Färber and Thomas Witzke (2010) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) | |
| Praszkier (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Karel Bal Collection |
| Favreau et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
Norway | |
| Neumann (1944) |
| Grorud (1997) |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Eos Trans. AGU (48) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| Mederski et al. (2020) |
| Mochnacka et al. (2012) | |
| Siuda (2012) | |
| Mochnacka et al. (2012) | |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) | |
| Piestrzyński et al. (2012) | |
| Kucha H. 1982: Platinum metals in the ... | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Małek et al. (2019) |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Auguścik-Górajek et al. (2021) |
Portugal | |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| Matos +1 other reference |
Romania | |
| Hirtopanu et al. (2015) |
| Minerals of Carpathians |
Russia | |
| Galuskin (2007) |
| Nagornaya et al. (2021) |
| www.igem.ru (2001) +1 other reference |
| Kozlov et al. (2011) |
| Tararin et al. (2007) |
| Tararin et al. (2007) | |
| Gritsenko et al. (2008) |
| Yulia D. Gritsenko (2005) +1 other reference |
| Men'shikov (2006) |
| Men'shikov (2006) | |
| Pekov et al. (2004) | |
| Pekov (2000) |
| Zaikov et al. (2006) |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| Ivashchenko et al. (2011, September) |
| USGS Open File Report 2005-1252 p173ff +2 other references |
| Kapustin et al. (1965) |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) |
Slovakia | |
| Smithsonian Institution USNM ... |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
| Martin Števko-unpublished +1 other reference | |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Min Rec 27:6 pp417-428 |
| S.M.C. Verryn et al (1991) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Spain | |
| Schnorrer (2000) |
| Fanlo et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| A. Paniagua et al. |
| Mata i Perelló (1990) |
| Castillo-Oliver et al. (2019) |
| |
| Sanabria et al. (2002) | |
Sweden | |
| Jan Olov Nyström (1991) |
| Ödman (1945) |
| Andersen (2009) +1 other reference |
| Andersen (2009) |
| Dobbe et al. (1994) |
| |
| |
| Gatedal (n.d.) | |
| |
| Gavelin | |
| |
Switzerland | |
| Beda Hofmann (1986) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Ansermet (2012) | |
| Ansermet (2012) |
Tajikistan | |
| Turlychkin et al. (1972) |
UK | |
| |
| 39-40 +1 other reference |
| Ixer et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Day (1999) |
| Livingstone et al. (1983) |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| Erd et al. (1988) |
| [micromounts@yahoogroups.com] |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Ream (2004) |
| Rocks & Minerals 73:400-402 |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Ream (1995) | |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Buchholz et al. (2010) |
| Raič et al. (2015) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Morrill. P. +1 other reference |
| Minerals of Laurel Hill et al. (published privately) |
| Oen +1 other reference |
| [Rocks & Minerals Vol 68 March/April ... |
| [Rocks & Minerals Vol 68 March/April ... | |
| Rocks & Minerals (1927) |
| Smith et al. (1978) |
| The Mineralogy of Pennsylvania 1966-1975 +3 other references |
| Pennsylvania Geology (1) |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 73 (1998) |
| Heyl et al. (1959) |
| Cordua (1998) |
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Neuglück Mine, Böckelsbach valley, Wittichen, Schenkenzell, Rottweil, Freiburg Region, Baden-Württemberg, Germany