Pseudobrookite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Douglas Merson
About Pseudobrookite
Formula:
Fe2TiO5
Colour:
Brownish black, reddish brown, or black
Lustre:
Adamantine, Greasy, Metallic
Hardness:
6
Specific Gravity:
4.33 - 4.39
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
From the Greek ψευδής, false, and brookite since its resemblance to brookite is misleading.
Type Locality:
Armalcolite-Pseudobrookite Series.
See also "karrooite" and compare also Unnamed (Monoclinic polymorph of pseudobrookite).
A larger number of synthetic analogues are known and well studied.
See also "karrooite" and compare also Unnamed (Monoclinic polymorph of pseudobrookite).
A larger number of synthetic analogues are known and well studied.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3302
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3302:8
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
7c52912b-cbfe-4921-b0bd-ed700ecf9a92
IMA Classification of Pseudobrookite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA status notes:
Redefined by the IMA
IMA Formula:
(Fe3+2Ti)O5
First published:
1878
Approval history:
Redefined 1988 s.p.: Bowles (1988).
Classification of Pseudobrookite
4.CB.15
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
B : With medium-sized cations
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
B : With medium-sized cations
7.7.1.1
7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
7 : AB2X5
7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
7 : AB2X5
7.9.16
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
9 : Oxides of Ti
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
9 : Oxides of Ti
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Pbrk | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Psb | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Physical Properties of Pseudobrookite
Adamantine, Greasy, Metallic
Transparency:
Transparent, Opaque
Comment:
Greasy on fractures, may be tarnished iridescent
Colour:
Brownish black, reddish brown, or black
Streak:
Reddish brown to ocher-yellow
Hardness:
6 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
On {010} distinct
On {010} distinct
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
4.33 - 4.39 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.39 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Pseudobrookite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 2.350 - 2.380 nβ = 2.360 - 2.390 nγ = 2.380 - 2.420
2V:
Measured: 50° , Calculated: 80°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.030 - 0.040
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Dispersion:
none
Optical Extinction:
Y = a; Z = c; X ∧ a = 26°.
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 | R2 |
|---|---|---|
| 400nm | 22.8% | 24.0% |
| 420nm | 21.9% | 23.1% |
| 440nm | 21.2% | 22.3% |
| 460nm | 20.5% | 21.4% |
| 480nm | 19.8% | 20.7% |
| 500nm | 19.4% | 20.4% |
| 520nm | 19.0% | 19.9% |
| 540nm | 18.5% | 19.3% |
| 560nm | 18.1% | 18.8% |
| 580nm | 17.8% | 18.5% |
| 600nm | 17.5% | 18.1% |
| 620nm | 17.3% | 17.9% |
| 640nm | 17.1% | 17.7% |
| 660nm | 17.0% | 17.6% |
| 680nm | 16.8% | 17.4% |
| 700nm | 16.7% | 17.3% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 24.0%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
In browns.
Chemistry of Pseudobrookite
Mindat Formula:
Fe2TiO5
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Pseudobrookite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.7965(25) Å, b = 9.9805(25) Å, c = 3.7301(1) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.982 : 1 : 0.374
Unit Cell V:
364.71 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals usually tabular {100} and elongated [001]; long prismatic at times or needle-like [001]. {100} and {hk0} striated [001].
Twinning:
Reported on various {hk0} planes (doubtful).
Comment:
Space Group: Bbmm
Crystallographic forms of Pseudobrookite
Crystal Atlas:
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Pseudobrookite no.1 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Pseudobrookite no.7 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0002073 | Pseudobrookite | Yang H, Hazen R M (1999) Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of karrooite, MgTi2O5, with different ordering states American Mineralogist 84 130-137 |  | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002074 | Pseudobrookite | Yang H, Hazen R M (1999) Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of karrooite, MgTi2O5, with different ordering states American Mineralogist 84 130-137 | | 1999 | 1.03 | 293 | |
| 0002075 | Pseudobrookite | Yang H, Hazen R M (1999) Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of karrooite, MgTi2O5, with different ordering states American Mineralogist 84 130-137 | | 1999 | 2.16 | 293 | |
| 0002076 | Pseudobrookite | Yang H, Hazen R M (1999) Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of karrooite, MgTi2O5, with different ordering states American Mineralogist 84 130-137 | | 1999 | 3.22 | 293 | |
| 0002077 | Pseudobrookite | Yang H, Hazen R M (1999) Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of karrooite, MgTi2O5, with different ordering states American Mineralogist 84 130-137 | | 1999 | 4.34 | 293 | |
| 0002078 | Pseudobrookite | Yang H, Hazen R M (1999) Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of karrooite, MgTi2O5, with different ordering states American Mineralogist 84 130-137 | | 1999 | 6.2 | 293 | |
| 0002079 | Pseudobrookite | Yang H, Hazen R M (1999) Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of karrooite, MgTi2O5, with different ordering states American Mineralogist 84 130-137 | | 1999 | 7.51 | 293 | |
| 0002080 | Pseudobrookite | Yang H, Hazen R M (1999) Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of karrooite, MgTi2O5, with different ordering states American Mineralogist 84 130-137 | | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002081 | Pseudobrookite | Yang H, Hazen R M (1999) Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of karrooite, MgTi2O5, with different ordering states American Mineralogist 84 130-137 | | 1999 | 1.03 | 293 | |
| 0002082 | Pseudobrookite | Yang H, Hazen R M (1999) Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of karrooite, MgTi2O5, with different ordering states American Mineralogist 84 130-137 | | 1999 | 2.16 | 293 | |
| 0002083 | Pseudobrookite | Yang H, Hazen R M (1999) Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of karrooite, MgTi2O5, with different ordering states American Mineralogist 84 130-137 | | 1999 | 3.22 | 293 | |
| 0002084 | Pseudobrookite | Yang H, Hazen R M (1999) Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of karrooite, MgTi2O5, with different ordering states American Mineralogist 84 130-137 | | 1999 | 4.34 | 293 | |
| 0002085 | Pseudobrookite | Yang H, Hazen R M (1999) Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of karrooite, MgTi2O5, with different ordering states American Mineralogist 84 130-137 | | 1999 | 6.2 | 293 | |
| 0002086 | Pseudobrookite | Yang H, Hazen R M (1999) Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of karrooite, MgTi2O5, with different ordering states American Mineralogist 84 130-137 | | 1999 | 7.51 | 293 | |
| 0018179 | Pseudobrookite | Pauling L (1930) The crystal structure of pseudobrookite _cod_database_code 1011342 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 73 97-113 | 1930 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
Epitaxial Relationships of Pseudobrookite
Epitaxy Comments:
Pseudobrookite on hematite with pseudobrookite {121}[210] parallel to hematite {0001}[1100].
Pseudobrookite on magnetite with pseudobrookite {100}[001] parallel to magnetite {111}[110].
Oriented inclusions of rutile in pseudobrookite.
Pseudobrookite on magnetite with pseudobrookite {100}[001] parallel to magnetite {111}[110].
Oriented inclusions of rutile in pseudobrookite.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.486 Å | (100) |
| 2.752 Å | (77) |
| 4.901 Å | (42) |
| 2.458 Å | (23) |
| 1.8657 Å | (23) |
| 2.407 Å | (22) |
| 1.9733 Å | (22) |
Comments:
Synthetic, ICDD 41-1432.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
| 10 : Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
| 51 : Pyrometamorphic minerals (see also #54 and #56) | <0.36 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) |
Geological Setting:
Magmatic, post-volcanic or young volcanic rocks. Typically formed by pneumatolytic processes in titanium-rich andesite, rhyolite, basalt, etc., and by reactions with xenoliths within these; in lithophysae. Rarely in plutonic rocks.
Type Occurrence of Pseudobrookite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
No defined type material.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Koch, A. (1878) Neue Minerale. Pseudobrookite und Szabóit. Mineralogische und Petrographische Mittheilungen: 1: 77-79.
Other Language Names for Pseudobrookite
Varieties of Pseudobrookite
| Chromium-bearing Kennedyite | |
| Kennedyite | A Mg-bearing pseudobrookite. |
Relationship of Pseudobrookite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Armalcolite | (Mg,Fe2+)Ti2O5 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| Ferropseudobrookite | Fe2+Ti2O5 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cmcm |
| Griffinite | Al2TiO5 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cmcm |
| Sassite | Ti3+2Ti4+O5 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cmcm |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 178 photos of Pseudobrookite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 118 photos of Pseudobrookite associated with Enstatite | Mg2Si2O6 |
| 93 photos of Pseudobrookite associated with Sanidine | K(AlSi3O8) |
| 89 photos of Pseudobrookite associated with Topaz | Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2 |
| 73 photos of Pseudobrookite associated with Tridymite | SiO2 |
| 53 photos of Pseudobrookite associated with Bixbyite-(Mn) | Mn3+2O3 |
| 45 photos of Pseudobrookite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 32 photos of Pseudobrookite associated with Forsterite | Mg2SiO4 |
| 31 photos of Pseudobrookite associated with Mullite | Al4+2xSi2-2xO10-x |
| 30 photos of Pseudobrookite associated with Amphibole Supergroup | AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.CB. | Ferrohögbomite-2N2S | [(Fe2+,Mg,Zn,Al)3(Al,Ti,Fe3+)8O15(OH)]2 |
| 4.CB. | Magnesiohögbomite-6N12S | Mg5Al11TiO23(OH) |
| 4.CB. | Zhenruite | (MoO3)2 · H2O |
| 4.CB. | Pengite | (Pb8Sb3+3)Σ11Sb5+9O35 |
| 4.CB. | Virgilluethite | MoO3 · H2O |
| 4.CB.05 | Brizziite | NaSb5+O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Corundum | Al2O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Ecandrewsite | (Zn,Fe2+,Mn2+)TiO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Eskolaite | Cr2O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Geikielite | MgTiO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Karelianite | V3+2O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Melanostibite | Mn2+2Fe3+Sb5+O6 |
| 4.CB.05 | Pyrophanite | Mn2+TiO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Akimotoite | (Mg,Fe2+)SiO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Auroantimonate | AuSbO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | UM1998-11-O-AuHSb | Au+2Sb3+O2(OH) |
| 4.CB.05 | Tistarite | Ti3+2O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Unnamed (Fe-Cr Oxide) | FeCrO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Hemleyite | (Fe2+0.48Mg0.37Ca0.04Na0.04Mn2+0.03Al0.03Cr3+0.01)sum=1.00Si1.00O3 |
| 4.CB.10 | Avicennite | Tl2O3 |
| 4.CB.10 | Bixbyite-(Mn) | Mn3+2O3 |
| 4.CB.10 | Bixbyite-(Fe) | (Fe,Mn)2O3 |
| 4.CB.15 | Armalcolite | (Mg,Fe2+)Ti2O5 |
| 4.CB.15 | Sassite | Ti3+2Ti4+O5 |
| 4.CB.15 | Ferropseudobrookite | Fe2+Ti2O5 |
| 4.CB.15 | Griffinite | Al2TiO5 |
| 4.CB.15 | Pseudobrookite Group | |
| 4.CB.20 | Zincohögbomite-2N2S | [(Zn,Al,Fe2+)3(Al,Fe3+,Ti)8O15(OH)]2 |
| 4.CB.20 | Zincohögbomite-2N6S | [(Zn,Mg)7(Al,Fe3+,Ti)16O31(OH)]2 |
| 4.CB.20 | Magnesiohögbomite-6N6S | [(Mg,Fe2+)3(Al,Ti,Fe3+)8O15(OH)]6 |
| 4.CB.20 | Magnesiohögbomite-2N3S | [(Mg,Fe2+,Zn)4(Al,Ti,Fe3+)10O19(OH)]2 |
| 4.CB.20 | Magnesiohögbomite-2N2S | [(Mg,Fe2+)3[Al7(Ti,Fe3+)]O15(OH)]2 |
| 4.CB.20 | Ferrohögbomite-6N12S | [(Fe2+,Mg,Zn)5(Al,Ti,Fe3+)12O23(OH)]6 |
| 4.CB.20 | Magnesiohögbomite-2N4S | (Mg8.43Fe2+1.57)sum=10Al22Ti4+2O46(OH)2 |
| 4.CB.20 | Magnesiobeltrandoite-2N3S | (Mg6Al2)(Al18Fe3+2)O38(OH)2 |
| 4.CB.20 | Zincovelesite-6N6S | Zn3(Fe3+,Mn3+,Al,Ti)8O15(OH) |
| 4.CB.25 | Pseudorutile | Fe2Ti3O9 |
| 4.CB.25 | Kleberite | FeTi6O11(OH)5 |
| 4.CB.30 | Berdesinskiite | V3+2TiO5 |
| 4.CB.30 | Oxyvanite | V3+2V4+O5 |
| 4.CB.30 | Kaitianite | Ti3+2Ti4+O5 |
| 4.CB.35 | Olkhonskite | (Cr,V)2Ti3O9 |
| 4.CB.35 | Schreyerite | V3+2Ti3O9 |
| 4.CB.35 | Machiite | Al2Ti3O9 |
| 4.CB.35 | Vestaite | (Ti4+Fe2+)Ti4+3O9 |
| 4.CB.40 | Kamiokite | Fe2Mo3O8 |
| 4.CB.40 | Nolanite | V3+8Fe3+2O14(OH)2 |
| 4.CB.40 | Rinmanite | Zn2Sb2Mg2Fe4O14(OH)2 |
| 4.CB.40 | Iseite | Mn2Mo3O8 |
| 4.CB.40 | Majindeite | Mg2Mo3O8 |
| 4.CB.40 | Rinmanite-(Zn) | Zn2Sb2(Fe3+4Zn2)O14(OH)2 |
| 4.CB.45 | Claudetite | As2O3 |
| 4.CB.45 | Stibioclaudetite | AsSbO3 |
| 4.CB.50 | Arsenolite | As2O3 |
| 4.CB.50 | Senarmontite | Sb2O3 |
| 4.CB.55 | Valentinite | Sb2O3 |
| 4.CB.60 | Bismite | Bi2O3 |
| 4.CB.65 | Sphaerobismoite | Bi2O3 |
| 4.CB.70 | Sillénite | Bi12SiO20 |
| 4.CB.75 | Kyzylkumite | V3+Ti2O5(OH) |
| 4.CB.80 | Tietaiyangite | Fe3+4Fe2+TiO9 |
| 4.CB.85 | Liuite | FeTiO3 |
| 4.CB.90 | Luogufengite | Fe2O3 |
| 4.CB.95 | Wangdaodeite | FeTiO3 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Pseudobrookite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3302.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Pseudobrookite
Localities for Pseudobrookite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| J.P. Lorand and J.Y. Cottin |
Australia | |
| W. D. Birch et al (in press) |
| Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection | |
| Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection | |
| U. Kolitsch (SXRD) +1 other reference |
Austria | |
| Schebesta (1983) +2 other references |
| Exel (1993) |
| Postl et al. (1996) |
| Postl et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Exel (1993) |
Brazil | |
| Geological Survey Professional Paper 327 (U.S. Department of the Interior, 1959) |
Bulgaria | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Chile | |
| "Estudios geológico del sector de ... +2 other references |
China | |
| Lei Zhao (1991) |
Czech Republic | |
| Scharm +7 other references |
| Novák et al. (2007) |
Denmark | |
| Pedersen et al. (1975) +1 other reference | |
Finland | |
| Karinen |
France | |
| Fermis (2023) |
| Barrier D et al. (2004) |
| P & E Médard collection |
| Philippe Rémy collection |
| A. Lacroix (1905) +1 other reference |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Hède | |
| Vernay (1996) |
| Mboungou-Kongo (2002) | |
| COUREAU |
| Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. et al. (1995) |
| Ł. Kruszewski EPMA/PXRD/Rietveld data +1 other reference |
| photo and collection Bernard Bouissac |
| Ko Jansen collection |
Germany | |
| Stähle et al. (2003) |
| Stahle et al. (2002) | |
| Dill (2009) |
| Collection of Walter Göttler |
| Bender et al. (1994) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| International Association of Collectors of Slag Minerals (3) | |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Brauns |
| Hentschel (1983) |
| Hentschel (1975) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Personally collected by Günter Frenz | |
| Lapis 1988 (7+8) | |
| Hentschel (1975) |
| Blass |
| Blass | |
| Blass |
| collection C.&H. Schäfer | |
| Brauns |
| Blass | |
| Leu (2017) | |
| Hentschel (1975) |
| Hentschel (1983) | |
| www.mindat.org (n.d.) |
| Hentschel (1983) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schäfer |
| Guth et al. (Löley) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Blaß et al. (2012) |
| Hentschel (1987) | |
| Hentschel (1993) |
| Collection of Bernd Ternes |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Schüller |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
| Schüller (1953) |
Greece | |
| |
| ... |
Hungary | |
| |
Indian Ocean | |
| Maciąg et al. (2019) | |
Israel | |
| Britvin et al. (2021) +1 other reference |
| Krüger et al. (2021) |
Italy | |
| Ch. Wagner and D. Velde |
| Mondillo N. et al. (2011) |
| Russo et al. (2011) |
| Imma Punzo find and collection |
| Russo et al. (2004) |
| Russo et al. (2004) | |
| Matteo Chinellato collection | |
| Burli et al. (2010) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| Parodi et al. (1989) | |
| Signoretti et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Conti-Vecchi et al. (1991) |
| Bortolozi G. (1986) | |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Gianfagna et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Boscardin M. et al. (2011) |
| Daleffe et al. (2000) |
| M. Boscardin (2002) | |
Japan | |
| Nakajima & Kurosawa (2006) |
Mauritius | |
| Georges Favreau collection |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| "Rock-magnetism and ore microscopy of ... |
| Panczner (1987) |
New Zealand | |
| Martin Stolworthy Collection |
| Essence of Microscope |
| products of regional metasomatism in Northwest Nelson et al. (6) +1 other reference |
| Collection of RJ Martin correlated to ... |
| Collection of RJ Martin |
| Collection of RJ Martin correlated to ... |
Nigeria | |
| Sakoma et al. (2002) |
Norway | |
| Brøgger (1888) +1 other reference |
Oman | |
| Zhang et al. (2015) |
Poland | |
| Kruszewski et al. (Lower Silesian Coal Basin) |
Portugal | |
| Sturla et al. (2020) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
Romania | |
| Udubasa et al. (2011) |
| Szakáll et al. (2010) |
| Koch +3 other references |
Russia | |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
| Kaigorodova (2017) |
| doi.org (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Pekov et al. (2012) | |
| |
| Victor V. Sharygin analytycal data (2012) |
Serbia | |
| Kostić +3 other references |
Slovakia | |
| Ďuďa |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| B. Azambre et al. +1 other reference |
| B. Azambre et al. +1 other reference |
| Personally collected in January 2013 +1 other reference |
| Francesco Sauro et al. (2021) +2 other references |
| B. Azambre et al. +1 other reference |
| E. Salvioli-mariani et al. |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2022) |
| Sevillano et al. (2009) |
| Nobel +11 other references |
| Lewis (1883) | |
Taiwan | |
| Chen et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
Tanzania | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1963 33 : 635-645 |
UK | |
| Agrell et al. (1958) +1 other reference |
| J.Ralph 2007 |
| Smith (1965) +1 other reference | |
USA | |
| |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Dr. Robert Housley |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Data provided by Janet Clifford |
| Mineralogical Record 23:487-492 |
| White et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
| George C. Branner (1927) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 174. +3 other references |
| R. Housley |
| MarekC pers. coll. 2019 |
| DeVito (1992) |
| USGS Bull 1716C +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| AmMin 84:754-763 |
| Johnston et al. (1984) |
| [var: Kennedyite] Johnston et al. (1985) | |
| Velde (1975) +1 other reference |
| Fries +1 other reference |
| USGS Bulletin 931-1 +1 other reference | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Tony Nikischer specimen |
| Rice et al. (1971) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| NMGS 37th Field Conference |
| Min.Rec.: 20 (5) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Ronald Gibbs | |
| Jerry Cone Collection |
| Min Rec 16:2 p145 | |
| Steve Stuart collection- from giveaway ... |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Gibbs (2013) | |
| Min Rec 16:2 p137 +2 other references |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Min Rec +1 other reference | |
| Ramon DeMark and Jessie Kline |
| NMBMMR New Mexico Mineral symposium (2000) | |
| K. Starnes |
| Mineralogical Record Vol 16 Num 2 | |
| Don Howard and Kent England Micro Probe ... | |
| Kleck. W. D. (1970) |
| Min Rec 10:5 pp261-278 |
| Nassau K. (1968) | |
| |
| Mineralogical Record | |
| Collected by Joe Marty | |
| Microprobe 7:9 pp 12-14 |
| Ream (1979) +1 other reference | |
| Grüll (2014) | |
| Personally Collected by Dr. Scott ... | |
| Rick Dalrymple Collection | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| J. Holfert et al. (1996) | |
| Personally Collected by Dr. Scott ... |
| Steve Rust collection |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1998 62 : 265-269 | |
| Buchholz et al. (2007) |
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Uroi Hill, Simeria, Hunedoara County, Romania