Proustite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Proustite
Formula:
Ag3AsS3
Colour:
Scarlet, Vermilion or reddish gray
Lustre:
Adamantine
Hardness:
2 - 2½
Specific Gravity:
5.57
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Named by François S. Beudant in 1832 in honor of Joseph-Louis Proust (26 September 1754, Angers, France – 5 July 1826, Angers, France), chemist and actor, for Proust's work on the red silver minerals (proustite-pyrargyrite series). He is most famous for discovering the law of definite proportion, stating that chemical compounds always combine in constant proportions.
Dimorph of:
Proustite-Pyrargyrite Series. The As analogue of pyrargyrite.
Trigonal dimorph of Xanthoconite.
One of the so-called "ruby silvers".
Trigonal dimorph of Xanthoconite.
One of the so-called "ruby silvers".
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Proustite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3294
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3294:6
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
bf0867d8-46d0-4a5d-9ee3-a1f643d374c6
IMA Classification of Proustite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Proustite
2.GA.05
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
G : Sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites
A : Neso-sulfarsenites, etc. without additional S
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
G : Sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites
A : Neso-sulfarsenites, etc. without additional S
3.4.1.1
3 : SULFOSALTS
4 : ø = 3
3 : SULFOSALTS
4 : ø = 3
5.2.3
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
2 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Ag
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
2 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Ag
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Prs | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Prs | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Proustite
Adamantine
Comment:
Darkens on exposure to light
Colour:
Scarlet, Vermilion or reddish gray
Streak:
Vermilion red
Hardness:
2 - 2½ on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN25=70 - 105 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Distinct on {1011}
Distinct on {1011}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal
Density:
5.57 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.625 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Proustite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 3.087 - 3.088 nε = 2.792
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.295 - 0.296
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Anisotropism:
Strong
Reflectivity:
Wavelength | R1 | R2 |
---|---|---|
400nm | 36.9% | 39.6% |
420nm | 36.8% | 39.5% |
440nm | 36.7% | 39.4% |
460nm | 35.8% | 38.2% |
480nm | 34.0% | 36.8% |
500nm | 32.5% | 35.0% |
520nm | 31.2% | 33.5% |
540nm | 30.0% | 32.3% |
560nm | 29.0% | 31.2% |
580nm | 28.2% | 30.3% |
600nm | 27.5% | 29.6% |
620nm | 26.9% | 29.0% |
640nm | 26.3% | 28.5% |
660nm | 25.9% | 28.2% |
680nm | 25.4% | 27.9% |
700nm | 25.0% | 27.6% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 39.6%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
Cochineal red to blood red
Chemistry of Proustite
Mindat Formula:
Ag3AsS3
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Sb
Crystallography of Proustite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m (3 2/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Space Group:
R3c
Setting:
R3c
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.79 Å, c = 8.69 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 0.805
Unit Cell V:
876.18 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
6
Morphology:
Prismatic crystals to 8 cm, also scalenohedral crystals.
Twinning:
On {1014} to produce trillings, also on {1011}{0001}{0112}
Crystallographic forms of Proustite
Crystal Atlas:
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0018082 | Proustite | Hocart R (1937) Schema structural de la proustite et de la pyrargyrite. _cod_database_code 1011213 Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences 205 68-70 | 1937 | 0 | 293 | ||
0018040 | Proustite | Harker D (1936) The application of the three-dimensional patterson method and the crystal structures of proustite, Ag3 As S3, and pyrargyrite, Ag3 SbS3 _cod_database_code 1011161 Journal of Chemical Physics 4 381-390 | 1936 | 0 | 293 | ||
0014938 | Proustite | Allen S (1985) Phase transitions in proustite I. Structural studies Phase Transition 6 1-24 | 1985 | 0 | 293 | ||
0014939 | Proustite | Allen S (1985) Phase transitions in proustite I. Structural studies Phase Transition 6 1-24 | 1985 | 0 | 293 | ||
0014940 | Proustite | Allen S (1985) Phase transitions in proustite I. Structural studies Phase Transition 6 1-24 | 1985 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
2.76 Å | (10) |
3.28 Å | (8) |
3.18 Å | (8) |
2.56 Å | (8) |
2.48 Å | (8) |
1.929 Å | (2) |
1.672 Å | (2) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) |
Geological Setting:
A late forming mineral in hydrothermal veins, also in the supergene zone.
Type Occurrence of Proustite
Synonyms of Proustite
Other Language Names for Proustite
Catalan:Proustita
Dutch:Proustiet
French:Argent rouge arsenicale
German:Proustit
Arseniksilberblende
Arsensilberblende
Durchsichtig Rodtguldenerz
Lichtes Rotgültigerz
Lichtes Rothgültigerz
Rotgülden
Rotgültigerz (in part)
Arseniksilberblende
Arsensilberblende
Durchsichtig Rodtguldenerz
Lichtes Rotgültigerz
Lichtes Rothgültigerz
Rotgülden
Rotgültigerz (in part)
Italian:Proustite
Latin:Argentum rudum rubrum
Polish:Proustyt
Russian:Прустит
Simplified Chinese:淡红银矿
Slovak:Proustit
Ukrainian:Прустит
Relationship of Proustite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Pyrargyrite | Ag3SbS3 | Trig. 3m : R3c |
Pyrostilpnite | Ag3SbS3 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Xanthoconite | Ag3AsS3 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Structurally related to group(s):
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
118 photos of Proustite associated with Arsenic | As |
113 photos of Proustite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
111 photos of Proustite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
90 photos of Proustite associated with Xanthoconite | Ag3AsS3 |
83 photos of Proustite associated with Acanthite | Ag2S |
55 photos of Proustite associated with Argentopyrite | AgFe2S3 |
40 photos of Proustite associated with Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
39 photos of Proustite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
38 photos of Proustite associated with Silver | Ag |
37 photos of Proustite associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
2.GA. | Arsiccioite | AgHg2Tl(As,Sb)2S6 |
2.GA. | Eckerite | Ag2CuAsS3 |
2.GA. | Pyradoketosite | Ag3SbS3 |
2.GA.05 | Pyrargyrite | Ag3SbS3 |
2.GA.10 | Pyrostilpnite | Ag3SbS3 |
2.GA.10 | Xanthoconite | Ag3AsS3 |
2.GA.15 | Samsonite | Ag4MnSb2S6 |
2.GA.20 | Skinnerite | Cu3SbS3 |
2.GA.20 | Wittichenite | Cu3BiS3 |
2.GA.20 | Bytízite | Cu3SbSe3 |
2.GA.25 | Lapieite | NiCuSbS3 |
2.GA.25 | Mückeite | NiCu(Bi,Sb)S3 |
2.GA.25 | Malyshevite | PdCuBiS3 |
2.GA.25 | Lisiguangite | PtCuBiS3 |
2.GA.25 | Roterbärite | PdBiCuSe3 |
2.GA.30 | Aktashite | Cu6Hg3As4S12 |
2.GA.30 | Gruzdevite | Cu6Hg3Sb4S12 |
2.GA.30 | Nowackiite | Cu6Zn3As4S12 |
2.GA.30 | Zhengminghuaite | Cu6Fe3As4S12 |
2.GA.35 | Laffittite | AgHgAsS3 |
2.GA.40 | Routhierite | Tl(Cu,Ag)(Hg,Zn)2(As,Sb)2S6 |
2.GA.40 | Stalderite | Tl(Cu,Ag)(Zn,Fe,Hg)2(As,Sb)2S6 |
2.GA.40 | Ralphcannonite | AgZn2TlAs2S6 |
2.GA.40 | Ferrostalderite | CuFe2TlAs2S6 |
2.GA.40 | Unnamed (Ag-Fe endmember of Routhierite Group) | AgFe2TlAs2S6 |
2.GA.45 | Erniggliite | Tl2SnAs2S6 |
2.GA.50 | Bournonite | PbCuSbS3 |
2.GA.50 | Seligmannite | PbCuAsS3 |
2.GA.50 | Součekite | PbCuBi(S,Se)3 |
2.GA.50 | Unnamed (Pb-Cu-Bi Selenide) | PbCuBiSe3 |
2.GA.50 | Cerromojonite | CuPbBiSe3 |
2.GA.55 | Eldragónite | Cu6BiSe4(Se2) |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
ore of silver
Internet Links for Proustite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3294.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Proustite
Reference List:
Harlov, Daniel E. (1999) Thermochemistry of Ag-Cu exchange equilibria between proustite, sinnerite, and pearceite: Constraints on Ag-Cu and As-Sb mixing in pyrargyrite-proustite. European Journal of Mineralogy, 11 (4) 709-720 doi:10.1127/ejm/11/4/0709
Localities for Proustite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| Louha +5 other references |
Argentina | |
| PUTZ +1 other reference |
PUTZ +1 other reference | |
| Sureda (1978) |
| Coira et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Slater (2016) |
| Coira et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| DE BRODTKORB |
Brodtkorb (2002) | |
| Milka K. de Brodtkorb (2002) |
Carrasquero et al. (2013) | |
| ROBL +1 other reference |
| Luna et al. (2016) |
Australia | |
| Brown et al. (2001) |
Bottomer L.R. Epithermal silver-gold mineralization in the Drake area (1986) | |
Bottomer L.R. Epithermal silver-gold mineralization in the Drake area (1986) | |
Bottomer L.R. Epithermal silver-gold mineralization in the Drake area (1986) | |
| Brown et al. (2001) |
| Liversidge (1896) |
Brown et al. (2001) | |
Brown et al. (2001) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Bottomer L.R. Epithermal silver-gold mineralization in the Drake area (1986) |
Bottomer L.R. Epithermal silver-gold mineralization in the Drake area (1986) | |
Bottomer L.R. Epithermal silver-gold mineralization in the Drake area (1986) | |
| Degeling (1982) |
| Maher (2010) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
| |
Vera Munro-Smith (2006) | |
| Brian Shelton collection via Francis X ... +1 other reference |
| Sielecki (1988) |
Sielecki (1988) | |
| Cos Constantinides collection |
| Haupt |
| Singer et al. (2009) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Ross |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Haupt (1988) |
| Bottrill +1 other reference |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| A. R. Seymon |
| Gibb-Maitland (1908) |
| Simpson (1948) |
Simpson (1948) | |
Simpson (1948) | |
Austria | |
| H.Meixner (1974) |
B. Matz: Carinthia II 137./57.:10-16 (1948) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| [Mineralogical Record 29:184] +1 other reference |
C.Auer (2013) +1 other reference | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Brewel et al. (1998) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2002) |
| 58. +1 other reference |
Bolivia | |
| USGS Bulletin # 1975 |
| USGS Bulletin # 1975 |
| USGS Bulletin # 1975 |
USGS Bulletin # 1975 | |
| Federico Ahlfeld y Jorge Muñoz Reyes (1955) |
| Torres et al. (2019) |
| Turneaure et al. (1945) |
| Wilson (2001) |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Lindgren et al. (1928) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Radosavljevic et al. (2005) |
Bulgaria | |
| Mladenova et al. (1997) |
| I. Kostov et al. (1964) +1 other reference |
| Lips (2006) |
Canada | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
Montgomery (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| R. O. Meyer collection |
| Hood et al. (1991) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| minfile.gov.bc.ca (2022) |
| Waterloo No. #3 report +1 other reference |
| Sabina (2003) |
SABINA (1976) | |
| Badham et al. (1980) |
Badham et al. (1980) | |
| Rich et al. (1977) |
| Boyle (1972) +1 other reference |
| Carruzzo (2003) |
| Can Mineral February 1985 v. 23 no. 1 ... +1 other reference |
| 159-161. +1 other reference |
| Reiner Mielke |
| Petruk (1971) |
Montgomery (n.d.) | |
Reiner Mielke | |
Traill R. J. (1983) | |
Dana 7:I:372. | |
the Canadian Mineralogist V 11 Part 1 ... | |
| Thirty - First Annual Report of the ... +1 other reference |
Petruk (1971) | |
Ontario and Quebec. Canadian Geological ... +1 other reference | |
Traill R. J. (1983) | |
Traill R. J. (1983) | |
| RWMW specimen +1 other reference |
| Ontario and Quebec. Canadian Geological ... +2 other references |
| Palache et al. (1944) +1 other reference |
| Kirkland Lake - Rouyn-Noranda - Val d'Or +1 other reference |
| Kirkland Lake - Rouyn-Noranda - Val d'Or +1 other reference |
Chile | |
| WARREN (2005) |
| Fondecyt +2 other references |
| Minerals from the collection of ... |
| Cecioni et al. (2000) |
| A. Moesta +3 other references |
| I. Domeyko collection |
American Mineralogist | |
MinRec 19:12 +1 other reference | |
A. Moesta +3 other references | |
| "Geología del Cuadrángulo Paipote" +2 other references |
"Geología del Cuadrángulo Paipote" +2 other references | |
| "Cuadrángulo Quebrada Paipote" +3 other references |
"Cuadrángulo Los Loros" +3 other references | |
| Econ Geol (1987) |
| "Geología del los distritos mineros de ... +2 other references |
| "Breves apuntes sobre algunos centros ... +2 other references |
| informe preliminar": Caja de Crédito ... +1 other reference |
| "Mineralogía" +1 other reference |
| maurizio dini collection - analysed ... |
| I. Domeyko collection Mineralogical ... |
| I. Domeyko collection Mineralogical ... |
| Oyarzun et al. (1998) |
| "Geología del distrito argentífero de ... +2 other references |
"Geología del distrito argentífero de ... +2 other references | |
| Samples in the I. Domeyko Museum |
| TOM HENRICKSEN et al. (2002) |
| Maurizio Dini collections +1 other reference |
China | |
| Xiaodong Mao et al. (2007) |
Xiaodong Mao and Sijing Huang (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Liming Wang et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Ottens et al. (2005) |
| Fuguo Li and Jiuju Ma (1989) |
Xiuzhang Wang et al. (1998) | |
| Xinyou Zhu (1993) |
Baode Wang et al. (2008) | |
| Guanxiang Song (1991) |
| Diankai Chen and Danshen Zhou (1984) +2 other references |
Diankai Chen and Danshen Zhou (1984) | |
| Dongbo Wang et al. (1991) |
| Tianwei Guo and Zhongwen Han (1990) |
| Mingjun Yang and Gonghua Tan (1991) +1 other reference |
Xingyuan Wang (1992) | |
| Jingchun Wang et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Zhaojian Zeng (1997) |
Youxun Liu et al. (2003) | |
| Weining Zhou (1994) |
Yi Li and Youbin Liang (1991) | |
| Nanshi Zeng et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| Junping Wang (2012) |
| Qian Zhang et al. (2002) +2 other references |
| Libo Hao et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Haiming Zhao et al. (1994) |
| Cehui Mo et al. (1996) |
| Xiao'e Huang and Zhihua Xu (2006) |
| Leiming Xu et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000) |
| Ran Lu et al. (2012) |
| Jiangli Pang (1999) |
| Chen et al. (2020) |
| Guoxing Wu (1990) |
| Poulsen et al. (1990) |
| Debao Mao and Baofeng Shen (1991) |
| Shengyuan Li (1988) |
| Junfa Zhou (1992) |
Czech Republic | |
| Dobešová (2012) |
| Škácha et al. (2009) |
| |
| Lieber et al. (1986) |
Richard Dale Collection +2 other references | |
86. +1 other reference | |
| 70 (in German) +1 other reference |
| Fengl (1.) |
| Fojt +1 other reference |
| Fengl (2.) |
| Roman Gramblička collection |
Pauliš P. Nejzajímavější ... | |
| www.mineralos.cz (2002) |
| Parma (1973) |
| - (n.d.) |
Zbynek Burival collection | |
| |
Hyrsl et al. (2009) | |
| Roman Gramblička collection |
| Sejkora (1994) |
Ecuador | |
| Ayala Obando (2022) |
| www.mineralmundi.com |
| I. Vikentyev et al. (2005) |
| an NI 43-101 Technical Report prepared ... +1 other reference |
Fiji | |
| Boirat et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
France | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| ... |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Pillard F. et al. (1985) |
| Fiche BSS BRGM n° 11183X4002/GT |
| Alain Steinmetz and Thierry Brunsperger ... |
| P&T N°23-24 et al. (Haut-Rhin) |
| Dana 6:A3:45. |
Bari (1982) | |
This mine worked the same vein as Gabe ... +2 other references | |
| Thierry Brunsperger in Mindat pictures |
| P&T N°23-24 et al. (Haut-Rhin) |
Wittern | |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| J.-L. Hohl: "Minéraux et Mines du Massif Vosgien" (Mulhouse) |
Belot (1978) | |
| Brousse (1982) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Robert Pecorini collection; EDX ... |
| Lips (2006) |
| R. Pierrot |
| Mari (2002) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lieber et al. (1986) |
| Weiß (1990) |
Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
Aufschluss 71 (3) | |
| Walenta (1994) |
| Gröbner et al. (2005) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| S Wolfsried collection |
| Mandler (1991) |
Weiß (1990) | |
Götz (1986) +1 other reference | |
| |
| Lieber et al. (1986) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| [Lapis 1992 |
Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
Walenta (1992) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Lapis 8 (4) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Nickel et al. (1985) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Manfred Groß Eigenfonds 2022. Analyse ... |
Weiß (1990) | |
M Kampf collection | |
| |
| Blaß et al. (2021) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Comm. R. Noll |
Wittern (2001) | |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
Nickerl et al. (2000) | |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
Nickerl et al. (2000) | |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
Nickerl et al. (2000) | |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
Nickerl et al. (2000) | |
Nickerl et al. (2000) | |
Wittern (2001) | |
Nickerl et al. (2000) | |
Nickerl et al. (2000) | |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
Nickerl et al. (2000) | |
| |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
Vollstädt et al. (1991) | |
| P Haas collection |
| M Kampf collection |
www.mineralienatlas.de (2011) | |
Kipfer (1974) | |
P Haas collection | |
| Baumann et al. (2000) |
| Bergbau und Mineralien von Antonsthal im Erzgebirge et al. (in German) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
Nickerl et al. (2000) | |
Wittern (2001) | |
| Gramaccioli |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) |
Lapis 30 (7/8) | |
Lapis 30 (7/8) | |
Lapis 30 (7/8) | |
Lapis 30 (7/8) | |
Lapis 30 (7/8) | |
Lapis 30 (7/8) | |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Knut Edvard Larsen MM collection (From S. Michalski nov. 1992) | |
| Haake et al. (1994) |
Lapis (2008) | |
Haake et al. (1994) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) |
| |
Lapis 11 (7/8) | |
| Henwood (1843) |
| Baumann et al. (1997) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| P Haas collection |
Min.Rec.: 21:105. | |
| Andreas Gerstenberg collection |
P Haas collection | |
| Andreas Gerstenberg collection |
| Gröbner J. et al. (2006) |
| Baumann et al. (2000) |
| Baumann et al. (2000) |
| Gröbner et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| RWMW specimen mined before 1965 |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
Greece | |
| |
| Blaß et al. (1998) |
Kolitsch et al. (2014) | |
| Vavelidis et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Tombros (2008) |
Hungary | |
| Topographia Mineralogica Hungariae II. ... |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya |
Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
India | |
| Tripathi et al. (2022) |
| Mukherjee et al. (1998) |
| Mukherjee et al. (1998) |
Indonesia | |
| The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 41 (2003) +1 other reference |
Yuningsih et al. (2014) | |
| Yuningsih et al. (2014) |
| Econ Geol (1997) |
Ireland | |
| Balassone et al. (2008) |
| Gasparrini (1978) +4 other references |
Italy | |
| Guastoni A. |
| Guastoni et al. (2003) +2 other references |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| AA. VV. +1 other reference |
| Stara et al. (1993) |
Stara et al. (1993) | |
| AA. VV. |
Fenoglio (1926) | |
| Billows (1923) +1 other reference |
| Pietracaprina et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| AA. VV. +1 other reference |
Brizzi et al. (1994) | |
| Preite et al. (2007) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Fenoglio (1926) +2 other references |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana 4/1992-"I minerali del giacimento di Monte Tamara (Nuxis) |
| Fenoglio (1926) +2 other references |
D'Achiardi (1900) +1 other reference | |
Fenoglio (1926) +2 other references | |
| Exel (1987) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana anno 2014 ... |
| Sabelli C. et al. (GR) |
| Bazzoni et al. (2001) |
| Brizzi G. et al. (LU) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| Hariya +1 other reference |
Ishiyama et al. (1989) | |
| Yuningsih et al. (2018) |
SUGAKI et al. (1985) +2 other references | |
| 島倉広至 et al. (2015) |
| Shimizu et al. (1998) |
| Nokleberg et al. (2010) |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) +1 other reference |
Kazakhstan | |
| Baibatsha et al. (2015) |
| Evseev (1995) +1 other reference |
Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
Kosovo | |
| Ministry of Mining and Energy (2002) +1 other reference |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Wilson et al. (1986) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Querol +1 other reference |
| Anisimov et al. (2001) |
| Diaz-Unzueta (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
Dana 7. +2 other references | |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
| email to Rob Lavinsky from Peter McGaw ... |
| Arthur L. Flagg Collection No. 1307 |
| Dr. Walter S. Bowser Collection |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Pancnzer (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Camprubí et al. (2006) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Ref.: Panzner (1987) | |
King (n.d.) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 19:146. |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Camprubi | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Bull. Minéral. |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Megaw (2023) |
| www.almadenminerals.com (2018) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
Robertson +1 other reference | |
| Part I et al. (8) +1 other reference |
| |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Morocco | |
| Ibouh et al. (n.d.) |
| Ko Jansen collection photo id 681252 |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| www.mindat.org (n.d.) |
Samira +1 other reference | |
Uwe Kolitsch collection (analysed by single-crystal XRD) +2 other references | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
Favreau et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Petruk (1975) |
New Zealand | |
| Boyle (1979) |
January 2010 An assessment of the value ... | |
Econ Geol (1997) | |
| R. Martin (NZ) |
| Fraser (1910) |
North Macedonia | |
| Serafimovski et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Serafimovski et al. (2003) +2 other references |
RMZ - Materials and Geoenvironment Vol 52 No. 3 pp 535-548 (2006) | |
Norway | |
| Neumann (1944) |
| Vogt (1886) +1 other reference |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Econ Geol (1993) |
Cameron (2013) | |
Peru | |
| Gamarra-Urrunaga et al. (2013) |
| Hyrsl et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
Min Rec 39:95-99 +1 other reference | |
| Min.Rec. 28 (1997) |
| John W. Rozelle and Donald B. Tschabrun (2009) |
| Hyrsl et al. (2003) |
Philippines | |
| Econ Geol (1996) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
Poland | |
| Mederski et al. (2020) |
| Siuda (2012) |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
Mochnacka et al. (2012) | |
| Pieczka et al. (1988) |
Hoehne K. 1936: Über einige Arsen- +2 other references | |
Kozłowski et al. (2022) | |
Portugal | |
| Artur Neves' collection - August 2014 |
| Bowles (1987) |
Romania | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| www.gl.rhbnc.ac.uk (2003) +1 other reference |
| |
| Bailly et al. (1998) |
| Marias Francisc |
Szakáll (2002) | |
Szakáll (2002) | |
Szakáll et al. (2013) | |
| Damian et al. (2006) |
Damian et al. (2008) | |
| Clain et al. (2006) |
Russia | |
| Pekov I.V. et al. (2010) |
| Khomich V. G. and N. G. Vlasov (2001) |
| Глухов et al. (2021) +1 other reference |
| Okrugin et al. (an Example of Mutnovsky Geothermal Area, Southern Kamchatka) +1 other reference |
[Der Aufschluss 1995:4 p.163-180] +1 other reference | |
| Макшаков et al. (СЕВЕРНОЕ ПРИОХОТЬЕ) +1 other reference |
Kravtsova et al. (2003) | |
| Kovalev et al. (2023) |
| Makshakov +2 other references |
Seltmann et al. (2010) | |
Kravtsova et al. (2017) +1 other reference | |
| Tauson et al. (2017) |
Goryachev et al. (2014) | |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| Econ Geol (1997) |
| Vikentyev (2015) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Economic Geology (1996) |
Slovakia | |
| Berkh et al. (2014) |
Smithsonian Institution USNM ... | |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Kodě +1 other reference |
Onačila D. (1992) | |
Onačila D. et al. (1993) | |
| Koděra (1986) +1 other reference |
| Števko M. et al. (2018) |
Vlasáč J. et al. (2021) | |
| Koděra |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Spain | |
| ARANA CASTILLO (1972) |
| Torres-Ruis et al. (1985) |
| J. Gröbner and M. A. Fernández Périz (2006) |
| Informes de metalogenia del Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME) |
| Cesar Menor Salvan specimen |
| Mateo +4 other references |
| Mineralogical Record (3) |
Jordi Fabre +2 other references | |
| C. Canet et al. |
| Jimenez R. et al. (2004) |
Sweden | |
| |
| Lorin et al. (2009) |
Axelsson et al. (2006) | |
| Smellie |
| Öhman (2003) |
| |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Personally collected by Günter Frenz | |
Tajikistan | |
| Badalov et al. (1975) |
Badalov et al. (1975) | |
| Badalov et al. (1975) |
Fayziev et al. (2019) | |
UK | |
| National Museum of Wales database +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Taylor +2 other references |
| - (2008) |
| Galbraith (1947) +2 other references |
| Thomas (1949) +1 other reference |
- (2005) | |
| Galbraith (1947) +2 other references |
| Bastin (1925) +1 other reference |
Contributions To Economic Geology | |
Bastin (1925) +2 other references | |
Bastin (1925) +2 other references | |
| Galbraith (1947) |
Econ Geol (1988) | |
MRDS file #10027841. | |
| Schrader (1907) +2 other references |
MRDS file #10027837. | |
| Galbraith (1947) |
| Schrader (1917) +1 other reference |
| Schrader (1915) |
| Engineering & Mining Jour. (1912) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Lindgren (1926) |
| Lindgren (1926) +3 other references |
| Galbraith (1947) +1 other reference |
| Galbraith (1947) |
| Lindgren (1926) +3 other references |
Galbraith (1947) | |
| Bastin (1922) +2 other references |
| Prenn et al. (1991) |
| 48 pp.: 28-29 +6 other references |
48 pp.: 28-29. +6 other references | |
| Troxel et al. (1962) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 140. +3 other references |
Troxel et al. (1962) +1 other reference | |
| Troxel et al. (1962) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report ... +4 other references | |
| Hulin (1925) +1 other reference |
| in: Mineral Industried Survey of the ... +4 other references |
in: Mineral Industried Survey of the ... +6 other references | |
Emmons et al. (1885) | |
| Laizure (1928) +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 140. +3 other references |
| Hanks (1884) +1 other reference |
Emmons et al. (1885) | |
Hanks (1884) +2 other references | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 140. +3 other references |
| Mayo (1972) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 141. +3 other references |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 141. +3 other references | |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 141. +3 other references | |
| Hanks (1884) +1 other reference |
| Page et al. (1956) +3 other references |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... |
U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
Professional Paper 63: 253. +1 other reference | |
Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| USGS Circular 213 |
| Lovering et al. (1950) |
| Lovering et al. (1950) |
| - (2005) |
Moench et al. (1966) | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) |
U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... +1 other reference | |
Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) +1 other reference | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Mineralogical Record:16 (3) |
| USGS PP 1017 (Lovering,1978) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Holmes et al. (1983) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Shannon et al. (1985) |
| Kucera (2021) |
collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Rocks & Min.:64:142-143. +1 other reference |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Dana 6: 135 | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
- (2005) | |
| Ransome (1901) |
| Rocks & Minerals 71:2 pp94-101 |
- (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Ransome (1901) |
Ransome (1901) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| Dana 6:A2:83 +1 other reference |
| Dana 6: 135. |
| Rocks & Minerals 75:338 |
| Ream (1995) |
Ream (1995) | |
Ream (2004) | |
| Shannon et al. (1971) |
Shannon et al. (1971) +1 other reference | |
Shannon et al. (1971) +1 other reference | |
Shannon et al. (1971) +1 other reference | |
Shannon et al. (1971) +1 other reference | |
| Shannon et al. (1971) +1 other reference |
Shannon et al. (1971) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| Ream (1995) |
Ream (2004) | |
Ream (2004) | |
Ream (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
Ream (1995) | |
Ream (1995) | |
| - (2005) |
| Ream (2004) |
| - (2005) |
Ream (1995) | |
- (2005) | |
Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (1995) |
| Dana 6:135. |
Ream (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
| Ream (1995) +1 other reference |
Dana 7:I:365. +2 other references | |
- (2005) | |
| Collins (2012) |
| Ream (1995) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
Ream (1995) +1 other reference | |
mrdata.usgs.gov (n.d.) | |
Rolland R. Reid (1961) | |
Geology and ore deposits of Shoshone ... +2 other references | |
| King et al. (1994) |
Morrill et al. 1958. +1 other reference | |
| Winchell (1914) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Bindi et al (2006) |
| ... |
| Gobla (2012) |
- (2005) | |
Prinz (1967) +1 other reference | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Chris Tucker and John Betts specimens. +1 other reference |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Szarkowski (2019) |
| Chris Tucker |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Weed (1912) |
Weed (1912) | |
| Weed (1912) |
| USBM Inf Circ 7093 (1939) |
| Longwell et al. (1965) |
| NBMG Bull 12 +2 other references |
NBMG Bull 12 | |
NBMG Bull 12 | |
| LaPointe et al. (199) |
| LaPointe et al. (199) |
LaPointe et al. (199) | |
LaPointe et al. (199) +1 other reference | |
| USGS Open-File Report 76-56 +1 other reference |
| LaPointe et al. (199) +1 other reference |
LaPointe et al. (199) +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
USGS Bull 997 | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
USGS Bull 997 +1 other reference | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
USGS Bull 997 +1 other reference | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
- (2005) | |
USGS Bull 997 | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
USGS Bull 997 +2 other references | |
- (2005) | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
USGS Bull 997 | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
USGS Bull 997 | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
Dana 6:134-135. | |
| NBMG Open File Report 79-3 +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| NBMG Bull 99B Geology and Mineral ... +2 other references |
| NBMG Bull 77 Geology and Mineral ... |
NBMG Bull 77 Geology and Mineral ... +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NBMG Bull 99B Geology and Mineral ... |
| MinRec 16 (1) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
- (2005) | |
| R&M 74:6 p380-390 |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| NBMG Bull 14 +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| [Rocks & Minerals Vol 68 March/April ... |
[Rocks & Minerals Vol 68 March/April ... | |
David Von Bargen et al. (1993) +1 other reference | |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
- (2005) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| NMBMGMR Open-file Report - 532 +1 other reference |
| NMBGMR Open-file Report OF-459 |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
NMBMMR Bull 87 Mineral and Water ... | |
USGS PP 1644C +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:86. |
| Ref: Gold And Silver In Oregon +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... |
| U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL ... +1 other reference |
Bullock (1981) | |
USGS Prof Paper 1024 +2 other references | |
| Lasmanis (1995) |
| Cannon (1975) |
Econ Geol (1997) | |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference |
Valentine et al. (1960) +2 other references | |
| USGS Bull 540 |
Rocks & Minerals 76:388-389 | |
- (2005) +1 other reference | |
Zimbabwe | |
| Salisbury +2 other references |
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Imiter mine, Imiter mining district, Tinghir Cercle, Tinghir Province, Drâa-Tafilalet Region, Morocco