Labradorite
A variety of Anorthite
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About Labradorite
Formula:
(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8]
Albite : anorthite molar ratio ranges from 30 : 70 to 50 : 50.
Colour:
Pale green, blue, colourless, grey-white
Lustre:
Sub-Vitreous
Hardness:
6 - 6½
Name:
From the occurrence at Ford Harbour, Paul Island, Labrador, Canada (Nain anorthosite).
First Recorded Locality:
A variety of Anorthite
A plagioclase feldspar with an albite : anorthite molar ratio ranging from 30 : 70 to 50 : 50.
An intermediate member of the Albite-Anorthite Series.
Labradorite can display an iridescent optical effect (or schiller) known as labradorescence.
The cause of this optical phenomenon is lamellar structure caused by an exsolution process due to a miscibility gap. The effect is visible when the lamellar separation is between 128 and 252 nm. The lamellae are not necessarily parallel, and the lamellar structure is found to lack long range order (Bolton et al.,1966). Results of a modern electron diffraction study were published by Götz et al. (2022).
The lamellar separation only occurs in plagioclases of a certain composition, in particular, those of calcic labradorite and bytownite (anorthite content of ~60 to 90%). Another requirement for the lamellar separation is very slow cooling of the rock that contains the plagioclase. Slow cooling is required to allow the Ca, Na, Si, and Al ions to diffuse through the plagioclase and produce the lamellar separation. Thus, not all labradorites exhibit labradorescence (they might not have the correct composition and/or they cooled too quickly). Also, not all plagioclases that exhibit labradorescence are labradorites (they may be bytownite).
Originally found at Ford Harbour, Paul Island, near Nain, off the east coast of Labrador, Newfoundland and Labrador [56° 30' N, 61° 30' W].
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Labradorite.
A plagioclase feldspar with an albite : anorthite molar ratio ranging from 30 : 70 to 50 : 50.
An intermediate member of the Albite-Anorthite Series.
Labradorite can display an iridescent optical effect (or schiller) known as labradorescence.
The cause of this optical phenomenon is lamellar structure caused by an exsolution process due to a miscibility gap. The effect is visible when the lamellar separation is between 128 and 252 nm. The lamellae are not necessarily parallel, and the lamellar structure is found to lack long range order (Bolton et al.,1966). Results of a modern electron diffraction study were published by Götz et al. (2022).
The lamellar separation only occurs in plagioclases of a certain composition, in particular, those of calcic labradorite and bytownite (anorthite content of ~60 to 90%). Another requirement for the lamellar separation is very slow cooling of the rock that contains the plagioclase. Slow cooling is required to allow the Ca, Na, Si, and Al ions to diffuse through the plagioclase and produce the lamellar separation. Thus, not all labradorites exhibit labradorescence (they might not have the correct composition and/or they cooled too quickly). Also, not all plagioclases that exhibit labradorescence are labradorites (they may be bytownite).
Originally found at Ford Harbour, Paul Island, near Nain, off the east coast of Labrador, Newfoundland and Labrador [56° 30' N, 61° 30' W].
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Labradorite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2308 (as Labradorite)
246 (as Anorthite)
246 (as Anorthite)
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2308:1 (as Labradorite)
mindat:1:1:246:6 (as Anorthite)
mindat:1:1:246:6 (as Anorthite)
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
16bfbd97-1469-466f-98b0-b3200d787bdb (as Labradorite)
1a6866d7-1535-4f9b-8acc-96976792bf17 (as Anorthite)
1a6866d7-1535-4f9b-8acc-96976792bf17 (as Anorthite)
Physical Properties of Labradorite
Sub-Vitreous
Colour:
Pale green, blue, colourless, grey-white
Streak:
White
Hardness:
6 - 6½ on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
Optical Data of Labradorite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.554 - 1.563 nβ = 1.559 - 1.568 nγ = 1.562 - 1.573
2V:
Measured: 85° , Calculated: 78° to 86°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.008 - 0.010
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Low
Dispersion:
none
Chemistry of Labradorite
Mindat Formula:
(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8]
Albite : anorthite molar ratio ranges from 30 : 70 to 50 : 50.
Albite : anorthite molar ratio ranges from 30 : 70 to 50 : 50.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Image Loading
Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
First Recorded Occurrence of Labradorite
Synonyms of Labradorite
Other Language Names for Labradorite
Czech:Labradorit
Dutch:Labradoriet
Finnish:Labradoriitti
French:Labradorite
Hebrew:לברדוריט
Italian:Labradorite
Japanese:ラブラドル長石
Lithuanian:Labradoritas
Norwegian:Labrador
Polish:Labrador
Portuguese:Labradorite
Russian:Лабрадорит
Slovak:Labradorit
Ukrainian:Лабрадорит
Varieties of Labradorite
| Lynx Eye | Variety of labradorite with green iridescence. |
| Oregon Sunstone | Sunstone with inclusions of copper instead of hematite. Crystallographically oriented nanocrystals of protoenstatite and clinoenstatite in association with copper nanocrystals are responsible for the unusual green and “watermelon” coloration of the or... |
| Spectrolite | A variety of labradorite showing strong labradorescence due to very fine exsolution of K-feldspar. |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 8 photos of Labradorite associated with Hypersthene | (Mg,Fe)SiO3 |
| 4 photos of Labradorite associated with Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| 4 photos of Labradorite associated with Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
| 2 photos of Labradorite associated with Monzonite | |
| 2 photos of Labradorite associated with Chabazite | |
| 2 photos of Labradorite associated with Hornblende Root Name Group | ◻Ca2(Z2+4Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 |
| 2 photos of Labradorite associated with Orthoclase | K(AlSi3O8) |
| 2 photos of Labradorite associated with Anorthite | Ca(Al2Si2O8) |
| 2 photos of Labradorite associated with Fayalite | Fe2+2SiO4 |
| 1 photo of Labradorite associated with Fassaite | (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe2+,Al,Fe3+,Ti)[(Si,Al)2O6] |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Labradorite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Labradorite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2308.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Labradorite
Reference List:
Localities for Labradorite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Africa | |
| Marcelot et al. (1985) +4 other references | |
Algeria | |
| J.P. Lorand and J.Y. Cottin |
| Lustrino et al. (2016) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
Angola | |
| Lapido-Loureiro +1 other reference |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
Antarctica | |
| Johnson et al. (1982) | |
| Harrington et al. (1967) +1 other reference |
| Kyle (1990) |
| Horne et al. (1967) +1 other reference |
| Smellie et al. (1984) |
| Barton (1965) | |
| Craddock et al. (1964) | |
| LeMasurier et al. (1982) +3 other references |
Argentina | |
| Musso et al. (2022) |
Armenia | |
| Bowell et al. (2021) |
Australia | |
| Stevens (1972) |
| Hodge-Smith (1924) |
| Chalmers (1941) |
| Chalmers (1941) | |
| Chalmers (1941) | |
| Crawford (1973) |
| Smith et al. (1988) |
| Graham et al. (2021) |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Gulson et al. (1985) |
| Birch (1999) |
| Hudson et al. (1966) |
| Edwards |
| Brugger et al. (2006) |
| Sutherland et al. (1967) |
| Taheri |
| Griffin (1982) | |
| www.crocoite.com (2003) |
| Shayan (1984) |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) |
| Booth (1989) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson (1951) |
| Simpson |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson et al. (1948) |
Austria | |
| H. Meixner: 32 (3) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Fechner et al. (1985) |
| Exel (1993) | |
| D.A. Carswell et al. |
| LIBOWITZKY et al. (2012) |
| Heritsch (1963) |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) |
Belgium | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Brazil | |
| Leandro et al. (2022) |
| Cordani (1970) +9 other references |
| doi.org/10.1007/BF00302491 +6 other references | |
| Santos (2012) |
| Jost et al. (2001) | |
| Engler et al. (2002) |
| Allan et al. (1989) | |
| Salgado et al. (2019) |
| Smith et al. (1933) +9 other references |
| Pinto V. et al. (2011) |
Burkina Faso | |
| Domanik et al. (2004) |
Cameroon | |
| Wandji et al. (2010) |
Canada | |
| Zhu et al. (2018) |
| Phillips (1979) |
| Phillips (1979) |
| Gübelin et al. (1976) |
| 182. +3 other references | |
| Evans |
| Grice (1989) | |
| Dana (1892) |
| Evans | |
| Grice (1989) | |
| Traill (1970) | |
| Mason (1976) | |
| Papezik et al. (1981) |
| Dakota Matrix Minerals |
| www.geologyontario.mndmf.gov.on.ca (n.d.) |
| www.geologyontario.mndm.gov.on.ca (n.d.) |
| E. William Heinrich (1962) |
| Coleman (1900) |
| determinations by accelerator mass ... +1 other reference |
| Geological Survey of Canada +1 other reference |
| Mason (1976) | |
| Olivier Langelier Collection |
| Spray et al. (2023) |
| Van Velthuizen (1993) |
| Sabina (1986) +1 other reference |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Beaudin et al. (2024) |
| Beaudin et al. (2024) | |
| Htoon (1979) |
Cape Verde | |
| Bebiano (1932) +1 other reference |
Chad | |
| Reynolds et al. (Tripoli) +4 other references |
Chile | |
| Cisternas et al. (2006) |
| Cisternas et al. (2006) | |
| Cisternas et al. (2006) | |
| Cisternas et al. (2006) | |
| Woolley (1987) |
China | |
| Yusheng Zhai et al. (1996) |
| Yu et al. (1994) |
| Zhongli Tang (1990) |
| Meng et al. (2023) |
| Liangshu Shu et al. (2004) |
| Liangshu Shu et al. (2004) |
| Lin Jun (2006) |
| Zheng et al. (2015) |
| Rambaldi et al. (1984) |
| Enguang Zang et al. (2009) |
| Qingchang Meng (1981) |
| Yiming Zhao et al. (2008) |
| Chuanxian Lin and Zheru Zhang (1984) |
| Mingxing Shi and Guirong Gao (2006) |
| Huiwen Liu et al. (2014) |
| Yanling Tang (2005) |
| Li et al. (2022) |
| Fengmei Chai et al. (2006) |
| Ruan +3 other references |
| Chunming Han et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Shen Ping et al. (2007) |
Cook Islands | |
| Wood et al. (1970) +4 other references | |
| Wood et al. (1970) +3 other references | |
Costa Rica | |
| |
Cuba | |
| Ríos et al. (1984) |
| Roesler (1917) |
| Roesler (1917) |
| Roesler (1917) | |
| Roesler (1917) |
| Roesler (1917) | |
| Roesler (1917) | |
| Roesler (1917) | |
| Roesler (1917) | |
Czech Republic | |
| Vtělenský J. (1959) |
| |
| Matýsek D. |
| Kruťa |
| Pauliš et al. (2021) |
| Ulrych et al. (1989) |
| Recommendations of the International ... +11 other references |
| Houzar |
| Houzar +5 other references |
DR Congo | |
| Roccati (1907) |
| Roccati (1907) | |
Egypt | |
| El-Desoky et al. (2023) |
| Akaad et al. (South-eastern desert of Egypt) +11 other references | |
| El Ramly +4 other references | |
| El-Dokouny et al. (2023) | |
El Salvador | |
| ... |
Ethiopia | |
| Barberi et al. (Ethiopia) +8 other references |
| Gebregziabher (1998) | |
| Brotzu et al. (Main Ethiopian Rift) +3 other references |
Finland | |
| Barkov et al. (1999) |
| J. Dyer collection |
| Gübelin et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Hytönen |
| Jaakko Kurki Collection |
France | |
| Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... |
| |
| Brousse +3 other references | |
| F.H. Forestier : "Les Péridotites ... |
| C. Cotonian et al. |
| Brousse +15 other references | |
| Brousse +1 other reference | |
| Brousse +13 other references |
| Brousse |
| Bailey +7 other references | |
| Brousse +7 other references | |
| C. Lemanski (re-entry of lost Mindat data) |
| Brousse +3 other references |
| Brousse et al. (1964) +1 other reference |
| Chubb et al. (1927) +8 other references |
| Mcbirney et al. (1968) +2 other references |
| ARLIGUIE Michel collection |
| Ch. Lefèvre and Ph. Cocusse |
| D. Coffrant |
| Bull. Minéral. |
| Inventaire Minéralogique de la France ... |
| |
| G. Trolliard et al. +1 other reference | |
| Ambert et al. (2014) |
| Abdel-Karim et al. (1989) |
Germany | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Hand Egon Künzel et al. (2011) |
| Frenzel (1874) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| H. Vollstädt et al. (Dresden) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| |
Greece | |
| Vasilatos et al. (2023) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Sotiropoulou et al. (2010) |
Greenland | |
| Benson (1940) |
| Bøggild (1953) | |
| Bøggild (1953) |
Hungary | |
| Szabó et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Szakáll - Gatter: Minerals of Hungary |
| EGU / EGS - AGU - EUG Joint Assembly et al. (Bakony-Balaton Highland) |
| XVI ECROFI European Current Research On Fluid Inclusions et al. (Eds F. Noronha, A. Dória and A. Guedes) |
Iceland | |
| Blake (1966) |
| Jackson et al. (2019) |
| Martin et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
India | |
| Leelanandam |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... +1 other reference |
| RARE-EARTHS |
| Gotze +7 other references |
| Sen et al. (20112) |
| Rout et al. (2022) |
| Deb (1980) |
Indian Ocean | |
| Maciąg et al. (2019) | |
Indonesia | |
| Smithsonian |
| Van Leeuwen (1981) +1 other reference |
| Dani Lukman Hakim (2016) |
| Abdurrachman et al. (2012) |
Iran | |
| Stalder (1971) |
| Fadaeian et al. (2022) |
| Nezafati et al. (2017) |
| Altenberger et al. (Ag-Au) |
Iraq | |
| Kettanah et al. (2017) |
Italy | |
| Morandi et al. (1982) |
| Lacroix (1917) |
| Maida (2002) |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) |
| Roccati (1903) |
| Sessa et al. (2017) |
| Stara et al. (1999) |
| Henry Stephens Washington (1908) |
| Renzulli +4 other references |
| Civetta L. et al. (1998) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| De Michele (1974) | |
| De Michele (1974) |
| De Michele (1974) | |
| D'Achiardi (1872-73) |
| Brizzi G. et al. (FI) | |
| Brizzi G. (1996) | |
| Brizzi G. et al. (FI) | |
| D'Achiardi (1872-73) |
Japan | |
| Kuno (1960) +1 other reference |
| |
| Huzita et al. (1971) |
| Zyunpei Harada (1936) |
| T. Kato (1922) |
| Masaru Yamaguchi (1964) |
| Tomita (1936) +5 other references |
| Masaru Yamaguchi (1964) | |
| Kato (1924) |
Kenya | |
| Baker (1963) +1 other reference |
| Saggerson (1991) +1 other reference | |
| Rix (1973) +4 other references |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Soloviev (2011) |
Libya | |
| Lustrino et al. (2012) |
| Goudarzi (1970) +1 other reference | |
Madagascar | |
| Majmundar (1970) |
| James +8 other references | |
| Majmundar (1970) |
| Majmundar (1970) |
| Royal Museum for Central Africa | |
| pers. com. K.E.Larsen april 2006 |
| Behier (1963) +1 other reference |
| pers. com. K.E.Larsen april 2006 | |
| pers. com. K.E.Larsen april 2006 | |
| www.madagascarminerals.com (n.d.) |
| Lacroix (1922) |
| Lacroix (1922) |
| Lacroix (1912) +3 other references |
| Lacroix (1922) |
| John Sobolewski photo and specimen | |
| Giuliani +5 other references |
| Lacroix (1922) |
Malaysia | |
| Tayor (1971) |
Mexico | |
| Alok Krishna Gupta (2015) |
Middle East | |
| Mittlefehldt (1984) +2 other references | |
Mongolia | |
| Andreyeva et al. (1987) |
| Savina et al. (2020) |
| Kovalenko et al. (1995) |
| Peretyazhko et al. (2018) |
Morocco | |
| JÉRÉMINE (1955) +1 other reference |
| Gentil +4 other references |
| El Adnani et al. (2016) |
Mozambique | |
| TORRE DE ASSUNCAO et al. (1962) |
Myanmar | |
| Themelis (2008) |
Namibia | |
| Ewart et al. (1998) |
| Korn +8 other references | |
Nazca Plate | |
| Zawadzki et al. (2022) | |
New Zealand | |
| Speight (1943) |
| Carlson et al. (1974) |
| Thornton | |
| Cody et al. (1981) |
| Wodzicki et al. (1970) |
| Waight (1995) |
Niger | |
| Black +3 other references |
Norway | |
| Wilke (1976) |
| Wilke (1976) | |
| ... |
| Mason (1967) |
| Heldal +30 other references | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Duchesne (ed.) | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Svensen (2004) | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Cadow (1993) |
| Bøe (2001) |
| Evans (1997) |
Pacific Ocean | |
| R. Hekinian et al. |
| Astakhova et al. (2014) |
| Astakhova et al. (2014) | |
Pakistan | |
| Wang et al. (2022) |
| Jan et al. (2022) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Downes (1994) |
| Smith (1976) +1 other reference |
| Traill (1961) | |
Paraguay | |
| Woolley (1987) |
| Woolley (1987) | |
Peru | |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
Poland | |
| Wojciechowski J. 1955: O żyłach ... |
| Wojciechowski J. 1955: O żyłach ... |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Birkenmajer et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| P.119-129 +1 other reference |
| Heflik W. (Lower Silesia) |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Borkowska M. 1985 - Skały gabrowe ... | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Gil et al. (2019) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Berg G. (1910) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Awdankiewicz (2013) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Szumowska M. et al. (Lower Silesia) |
| Kłos T. at all (1967) |
| Kozłowska-Koch (1981) +2 other references |
Portugal | |
| Gaspar et al. (2000) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Rui Nunes 2010 +5 other references |
| Morais +2 other references |
Republic of the Congo | |
| Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... |
Russia | |
| I.I Likhanov et al. |
| Kepezhinskas et al. (2023) |
| Sklyarov et al. (2016) |
| Sklyarov et al. (2016) | |
| Kiseleva et al. (2022) |
| Plotinskaya et al. (2015) |
| Filina et al. (2019) |
| Kolisnichenko et al. (2008) |
| Sklyarov et al. (2021) +1 other reference |
| Anastasiya SERGEEVA (2023) |
| Shchipalkina et al. (2020) |
| Sandimirova et al. (2014) |
| Kassandrov et al. (2009) |
| Soloviev et al. (2022) | |
| Kokh et al. (2023) |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Frank K. Mazdab collection (see https://www.rockptx.com/fkm-226-to-fkm-250/#FKM-226 for normalized analyses) |
| Shchukina et al. (Vol. 473, No. 1, pp. 333-337) |
| Sushchenko et al. (2023) |
| Yefimov et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| ... | |
| ... | |
| Huber et al. (2015) |
| Grokhovskaya et al. (2000) |
| Ivanov (1975) |
| Gvozdev (2001) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Svetova et al. (2023) |
| [World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Trunilina et al. (2021) |
| Ganino et al. (2019) |
| Zueva et al. (2023) |
| Soloviev et al. (2013) |
Saint Helena， Ascension and Tristan da Cunha | |
| doi.org/10.1093/petrology/26.1.149 +5 other references | |
Saint Lucia | |
| M. Le Guen de Kerneizon et al. |
Samoa | |
| Kear +4 other references | |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Camp et al. (1989) +2 other references |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| [[1]]Reato |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| M. Huraiova et al. |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Bacsó |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ďuďa |
| Duda et. all. |
South Korea | |
| Kinosaki (1941) |
| Lee (ed) +7 other references | |
Spain | |
| B. Azambre et al. +1 other reference |
| B. Azambre et al. +1 other reference |
| B. Azambre et al. +1 other reference |
| B. Azambre et al. +1 other reference |
| Majarena Serrano (2015) |
| Torró et al. (2018) |
| Jiménez Martínez |
| Weibel (1955) |
Sri Lanka | |
| Samarakoon et al. (2021) |
Sweden | |
| Agarwal et al. (2016) |
| J.H.L. Vogt: About ironmines in Norway ... |
| |
| Wilke (1997) |
Taiwan | |
| CHEN et al. (1989) |
Tajikistan | |
| Soloviev et al. (2019) |
| Nasdala et al. (1993) |
Tanzania | |
| Schwaighofer et al. (1987) |
Thailand | |
| Part II +4 other references |
Tonga | |
| Bauer (1970) |
Uganda | |
| Roccati (1907) |
| Roccati (1907) | |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Majendie (1818) |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Eastwood et al. (1968) +2 other references |
| Day (1999) |
| Hamad (1963) +2 other references |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| Miller et al. (1962) +5 other references |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| F. Rutley: "Elements of Mineralogy" (1900) |
| Tilley (1937) |
| F. Rutley: "Elements of Mineralogy" (1900) |
| Emeleus et al. (1992) |
| Howie (1963) |
| F. Rutley: "Elements of Mineralogy" (1900) |
| Harrison (1975) | |
| Davidson (1935) |
| Graham et al. (2017) |
| Day (1999) |
| F. Rutley: "Elements of Mineralogy" (1900) |
Ukraine | |
| Gurov et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Acta Geologica Polonica Vol 2 et al. (in Polish) +1 other reference |
| Liventseva (n.d.) |
| www.pegmatite.ru (2009) +1 other reference |
| Grzegorz Słowik collection +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
| Graeme (1993) |
| Cooper (1961) +1 other reference | |
| Cooper (1961) +1 other reference | |
| Cooper (1961) +1 other reference |
| Cooper (1961) +1 other reference | |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10048294 |
| Cooper (1961) +1 other reference |
| Cooper (1961) +1 other reference |
| Cooper (1961) +1 other reference |
| Cooper (1961) +1 other reference |
| Cooper (1961) +1 other reference |
| Schrader (1915) |
| Lindgren (1926) |
| A.I.M.E. Ore Deposits of the Western States (1933) |
| Mason (1976) | |
| Erickson +1 other reference |
| Howard (1987) +1 other reference | |
| Howard (1987) +1 other reference | |
| Rose (1959) |
| Geol. Soc. of America Bulletin |
| Cal Div of Mines & Geology "Mineral ... |
| Blackerby (1968) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 360. +2 other references |
| Andersen (1917) +1 other reference | |
| Woodford et al. (1941) |
| Richmond (1939) +1 other reference |
| MarekC (2018) |
| Merrill |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 364. +2 other references |
| Miller (1934) +2 other references |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... +1 other reference |
| Am Min 50:1179-1212 |
| USGS Prof Paper 649 | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| USGS Prof Paper 223 +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| Schooner (1958) |
| Foye (1926) |
| 34-37 +1 other reference |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Dunham (1933) |
| Dunham (1933) |
| Geological Society of America et al. (1947) | |
| Ream (1995) |
| Ream (2004) |
| Ream (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Hamilton et al. (1963) |
| Fisher (1934) +1 other reference |
| Boudette |
| Boudette |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Rainville et al. (1976) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Hitchcock |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Espenshade |
| Houston |
| Espenshade |
| McHone et al. (1982) |
| McHone et al. (1982) | |
| Wandke |
| Anderson | |
| Gilman | |
| Sears (1905) +1 other reference |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) |
| - (1917) |
| Ross (2010) |
| Jaggar (4) | |
| ... |
| ... | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Aldrich et al. (1965) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Winchell (1900) |
| Taylor (1964) |
| WALTER (2011) |
| USGS PP 296 (Ross,1959) |
| KUNZ et al. (2003) |
| McCallum (1996) | |
| The Minerals and Gemstones of Nebraska ... |
| The Minerals and Gemstones of Nebraska ... |
| The Minerals and Gemstones of Nebraska ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Meyers et al. (1956) +1 other reference |
| Williams et al. (1954) |
| Rice et al. (1971) | |
| Hitchcock (1905) | |
| |
| Mason (1976) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Tommy B. Thompson (1973) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| William J. Miller. Geology of the Lake ... |
| Rocks & Minerals 82:472-483 +1 other reference |
| Robinson et al. (2007) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Manchester (1931) | |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Betts (n.d.) |
| Miller (1937) |
| Larsen et al. (1932) |
| Wood (1996) |
| Barbara A.Olsen |
| Dana 6:515 |
| Denison et al. (1967) | |
| McSween et al. (1984) |
| Hadley | |
| Zeitner |
| Genth (1891) |
| Pratt (1933) |
| Hoy et al. (1939) | |
| McSween Jr et al. (1984) | |
| Pratt (1933) | |
| J.Wright Horton et al. (2006) | |
| McSween et al. (1984) |
| White et al. (1945) | |
| Philip Stanley Justus | |
| Stephan Brewer Harper | |
| Genth +1 other reference | |
| Specimens collected by Isaac Coblentz . ... |
| Cran Cowan |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Christopher L. Johnston et al. (1991) | |
| [var: Oregon Sunstone] ‘David Carter’ Ex-collection +2 other references | |
| Christopher L. Johnston et al. (1991) | |
| Oregon Metal Mines Handbook |
| Christopher L. Johnston et al. (1991) |
| March. +1 other reference | |
| March. +1 other reference | |
| USGS National Geochemical Database ... |
| Gordon |
| Lapham & Geyer |
| AmMin 12:427-436 (1927) |
| |
| Chaumba (2010) |
| Earle Sloan (1908) |
| Earle Sloan (1908) | |
| Prince et al. (2004) | |
| Prince et al. (2004) | |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Paris (2011) |
| Paris (2011) |
| Paris (2011) | |
| Paris (2011) |
| ... +1 other reference |
| Donnelly (1962) |
| USGS Bull 878 p 41 |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| R&M 68:6 p381-393 +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Wolff (1929) |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) | |
| Woolley (1987) |
| Rocks & Min.: 8:143-144. +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Lee et al. (1989) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Thompson et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| R. Derkey +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| 5th International Platinum Symposium ... |
| Rocks & Minerals 76:383 | |
Zimbabwe | |
| Eales (1964) |
Nain Complex, Labrador, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada