Kassite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Kassite
Formula:
CaTi2O4(OH)2
Colour:
Brownish pink to pale yellow
Lustre:
Adamantine
Hardness:
5
Specific Gravity:
3.42
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
In honour of Academician Nikolai Grigor’evich Kassin (Николай Григорьевич Кассин) (14 December 1885, Gnusino, Vyatka province, Russian empire - 28 October 1949, Alma-Ata, Kazakh SSR (now Kazakhstan), USSR), geologist with the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR. He discovered the Afrikanda massif, Russia.
Type Locality:
This page provides mineralogical data about Kassite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2166
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2166:7
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
776ffbf7-07fd-4965-9b55-48bc3f6d148c
IMA Classification of Kassite
Approved
First published:
1965
Classification of Kassite
4.DH.10
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
H : With large (+- medium-sized) cations; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
H : With large (+- medium-sized) cations; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
8.3.9.1
8 : MULTIPLE OXIDES CONTAINING NIOBIUM,TANTALUM OR TITANIUM
3 : AB2O6
8 : MULTIPLE OXIDES CONTAINING NIOBIUM,TANTALUM OR TITANIUM
3 : AB2O6
7.9.7
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
9 : Oxides of Ti
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
9 : Oxides of Ti
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Kas | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Kassite
Adamantine
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Brownish pink to pale yellow
Hardness:
5 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Very brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {010} and distinct on {101}.
Perfect on {010} and distinct on {101}.
Density:
3.42 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.418 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Kassite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.950(1) nβ = 2.130 nγ = 2.210
2V:
Measured: 58° , Calculated: 62°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.260
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Dispersion:
very strong: r> v
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
Colorless to pale yellow
Comments:
X=c, Z=b
Chemistry of Kassite
Mindat Formula:
CaTi2O4(OH)2
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Kassite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/b
Setting:
P21/a
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.275(1) Å, b = 9.009(2) Å, c = 9.557(2) Å
β = 90.43°
β = 90.43°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.586 : 1 : 1.061
Unit Cell V:
454.16 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Flattened on {010}, the predominant face. Smaller {181} and {270} and minor {251}, {031} and {101}.
Twinning:
Twinning common on (101} and (181).
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
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Labels
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0003155 | Kassite | Grey I E, Mumme W G, Pekov I V, Pushcharovsky D Y (2003) The crystal structure of chromian kassite from the Saranovskoye deposit, Northern Urals, Russia American Mineralogist 88 1331-1335 | 2003 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
4.763 Å | (26) |
3.300 Å | (100) |
3.273 Å | (97) |
2.603 Å | (23) |
2.316 Å | (19) |
2.282 Å | (37) |
1.776 Å | (18) |
1.762 Å | (41) |
1.516 Å | (24) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks |
Type Occurrence of Kassite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Crystals on the walls of miarolitic cavities. Forms pseudomorphs after perovskite and replaces ilmentite.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Mineralogcal Museum, St. Petersburg University, St. Petersburg, Russia, 17402.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Miarolitic cavities of alkalic pegmatites.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Kukharenko, A.A., Orlova, M.P., Bulakh, A.G., Bagdasarov, E.A., Rimskaya-Korsakova, O.M., Nefedov, Y.I., Ilyinskiy, G.A., Sergeyev, A.C., Abakumova, N.B. (1965) The Caledonian complex of the ultrabasic alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the Kola Peninsula and northern Karelia. Izdatelstvo "Nedra" Moskva: 1965: 368-375.
Other Language Names for Kassite
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
6 photos of Kassite associated with Natrolite | Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O |
5 photos of Kassite associated with Vesuvianite | Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
4 photos of Kassite associated with Lorenzenite | Na2Ti2(Si2O6)O3 |
4 photos of Kassite associated with Lizardite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
3 photos of Kassite associated with Cafetite | CaTi2O5 · H2O |
3 photos of Kassite associated with Grossular | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 |
3 photos of Kassite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
2 photos of Kassite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
2 photos of Kassite associated with Pyroaurite-2H | Mg6Fe3+2(OH)16(CO3) · 4H2O |
2 photos of Kassite associated with Aegirine | NaFe3+Si2O6 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
4.DH. | Fluornatropyrochlore | (Na,Pb,Ca,REE,U)2Nb2O6F |
4.DH. | Roméite Group | A2(Sb5+)2O6Z |
4.DH. | Hydroxykenomicrolite | (◻,Na,Sb3+)2Ta2O6(OH) |
4.DH. | Fluornatroroméite | (Na,Ca)2Sb2(O,OH)6F |
4.DH. | Oxyplumboroméite | Pb2Sb2O6O |
4.DH. | Cesiokenopyrochlore | ◻Nb2(O,OH)6(Cs,◻) |
4.DH. | Oxyyttrobetafite-(Y) | Y2Ti2O6O |
4.DH.05 | Brannerite | UTi2O6 |
4.DH.05 | Orthobrannerite | U4+U6+Ti4O12(OH)2 |
4.DH.05 | Thorutite | (Th,U,Ca)Ti2(O,OH)6 |
4.DH.10 | Lucasite-(Ce) | CeTi2(O,OH)6 |
4.DH.15 va | Alumotungstite | ◻2W2O6(H2O) |
4.DH.15 | Bismutomicrolite (of Hogarth 1977) | |
4.DH.15 | Hydroplumboelsmoreite | (Pb,◻)(W,Fe3+)2O6 · H2O |
4.DH.15 | Hydropyrochlore | (H2O,◻)2Nb2(O,OH)6(H2O) |
4.DH.15 | Plumbomicrolite (of Hogarth 1977) | |
4.DH.15 | Stibiomicrolite (of Groat et al.) | |
4.DH.15 | Strontiopyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977) | A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z |
4.DH.15 | Fluornatromicrolite | (Na1.5Bi0.5)Ta2O6F |
4.DH.15 | Bismutopyrochlore (of Chukanov et al.) | (Bi,Ca,U,Pb)2-xNb2(O,OH)6(OH) |
4.DH.15 | Hydrokenoelsmoreite | ◻2W2O6(H2O) |
4.DH.15 | Fluorcalciomicrolite | (Ca,Na)2(Ta,Nb)2O6F |
4.DH.15 | Oxycalciobetafite | Ca2(Ti,Nb)2O6O |
4.DH.15 va | Yttromicrolite (of Hogarth) | (Ca,Y3+,U,Na)2-x(Ta,Nb,Ti,Fe3+)2O7 |
4.DH.15 | Oxynatropyrochlore | (Na,Ca,U)2Nb2O6(O,OH) |
4.DH.15 | Hydroxycalciopyrochlore | (Ca,Na,U,◻)2(Nb,Ti)2O6(OH) |
4.DH.15 | Fluorcalciopyrochlore | (Ca,Na)2(Nb, Ti)2O6F |
4.DH.15 | Oxycalciopyrochlore | Ca2Nb2O6O |
4.DH.15 | Fluorstrontiopyrochlore | (Sr,◻)2Nb2(O,OH)6F |
4.DH.15 | Oxyplumbopyrochlore | Pb2Nb2O6O |
4.DH.15 | Kenoplumbopyrochlore | (Pb,◻)Nb2O6(◻,O) |
4.DH.15 | Oxyyttropyrochlore-(Y) | (Y,◻)2Nb2O6O |
4.DH.15 | Fluorkenopyrochlore | (◻,Sr,Ce,Ca,Na)2(Nb,Ti)2O6F |
4.DH.15 | Oxyuranobetafite | (U,Ca,◻)2(Ti,Nb)2O6O |
4.DH.15 | Oxycalciomicrolite | Ca2Ta2O6O |
4.DH.15 | Oxystannomicrolite | Sn2Ta2O6O |
4.DH.15 | Kenoplumbomicrolite | (Pb,◻)2Ta2O6(◻,OH,O) |
4.DH.15 | Oxystibiomicrolite | (Sb3+,Ca)2Ta2O6O |
4.DH.15 | Hydromicrolite | (H2O,◻)2Ta2(O,OH)6(H2O) |
4.DH.15 | Hydrokenomicrolite | (◻,H2O)2Ta2(O,OH)6(H2O) |
4.DH.15 | Hydroxymanganopyrochlore | (Mn2+,Th,Na,Ca,REE)2(Nb,Ti)2O6(OH) |
4.DH.15 | Hydroxycalciomicrolite | Ca1.5Ta2O6(OH) |
4.DH.15 | Fluorplumbopyrochlore | (Pb,Y,Th,U,Na,Ca)2-x(Nb,Ti)2O6F |
4.DH.15 | Hydroxyplumbopyrochlore | (Pb1.5◻0.5)Nb2O6(OH) |
4.DH.15 | Oxynatromicrolite | (Na,Ca,U)2(Ta,Nb)2O6(O,F) |
4.DH.15 | Fluorhydropyrochlore | |
4.DH.15 | Hydroxykenoelsmoreite | (◻,Pb)2(W,Fe3+,Al)2(O,OH)6(OH) |
4.DH.15 | Hydrokenopyrochlore | (◻,x)2Nb2O6(H2O,Cs) |
4.DH.15 | Hydroxykenopyrochlore | (◻,Ce,Ba)2(Nb,Ti)2O6(OH,F) |
4.DH.15 | Hydroxynatropyrochlore | (Na,Ca,Ce)2Nb2O6(OH) |
4.DH.15 | Hydroxynatromicrolite | (Na,Bi3+,◻)2Ta2O6(OH) |
4.DH.15 | Unnamed (Sb-analogue of Hydroxymanganopyrochlor) | (Mn,Ca,Y)2(Sb,Ti)2O6(OH) |
4.DH.15 | Oxybismutomicrolite | (Bi1.33◻0.67)Σ2Ta2O6O |
4.DH.20 | Bindheimite | Pb2Sb2O6O |
4.DH.20 | Hydroxycalcioroméite | (Ca,Sb3+)2(Sb5+,Ti)2O6(OH) |
4.DH.20 | Monimolite | Pb2Sb5+2O7 |
4.DH.20 | Cuproroméite | Cu2Sb2(O,OH)7 |
4.DH.20 | Stetefeldtite | Ag2Sb2(O,OH)7 |
4.DH.20 | Stibiconite | Sb3+Sb5+2O6(OH) |
4.DH.20 | Fluorcalcioroméite | (Ca,Na,◻)2Sb5+2(O,OH)6F |
4.DH.20 | Oxycalcioroméite | Ca2Sb2O6O |
4.DH.20 | Hydroxyferroroméite | (Fe2+1.5◻0.5)Sb5+2O6(OH) |
4.DH.25 | Rosiaite | PbSb5+2O6 |
4.DH.30 | Zirconolite | CaZrTi2O7 |
4.DH.30 | Laachite | (Ca,Mn)2Zr2Nb2TiFeO14 |
4.DH.30 | Nöggerathite-(Ce) | (Ce,Ca)2Zr2(Nb,Ti)(Ti,Nb)2Fe2+O14 |
4.DH.30 | Stefanweissite | (Ca,REE)2Zr2(Nb,Ti)(Ti,Nb)2Fe2+O14 |
4.DH.35 | Liandratite | U(Nb,Ta)2O8 |
4.DH.35 | Petscheckite | UFe(Nb,Ta)2O8 |
4.DH.40 | Ingersonite | Ca3Mn2+Sb5+4O14 |
4.DH.45 | Pittongite | Na0.22(W,Fe3+)(O,OH)3 · 0.44H2O |
4.DH.50 | Tazzoliite | Ba4-xNaxTi2Nb3SiO17[PO2(OH)2]x(OH)(1-2x) |
Other Information
Magnetism:
Paramagnetic
Thermal Behaviour:
DTA curve shows a small endothermic effect at 250-300 C, a large one at 600-700 C (loss of hydroxyl), and a sharp exothermic break at 800-850 C (formation of perovskite + rutile).
Notes:
Insoluble in acids.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Kassite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2166.html
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References for Kassite
Reference List:
Localities for Kassite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Angola | |
| Amores-Casals et al. (2019) |
Canada | |
| Martins et al. (2014) |
China | |
| Yu S. et al. (1982) +1 other reference |
Hungary | |
| Zajzon et al. (2013) |
India | |
| Xu et al. (2018) |
Italy | |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2013) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Saveliev et al. (2023) |
Saveliev et al. (2023) | |
Russia | |
| Priymenko et al. (2022) |
| [World of Stones 95:5-6 +1 other reference |
| Lapis 1996 (4) |
Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Am Min et al. (2003) |
South Africa | |
| Kamenetsky et al. (2014) |
USA | |
| Evans et al. (1986) |
| Chakhmouradian et al. (2002) |
| Self et al. (1991) |
| Martins et al. (2014) |
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Val di Serra Quarry, Pilcante, Ala, Trento Province, Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy