Goyazite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Goyazite
Flag of Goiás, Brazil
Formula:
SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Colour:
White, yellow, honey-yellow, pink, lilac, orange or colourless; colourless in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Resinous, Greasy, Pearly
Hardness:
4½ - 5
Specific Gravity:
3.26
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1884 by Augustin Alexis Damour for the province of Goyaz (now Goiás), Brazil. (Note: Although the mineral's type locality is in the province of Minas Gerais, the mineral is named after the neighboring province.)
Type Locality:
Isostructural with:
The strontium analogue of crandallite and plumbogummite, and the phosphate analogue of arsenogoyazite.
Compare svanbergite.
Compare svanbergite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1787
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1787:5
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
59e47392-28e0-4721-9948-efe8207f356a
IMA Classification of Goyazite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA status notes:
Redefined by the IMA
First published:
1884
Approval history:
Redefined 1999 s.p.: Jambor (1999).
Classification of Goyazite
8.BL.10
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
L : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 3:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
L : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 3:1
42.7.3.3
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
7 : (AB)2(XO4)Zq·xH2O
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
7 : (AB)2(XO4)Zq·xH2O
19.5.3
19 : Phosphates
5 : Phosphates of Sr and Ba
19 : Phosphates
5 : Phosphates of Sr and Ba
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Goy | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Goy | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Goyazite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Goyazite
Resinous, Greasy, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Pearly on {0001} cleavage.
Colour:
White, yellow, honey-yellow, pink, lilac, orange or colourless; colourless in transmitted light.
Hardness:
4½ - 5 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Very brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {0001}, perfect.
On {0001}, perfect.
Density:
3.26 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.29 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Goyazite
Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 1.620 - 1.635 nε = 1.630 - 1.651
2V:
Measured: 30°
Birefringence:
0.013
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.010
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
Thick grains (Ukraine):
O = Light pink
E = Pale Yellow, Pale green
O = Light pink
E = Pale Yellow, Pale green
Comments:
May be anomously biaxial, sectored.
Chemistry of Goyazite
Mindat Formula:
SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Common Impurities:
Ba,F
Crystallography of Goyazite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m (3 2/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Space Group:
R3m
Setting:
R3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.015 Å, c = 16.558 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 2.36
Unit Cell V:
705.66 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
3
Morphology:
Crystals rhombohedral, up to 2 cm, pseudocubic or flattened on {0001}, with {1012} striated (?) [0001], {2021}, {0111}, small {0001}, rarely paper thin plates with large {0001}; may be composite; massive, in detrital pebbles (favas) and grains.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0014430 | Goyazite | Kato T (1987) Further refinement of the goyazite structure Mineralogical Journal 13 390-396 |  | 1987 | Palermo mine, North Groton, New Hampshire, USA | 0 | 293 |
| 0014742 | Goyazite | Kato T (1971) The crystal structures of goyazite and woodhousite Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1971 241-247 | 1971 | Palermo mine, North Groton, New Hampshire, USA | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 5.704 Å | (65) |
| 3.511 Å | (40) |
| 2.991 Å | (13) |
| 2.965 Å | (100) |
| 2.765 Å | (20) |
| 2.209 Å | (45) |
| 1.903 Å | (20) |
Comments:
ICDD 34-152
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
| 9 : Lava/xenolith minerals (hornfels, sanidinite facies) | |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| 26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
| High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| 36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 42 : Sea-floor Mn nodules | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 48 : Soil leaching zone minerals | <0.6 |
Geological Setting:
Granitic pegmatites; hydrothermal argillic alteration zones; in kaolinitic claystones derived from air-fall volcanic tuffs; sedimentary phosphate deposits, carbonatites; detrital deposits, including diamantiferous sands.
Type Occurrence of Goyazite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Small rounded grains 1-5 mm in diameter.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Placer nodules
Reference:
Damour, A. (1884) Note sur un nouveau phosphate d'alumine et de chaux, des terrains diamantifères. Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie: 7: 204-205.
Synonyms of Goyazite
Other Language Names for Goyazite
Varieties of Goyazite
| Barium-bearing Goyazite | A barian variety of Goyazite. |
Relationship of Goyazite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Benauite | SrFe3+3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Crandallite | CaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Eylettersite | Th0.75Al3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Florencite-(Ce) | CeAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Florencite-(La) | LaAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Florencite-(Nd) | NdAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Florencite-(Sm) | SmAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Galloplumbogummite | Pb(Ga,Al,Ge)3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Gorceixite | BaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 | Mon. m : Bm |
| Kintoreite | PbFe3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Kintoreite-2c | PbFe3+3(PO4)2(OH,H2O)6 | |
| Plumbogummite | PbAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Springcreekite | BaV3+3(PO4)2(OH,H2O)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| UM2006-23-PO:AlBiCaFeH | (Ca,Bi)(Fe,Al)3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 | |
| Unnamed (As-analogue of Zaïrite) | (Bi,Pb)Fe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)6 | |
| Waylandite | BiAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Zaïrite | BiFe3+3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 39 photos of Goyazite associated with Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| 33 photos of Goyazite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 31 photos of Goyazite associated with Wardite | NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| 17 photos of Goyazite associated with Siderite | FeCO3 |
| 16 photos of Goyazite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 13 photos of Goyazite associated with Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| 12 photos of Goyazite associated with Palermoite | (Li,Na)2(Sr,Ca)Al4(PO4)4(OH)4 |
| 10 photos of Goyazite associated with Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| 9 photos of Goyazite associated with Hydroxylherderite | CaBe(PO4)(OH) |
| 7 photos of Goyazite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.BL. | Graulichite-(La) | LaFe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL. | Oberwolfachite | SrFe3+3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL. | Kiryuite | NaMnAl(PO4)F3 |
| 8.BL. | Cloudite | BaFe3+3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Beudantite | PbFe3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Corkite | PbFe3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Hidalgoite | PbAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Hinsdalite | PbAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Kemmlitzite | SrAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Svanbergite | SrAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Weilerite | BaAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Woodhouseite | CaAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Gallobeudantite | PbGa3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | UM2011-07-POSO:AlBaH | BaAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Arsenogoyazite | SrAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Arsenogorceixite | BaAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Arsenocrandallite | CaAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Benauite | SrFe3+3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Crandallite | CaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Dussertite | BaFe3+3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Eylettersite | Th0.75Al3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Gorceixite | BaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Kintoreite | PbFe3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Philipsbornite | PbAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Plumbogummite | PbAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Segnitite | PbFe3+3AsO4(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 va | Viséite | |
| 8.BL.10 | Springcreekite | BaV3+3(PO4)2(OH,H2O)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Galloplumbogummite | Pb(Ga,Al,Ge)3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Arsenoflorencite-(La) | LaAl3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Arsenoflorencite-(Nd) | NdAl3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Arsenoflorencite-(Ce) | CeAl3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Florencite-(Ce) | CeAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Florencite-(La) | LaAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Florencite-(Nd) | NdAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Waylandite | BiAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Zaïrite | BiFe3+3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Arsenowaylandite | BiAl3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Graulichite-(Ce) | CeFe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Florencite-(Sm) | SmAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Unnamed (As-analogue of Zaïrite) | (Bi,Pb)Fe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.15 | Viitaniemiite | Na(Ca,Mn2+)Al(PO4)(F,OH)3 |
| 8.BL.25 | Pattersonite | PbFe3+3(PO4)2(OH)5 · H2O |
Fluorescence of Goyazite
Not Fluorescent
Other Information
Notes:
Slowly soluble in acids.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Goyazite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1787.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Goyazite
Reference List:
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin Vol. 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.82
Localities for Goyazite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Colombo et al. (2011) |
| Slater (2016) |
| Galliski et al. (2012) |
| Galliski et al. (2012) | |
Australia | |
| Hurtig et al. (2014) |
| Noble |
| Eagle et al. (2015) |
| Eagle (2009) | |
| Personally collected by Ryan Eagle in ... | |
| Lottermoser (1987) |
| Peter Downes |
Austria | |
| Walter et al. (2020) |
| Walter et al. (2020) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| G.Blaß (2000) |
| Pichler (2009) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2021) |
| Brandstätter et al. (2013) |
| Auer (2019) |
| PUTZ et al. (2004) |
| F. Bernhard et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| SEM-EDS on polished section | |
| Bernhard (1998) | |
| Bernhard (2006, 2010) |
| |
| Hollerer (1999) |
| Bernhard (1996) |
Belgium | |
| Blondieau et al. (2016) |
Bolivia | |
| Analyses by Dr. Anthony Kampf on Los ... +1 other reference |
| Schultz et al. (2004) | |
| Dipl. Min. M. Schaeffer |
| Salomon Rivas and Federico Ahlfeld: Los Minerales de Bolivia y sus Parajes (Santa Cruz, 1998) |
Brazil | |
| Franz et al. (2014) |
| database and grade and tonnage models: ... +1 other reference |
| Orris et al. (2002) | |
| Berger et al. (2009) | |
| database and grade and tonnage models: ... +1 other reference |
| Sioeira et al. (1982) |
| database and grade and tonnage models: ... +3 other references |
| Waber (1991) |
| Damour (1884) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Diamond News +1 other reference | |
| www.simkevmicromounts.com (n.d.) |
| ... |
| Waber (1991) |
| Rev. Esc. Minas vol.57 no.4 Ouro Preto ... |
| White (1981) +1 other reference |
| Manfredi (2013) |
Burundi | |
| Berger et al. (2009) |
Canada | |
| Chakhmouradian et al. (2015) |
| Ercit et al. (2010) |
| Kontak (2004) |
| ALEXANDRE et al. (2012) |
| Cloutier et al. (2009) | |
| Robinson et al. (1992) |
| 150-152. +2 other references | |
| Collected by Rod Tyson | |
| Mineralogical Record v.23 |
| Robinson et al. (1992) | |
China | |
| Zou et al. (2014) |
| Rao +6 other references |
| Bingwu Chu and Chunfang Zhao (2000) |
| Shifeng Dai et al. (2006) |
| Yuan et al. (2019) |
| Yang et al. (2016) |
| Zhang et al. (2022) |
| YANG et al. (2014) |
| Chen et al. (2022) |
| Shen Zhongyue and Ye Ying (1996) |
Czech Republic | |
| Moravec +4 other references |
| Breiter K. |
| Sejkora et al. (2021) |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) | |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) |
| Scharm +7 other references |
| Dolníček et al. (2023) |
| Masau +2 other references |
| Pauliš P et al. (2020) |
| Novák |
| Novák +4 other references |
DR Congo | |
| Van Wambeke (1958) +1 other reference |
Europe | |
| Sejkora et al. (2009) |
Finland | |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
France | |
| Queneau (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Uwe Kolitsch (SEM-EDS) +1 other reference |
| Moëlo et al. (2006) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| 58. +1 other reference |
| Lapis (7/8) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Dill (2009) |
| Dill H.G.: "Mineralogical and chemical ... | |
| Mücke et al. (2011) | |
| H. G. Dill (1995) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Witzke et al. (2013) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| Möckel (2000) |
Indonesia | |
| doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13179.41767 +1 other reference |
| Hakim (2017) | |
Iran | |
| Sinisi R. et al. (2019) |
Italy | |
| Bracco et al. (2007) |
| Bracco R. (2016) |
| Cortesogno L. et al. (1987) +2 other references |
| Bracco R. (2016) | |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
| Lapis (10) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Morteani et al. (1996) |
| Folie et al. (2010) | |
| D'Angeli et al. (2018) |
Japan | |
| Shirose et al. (2014) |
| Nishio-Hamane et al. (2023) |
| Matsubara et al. (1998) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Kenya | |
| Berger et al. (2009) |
Madagascar | |
| Ackermand et al. (2006) |
| Ackermand et al. (2006) | |
| Morteani et al. (2006) |
Malawi | |
| Wall et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Dowman et al. (2017) |
Namibia | |
| in the collection of Joachim Esche |
| E. Schnaitmann et al. (2008) | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Jahn et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
Poland | |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) |
| Grabarczyk et al. (2022) |
| Kruszewski et al. (2019) |
| Kruszewski et al. (2018) |
| Migaszewski et al. (2007) | |
Portugal | |
| Figueiras +9 other references |
| Cathelineau et al. (2024) |
| Maijer 1965 |
| Dias P et al. (2014) |
| Martins et al. (2011) |
Romania | |
| Hirtopanu (2006) |
| Ed.:Szakáll S.-Kristály ... +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| Izbrodin et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Dubinina et al. (2011, July) |
| Nikulova et al. (2022) |
| Subbotin et al. (1998) |
| Zhitova et al. (2019) |
| Liferovich et al. (1998) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| S.M. Kravchenko and B.G. Pokrovsky +1 other reference |
| Lazareva et al. (2015) | |
Serbia | |
| abstract in Mitt. Österr. Mineral. ... +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| Petrik et al. (2011) |
| Rojkovič (1999) |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Pauliš P. | |
| Uher P. et al. (2009) |
| Uher P. et al. (2009) |
| Uher P. et al. (2009) |
South Africa | |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| USGS Open File report 02-189 |
Spain | |
| Garate-Olave et al. (2020) |
| Viñals et al. (2011) |
| Canosa et al. (2011) |
| Roza Llera +3 other references |
Sweden | |
| Larsson (1996) +1 other reference |
Switzerland | |
| Soom et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Antognoni M. et al. (2021) |
| Antognoni M. et al. (2021) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| van der Burgt +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Günter Frenz collection (Raman-analysed) +3 other references | |
Tanzania | |
| Mgonde (1994) |
| McKie (1962) |
Tunisia | |
| Dill |
Uganda | |
| Oleg von Knorring (1979) |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Livingstone et al. (1983) | |
Ukraine | |
| Chukhrov F.V. et al. (1987) |
| Belous et al. (1984) |
| Pitrovskaya (1939) +1 other reference |
| Pitrovskaya (1939) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Howard (1987) +1 other reference |
| ... |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| USGS Bull 583 +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min. (2007) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Collector's Edge Minerals Inc |
| Min News 20:9 pp1 | |
| King (2000) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Mineral News (1994) +2 other references |
| Gunnar Bjareby |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Thompson et al. (1998) |
| Hidden (1890) +2 other references |
| Gammons et al. (2020) |
| P. Cristofono et al. (2011) |
| Rocks & Minerals. Vol. 65 |
| Palache et al. (1951) +4 other references | |
| Journal of Pegmatology vol. 1 +2 other references | |
| Smith (2005) +1 other reference |
| Jerry Cone Collection |
| U.S Bureau of Mines (MAS/MILS) |
| Rocks & Minerals: 60: 117. |
| Campbell et al. (1985) |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Smith et al. (2000) | |
| Loomis (2011) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Wilson (2010) | |
| Bernstein (1986) |
| Kearns et al. (2004) |
| Kearns et al. (3) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Van Rythoven et al. (2020) |
| Hutchinson et al. (2022) | |
Uzbekistan | |
| Mineraly Uzbekistana (Minerals of the Uzbekistan) |
Venezuela | |
| PARTS (1981) |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
Vietnam | |
| Dinh et al. (2016) |
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White Cap Mine, Keystone, Keystone Mining District, Pennington County, South Dakota, USA