Grossular
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Mark Kucera
About Grossular
Formula:
Ca3Al2(SiO4)3
Colour:
Brown, orange, red, yellow, green, white, colorless, pink
Lustre:
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous
Hardness:
6½ - 7
Specific Gravity:
3.594
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Name:
Originally named "cinnamon stone" ("Kanelstein" in German) in 1803 by Abraham Gottlob Werner and renamed grossularite by Werner in 1808. Named for the color of gooseberries (Ribes grossularium) as the original specimens were this color.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1755
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1755:4
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
a07379a9-1278-4a21-90b3-e93b735862b4
IMA Classification of Grossular
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Grossular
9.AD.25
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
D : Nesosilicates without additional anions; cations in [6] and/or greater coordination
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
D : Nesosilicates without additional anions; cations in [6] and/or greater coordination
51.4.3b.2
51 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups Only
4 : Insular SiO4 Groups Only with cations in [6] and >[6] coordination
51 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups Only
4 : Insular SiO4 Groups Only with cations in [6] and >[6] coordination
16.9.6
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
9 : Aluminosilicates of Ca
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
9 : Aluminosilicates of Ca
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Grs | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Grs | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
Grs | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Grs | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Grossular
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Brown, orange, red, yellow, green, white, colorless, pink
Comment:
Colorless when pure (rare), commonly red orange to brown.
Streak:
White to pale Brownish white
Hardness:
6½ - 7 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
None Observed
Parting:
Rarely observed on {110}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
3.594 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.594 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Grossular
Type:
Isotropic
RI values:
n = 1.731 - 1.754
Birefringence:
0.0-0.005
Surface Relief:
High
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Comments:
Weak strain birefringence
Chemistry of Grossular
Mindat Formula:
Ca3Al2(SiO4)3
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Cr
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TiO2 | 0.27 % | 0.34 % | 00.10 % | 0.11 % | % | 0.15 % | 0.19 % | 0.72 % | % | % | 0.17 % |
Al2O3 | 21.02 % | 21.14 % | 22.40 % | 16.05 % | 21.31 % | 18.33 % | 18.31 % | 10.09 % | 10.77 % | 12.00 % | 13.46 % |
Fe2O3 | 0.32 % | 1.85 % | 0.00 % | 2.51 % | 0 % | 6.42 % | 4.69 % | 2.01 % | 1.89 % | 2.47 % | 9.07 % |
Cr2O3 | 0.09 % | 0 % | % | 6.35 % | % | 0 % | 0 % | 13.92 % | 14.97 % | 12.25 % | % |
MnO | 0.31 % | 0.10 % | 0.60 % | 1.1 % | 9.44 % | 35.63 % | 2.08 % | 0.31 % | 0 % | 0 % | 0.42 % |
MgO | 0.26 % | 0.27 % | % | 0 % | 0.36 % | % | 0 % | 0.15 % | 0.48 % | 0.20 % | 0 % |
CaO | 37.53 % | 36.49 % | 37.07 % | 35.24 % | 17.2 % | % | 32.87 % | 33.62 % | 33.08 % | 34.04 % | 33.57 % |
V2O3 | 0.61 % | 0.19 % | % | % | % | % | 0 % | 0.45 % | % | % | % |
SiO2 | 39.2 % | 39.47 % | 38.09 % | 39.17 % | 38.26 % | 39.79 % | 39.3 % | 36.37 % | 38.40 % | 38.68 % | 38.8 % |
FeO | % | 0.12 % | 00.63 % | 0 % | 13.45 % | % | 2.62 % | 0 % | % | % | 3.1 % |
Na2O | % | 0.01 % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | 0.02 % |
K2O | % | 0 % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % |
H2O | % | % | 00.10 % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | 0.08 % |
Total: | 99.61 % | 99.98 % | 98.99 % | 100.53 % | 100.02 % | 100.32 % | 100.06 % | 97.64 % | 99.59 % | 99.64 % | 98.69 % |
Empirical formulas:
Sample ID | Empirical Formula |
---|---|
9 | (Ca2.8,Mg0.06,Fe0.05)2.91(Al1.00,Cr0.94,Fe0.06)2 (SiO4)3.034 |
10 | Ca2.87,Mg0.02,Fe0.02)2.91(Al1.11,Cr0.76,Fe0.13)2 (SiO4)3.04 |
Sample references:
ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Sør Rondane Mountains, Queen Maud Land, Eastern Antarctica, Antarctica | Sample: Green (tsavorite) porphyroblast Method: Microprobe | |
2 | Itrafo, Ampanivana area, Andrembesoa, Betafo District, Vakinankaratra, Madagascar | Sample: Brown-green crystal. Method: JEOL JXA-8200 electron microprobe in wavelength-dispersive mode under the following conditions: 15 kV accelerating voltage, 15 nA beam current, and count times of 60 seconds on peaks and 30 seconds on the background. The following standards were used: natural grossular (for Si and Ca),banorthite (Al), fayalite (Fe), olivine (Mg), rhodonite(Mn), omphacite (Na), ilmenite (Ti), K-feldspar (K), and pure V and Cr for those elements. The raw data were corrected for matrix effects using a conventional ΦρZ routine in the JEOL software package. | |
3 | Jeffrey Mine, Val-des-Sources, Les Sources RCM, Estrie, Québec, Canada | Sample: Light brown and pale orange coloured crystal. Method: Electron-probe micro-analyses were performed with a HITACHI X-569S microprobe operating at an accelerating voltage of 15 kV and a beam current of 15 nA | |
4 | " " | Sample: Green crystal Method: The samples were analyzed using an ARLSEMQ electron microprobe using an operating voltage of 15 kV and an aperture current from a beam surrent monitor of 0.15 uA. The data were corrected for background effects, backscatter, absorption and absorption ,using Bence-Albee factors. The standard used for the chromite analyses was an analyzed chromite. The standards for the garnet analyses were: chromite for chromium, manganite for manganesea, magnesian ferrian grossular for aluminum and silicon, hornblende for iron, magnesium, titanium, potassium and calcium, and NBS stainless steel for nickel. | |
5 | Wazuka-cho, Soraku District, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan | Sample: An intermediate grossular, almandine, spessartine composition from a metamorphosed marl. | |
6 | Bellecombe, Châtillon, Aosta Valley, Italy | Sample: Red euhedral grossular (hessonite) crystals associated with clinochlore from rodingite. Method: Quantitative chemical compositions, line scans, backscattered electron (BSE) images, and X-ray elemental maps were collected with a JEOL JXA-8200 WD-ED electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA). The JEOL operating program on a Solaris platform was used for ZAF (atomic number, Z; absorption, A; fluorescence, F) correction and data reduction | |
7 | Saranovskii Mine, Sarany, Gornozavodskii District, Perm Krai, Russia | Gr76.83 Alm5.59 Sps4.50And12.57CaTi0.51 | |
8 | " " | Grs46.35uv42,9prp0.61sps0.72and5.90CaTi2.11glm1.41 | |
9 | Luikonlahti Mine, Kaavi, North Savo, Finland | Sample from pyrrhotite/diopside/garnet ore. Wet chemical analysis. | |
10 | " " | Sample from pyrrhotite-garnet quartzite. Wet chemical analysis | |
11 | Green Dragon Mine, Tubussis Farm 22, Dâures Constituency, Erongo Region, Namibia | EMPA analysis of a zoned crystal with an andradite core and grossular rim. This analysis is from the garnet rim. The analysis was performed using a Cameca SX100 electron microprobe at the Research School of Earth Sciences (RSES), the Australian National University (ANU) with operating conditions of 15 kV acceleration voltage, and 20 nA beam current focused to 1 mm. Natural and synthetic minerals were used as standards. Fe valence states is calculted. |
Crystallography of Grossular
Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
m3m (4/m 3 2/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:
Ia3d
Cell Parameters:
a = 11.851 Å
Unit Cell V:
1,664.43 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Dodecahedra or trapezohedra, granular, compact, massive. May have hexoctahedral faces. Rarely tetrahexahedral or octahedral.
Twinning:
Not observed
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0000242 | Grossular | Novak G A, Gibbs G V (1971) The crystal chemistry of the silicate garnets sample Mn-Gr American Mineralogist 56 791-825 | 1971 | unknown | 0 | 293 | |
0000243 | Grossular | Novak G A, Gibbs G V (1971) The crystal chemistry of the silicate garnets sample Gr American Mineralogist 56 791-825 | 1971 | Asbestos, Quebec, Canada | 0 | 293 | |
0000450 | Grossular | Meagher E P (1975) The crystal structures of pyrope and grossularite at elevated temperatures garnet American Mineralogist 60 218-228 | 1975 | 0 | 298 | ||
0000451 | Grossular | Meagher E P (1975) The crystal structures of pyrope and grossularite at elevated temperatures garnet American Mineralogist 60 218-228 | 1975 | 0 | 638 | ||
0000452 | Grossular | Meagher E P (1975) The crystal structures of pyrope and grossularite at elevated temperatures garnet American Mineralogist 60 218-228 | 1975 | 0 | 948 | ||
0000634 | Grossular | Hazen R M, Finger L W (1978) Crystal structures and compressibilities of pyrope and grossular to 60 kbar American Mineralogist 63 297-303 | 1978 | Georgetown, California, USA | 0 | 293 | |
0000635 | Grossular | Hazen R M, Finger L W (1978) Crystal structures and compressibilities of pyrope and grossular to 60 kbar American Mineralogist 63 297-303 | 1978 | Georgetown, California, USA | 1.9 | 293 | |
0000636 | Grossular | Hazen R M, Finger L W (1978) Crystal structures and compressibilities of pyrope and grossular to 60 kbar American Mineralogist 63 297-303 | 1978 | Georgetown, California, USA | 3.5 | 293 | |
0000637 | Grossular | Hazen R M, Finger L W (1978) Crystal structures and compressibilities of pyrope and grossular to 60 kbar American Mineralogist 63 297-303 | 1978 | Georgetown, California, USA | 6.1 | 293 | |
0001109 | Grossular | Lager G A, Rossman G R, Rotella F J, Schultz A J (1987) Neutron-diffraction structure of a low-water grossular at 20K American Mineralogist 72 766-768 | 1987 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001147 | Grossular | Allen F M, Buseck P R (1988) XRD, FTIR, and TEM studies of optically anisotropic grossular garnets American Mineralogist 73 568-584 | 1988 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001148 | Grossular | Allen F M, Buseck P R (1988) XRD, FTIR, and TEM studies of optically anisotropic grossular garnets American Mineralogist 73 568-584 | 1988 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001567 | Grossular | Ganguly J, Cheng W, O'Neill H St C (1993) Syntheses, volume, and structural changes of garnets in the pyrope-grossular join: Implications for stability and mixing properties Sample JW22 American Mineralogist 78 583-593 | 1993 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001568 | Grossular | Ganguly J, Cheng W, O'Neill H St C (1993) Syntheses, volume, and structural changes of garnets in the pyrope-grossular join: Implications for stability and mixing properties Sample JW3 American Mineralogist 78 583-593 | 1993 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001569 | Grossular | Ganguly J, Cheng W, O'Neill H St C (1993) Syntheses, volume, and structural changes of garnets in the pyrope-grossular join: Implications for stability and mixing properties Sample JW15 American Mineralogist 78 583-593 | 1993 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001570 | Grossular | Ganguly J, Cheng W, O'Neill H St C (1993) Syntheses, volume, and structural changes of garnets in the pyrope-grossular join: Implications for stability and mixing properties Sample JW11 American Mineralogist 78 583-593 | 1993 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001923 | Grossular | Geiger C A, Armbruster T (1997) Mn3Al2Si3O12 spessartine and Ca3Al2Si3O12 grossular garnet: Structural dynamics and thermodynamic properties American Mineralogist 82 740-747 | 1997 | 0 | 100 | ||
0001924 | Grossular | Geiger C A, Armbruster T (1997) Mn3Al2Si3O12 spessartine and Ca3Al2Si3O12 grossular garnet: Structural dynamics and thermodynamic properties American Mineralogist 82 740-747 | 1997 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001925 | Grossular | Geiger C A, Armbruster T (1997) Mn3Al2Si3O12 spessartine and Ca3Al2Si3O12 grossular garnet: Structural dynamics and thermodynamic properties American Mineralogist 82 740-747 | 1997 | 0 | 550 | ||
0001926 | Grossular | Geiger C A, Armbruster T (1997) Mn3Al2Si3O12 spessartine and Ca3Al2Si3O12 grossular garnet: Structural dynamics and thermodynamic properties American Mineralogist 82 740-747 | 1997 | 0 | 100 | ||
0001927 | Grossular | Geiger C A, Armbruster T (1997) Mn3Al2Si3O12 spessartine and Ca3Al2Si3O12 grossular garnet: Structural dynamics and thermodynamic properties American Mineralogist 82 740-747 | 1997 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001928 | Grossular | Geiger C A, Armbruster T (1997) Mn3Al2Si3O12 spessartine and Ca3Al2Si3O12 grossular garnet: Structural dynamics and thermodynamic properties American Mineralogist 82 740-747 | 1997 | 0 | 500 | ||
0002766 | Grossular | Rodehorst U, Geiger C A, Armbruster T (2002) The crystal structures of grossular and spessartine between 100 and 600 K and the crystal chemistry of grossular-spessartine solid solutions American Mineralogist 87 542-549 | 2002 | 0 | 293 | ||
0002767 | Grossular | Rodehorst U, Geiger C A, Armbruster T (2002) The crystal structures of grossular and spessartine between 100 and 600 K and the crystal chemistry of grossular-spessartine solid solutions American Mineralogist 87 542-549 | 2002 | 0 | 293 | ||
0002768 | Grossular | Rodehorst U, Geiger C A, Armbruster T (2002) The crystal structures of grossular and spessartine between 100 and 600 K and the crystal chemistry of grossular-spessartine solid solutions American Mineralogist 87 542-549 | 2002 | 0 | 293 | ||
0002769 | Grossular | Rodehorst U, Geiger C A, Armbruster T (2002) The crystal structures of grossular and spessartine between 100 and 600 K and the crystal chemistry of grossular-spessartine solid solutions American Mineralogist 87 542-549 | 2002 | 0 | 293 | ||
0002770 | Grossular | Rodehorst U, Geiger C A, Armbruster T (2002) The crystal structures of grossular and spessartine between 100 and 600 K and the crystal chemistry of grossular-spessartine solid solutions American Mineralogist 87 542-549 | 2002 | 0 | 293 | ||
0002771 | Grossular | Rodehorst U, Geiger C A, Armbruster T (2002) The crystal structures of grossular and spessartine between 100 and 600 K and the crystal chemistry of grossular-spessartine solid solutions American Mineralogist 87 542-549 | 2002 | 0 | 293 | ||
0002772 | Grossular | Rodehorst U, Geiger C A, Armbruster T (2002) The crystal structures of grossular and spessartine between 100 and 600 K and the crystal chemistry of grossular-spessartine solid solutions American Mineralogist 87 542-549 | 2002 | 0 | 293 | ||
0002773 | Grossular | Rodehorst U, Geiger C A, Armbruster T (2002) The crystal structures of grossular and spessartine between 100 and 600 K and the crystal chemistry of grossular-spessartine solid solutions American Mineralogist 87 542-549 | 2002 | 0 | 293 | ||
0002774 | Grossular | Rodehorst U, Geiger C A, Armbruster T (2002) The crystal structures of grossular and spessartine between 100 and 600 K and the crystal chemistry of grossular-spessartine solid solutions American Mineralogist 87 542-549 | 2002 | 0 | 293 | ||
0002775 | Grossular | Rodehorst U, Geiger C A, Armbruster T (2002) The crystal structures of grossular and spessartine between 100 and 600 K and the crystal chemistry of grossular-spessartine solid solutions American Mineralogist 87 542-549 | 2002 | 0 | 293 | ||
0020173 | Grossular | Antao S M (2013) Is near-endmember birefringent grossular non-cubic? New evidence from synchrotron diffraction The Canadian Mineralogist 51 771-784 | 2013 | Jeffrey mine, Asbestos, Canada | 0 | 293 | |
0020174 | Grossular | Antao S M (2013) Is near-endmember birefringent grossular non-cubic? New evidence from synchrotron diffraction The Canadian Mineralogist 51 771-784 | 2013 | Jeffrey mine, Asbestos, Canada | 0 | 293 | |
0020175 | Grossular | Antao S M (2013) Is near-endmember birefringent grossular non-cubic? New evidence from synchrotron diffraction The Canadian Mineralogist 51 771-784 | 2013 | Jeffrey mine, Asbestos, Canada | 0 | 293 | |
0020176 | Grossular | Antao S M (2013) Is near-endmember birefringent grossular non-cubic? New evidence from synchrotron diffraction The Canadian Mineralogist 51 771-784 | 2013 | Jeffrey mine, Asbestos, Canada | 0 | 293 | |
0020177 | Grossular | Antao S M (2013) Is near-endmember birefringent grossular non-cubic? New evidence from synchrotron diffraction The Canadian Mineralogist 51 771-784 | 2013 | Tanzania | 0 | 293 | |
0020178 | Grossular | Antao S M (2013) Is near-endmember birefringent grossular non-cubic? New evidence from synchrotron diffraction The Canadian Mineralogist 51 771-784 | 2013 | Tanzania | 0 | 293 | |
0020179 | Grossular | Antao S M (2013) Is near-endmember birefringent grossular non-cubic? New evidence from synchrotron diffraction The Canadian Mineralogist 51 771-784 | 2013 | Laghman, Afghanistan | 0 | 293 | |
0007369 | Grossular | Arni R, Langer K, Tillmanns E (1985) Mn3+ in garnets III. Absence of Jahn-Teller distortion in synthetic Mn3+ -bearing garnet Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 12 279-282 | 1985 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007905 | Grossular | Quartieri S, Chaboy J, Merli M, Oberti R, Ungaretti L (1995) Local structural environment of calcium in garnets: A combined structure-refinement and XANES investigation Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 22 159-169 | 1995 | Voltri, Liguria, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
0007906 | Grossular | Quartieri S, Chaboy J, Merli M, Oberti R, Ungaretti L (1995) Local structural environment of calcium in garnets: A combined structure-refinement and XANES investigation Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 22 159-169 | 1995 | Bric Canizzi, Liguria, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
0007907 | Grossular | Quartieri S, Chaboy J, Merli M, Oberti R, Ungaretti L (1995) Local structural environment of calcium in garnets: A combined structure-refinement and XANES investigation Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 22 159-169 | 1995 | Val di Fassa, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
0010465 | Grossular | Resende J A L C, Fernandes N G (2005) X-ray powder refinement of a natural garnet from Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil Acta Crystallographica E61 i265-i267 | 2005 | Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 293 | |
0017956 | Grossular | Menzer G (1926) Die Kristallstruktur von Granat. _cod_database_code 1011055 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 63 157-158 | 1926 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Image Loading
Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
2.959 Å | (25) |
2.647 Å | (100) |
2.417 Å | (20) |
2.321 Å | (18) |
1.921 Å | (25) |
1.643 Å | (25) |
1.581 Å | (50) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
10 : Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals | |
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | |
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) | |
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) |
Geological Setting:
Contact and regionally metamorphosed calcareous rocks.
Rodingites
Rodingites
Type Occurrence of Grossular
Synonyms of Grossular
Other Language Names for Grossular
Dutch:Grossulaar
French:Grossulaire
Wilouite
Wilouite
Hungarian:Grosszulár
Italian:Grossularia
Japanese:灰礬柘榴石
Lithuanian:Grosuliaras
Polish:Grossular
Russian:Гроссуляр
Ukrainian:Гросуляр
Varieties of Grossular
Caswellite | A waxy to resinous material with a foliated appearance and derived from the hydrothermal alteration and replacement of hendricksite mica in the Franklin ore body, Franklin, New Jersey, USA. Both hendricksite and vesuvianite occurred intimately together an... |
Chrome-bearing Grossular | Note: Chrome-bearing rather than chromian is the preferred adjectival modifier recommended by the IMA (Bayliss et al. 2005). Green, more or less chrome-bearing to -rich variety of grossular, often confused with uvarovite. |
Gooseberry Stone | A yellowish-green variety of grossular. |
Hessonite | A gemmy, more or less orange (due to small iron content in the form of Fe3+) variety of Grossular garnet. |
Hibschite | A variety of grossular with part of the orthosilicate ions replaced by hydroxide ions. Previously considered by some to be a discrete mineral species itself. The end-member composition is called katoite. Hibschite is now an informal intermediate composit... |
Hydrogrossular | A general term for OH-bearing garnet compositions from the grossular-dominant portion of the grossular-katoite series (see also hibschite). |
Leuco garnet | Colourless variety of grossular. |
Leukogranat | Colourless variety of grossular. |
Magnesium-bearing Grossular | A Mg-bearing grossular. |
Manganese-bearing Grossular | |
Plazolite | A hydrous variety of grossular, like "hibschite" and "hydrogrossular". |
Rosolite | A rose-pink variety of grossular. |
Stannoan Grossular | A Sn-bearing (stanniferous) variety of grossular. |
Transvaal Jade | An obsolete term for (usually) green massive grossular (often regarded as 'hydrogrossular' but this may be due to impurities) used as a jade simulant. The massive material may also contain zoisite. The original material from the Transvaal (South Africa) ... |
Tsavorite | A trade name for a green Cr- and V-bearing variety of grossular. Major occurrences are in Kenya and Tanzania. Five chemical types were recognized for the Neoproterozoic Metamorphic Mozambique Belt material (Feynerol et al., 2013, 2017: - vanadian grossul... |
Relationship of Grossular to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Almandine | Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d |
Andradite | Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d |
Blythite | Mn2+3Mn3+2[SiO4]3 | |
Calderite | Mn2+3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d |
Eringaite | Ca3Sc2(SiO4)3 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d |
Goldmanite | Ca3V3+2(SiO4)3 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d |
Khoharite | Mg3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 | |
Knorringite | Mg3Cr2(SiO4)3 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d |
Majorite | Mg3(MgSi)(SiO4)3 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d |
Menzerite-(Y) | (Y2Ca)Mg2(SiO4)3 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d |
Momoiite | Mn2+3V3+2(SiO4)3 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d |
Morimotoite | Ca3(TiFe2+)(SiO4)3 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d |
Pyrope | Mg3Al2(SiO4)3 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d |
Skiagite | Fe2+3Fe3+2[SiO4]3 | |
Spessartine | Mn2+3Al2(SiO4)3 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d |
Uvarovite | Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
1,021 photos of Grossular associated with Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
309 photos of Grossular associated with Vesuvianite | Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
301 photos of Grossular associated with Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
209 photos of Grossular associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
154 photos of Grossular associated with Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
147 photos of Grossular associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
88 photos of Grossular associated with Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
64 photos of Grossular associated with Wollastonite | Ca3(Si3O9) |
59 photos of Grossular associated with Pectolite | NaCa2Si3O8(OH) |
41 photos of Grossular associated with Clinozoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
9.AD. | Adrianite | Ca12(Al4Mg3Si7)O32Cl6 |
9.AD.05 | Larnite | Ca2SiO4 |
9.AD.10 | Calcio-olivine | Ca2SiO4 |
9.AD.15 | Merwinite | Ca3Mg(SiO4)2 |
9.AD.20 | Bredigite | Ca7Mg(SiO4)4 |
9.AD.25 | Andradite | Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 |
9.AD.25 | Almandine | Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3 |
9.AD.25 | Calderite | Mn2+3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 |
9.AD.25 | Goldmanite | Ca3V3+2(SiO4)3 |
9.AD.25 | Henritermierite | Ca3Mn3+2(SiO4)2[◻(OH)4] |
9.AD.25 | Kimzeyite | Ca3Zr2(SiO4)(AlO4)2 |
9.AD.25 | Knorringite | Mg3Cr2(SiO4)3 |
9.AD.25 | Majorite | Mg3(MgSi)(SiO4)3 |
9.AD.25 | Morimotoite | Ca3(TiFe2+)(SiO4)3 |
9.AD.25 | Pyrope | Mg3Al2(SiO4)3 |
9.AD.25 | Schorlomite | Ca3Ti2(SiO4)(Fe3+O4)2 |
9.AD.25 | Spessartine | Mn2+3Al2(SiO4)3 |
9.AD.25 | Uvarovite | Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3 |
9.AD.25 | Wadalite | (Ca,Mg)6(Al,Fe3+)4((Si,Al)O4)3O4Cl3 |
9.AD.25 va | Hydrougrandite | (Ca,Mg,Fe2+)3(Fe3+,Al)2[(OH)4(SiO4)2] |
9.AD.25 va | Yamatoite | (Mn2+,Ca)3(V3+,Al)2(SiO4)3 |
9.AD.25 | Holtstamite | Ca3Al2(SiO4)2[◻(OH)4] |
9.AD.25 | Khoharite | Mg3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 |
9.AD.25 | Kerimasite | Ca3Zr2(SiO4)(Fe3+O4)2 |
9.AD.25 | Toturite | Ca3Sn2(SiO4)(Fe3+O4)2 |
9.AD.25 | Momoiite | Mn2+3V3+2(SiO4)3 |
9.AD.25 | Eringaite | Ca3Sc2(SiO4)3 |
9.AD.25 | Irinarassite | Ca3Sn2(SiO4)(AlO4)2 |
9.AD.25 | Menzerite-(Y) | (Y2Ca)Mg2(SiO4)3 |
9.AD.25 | Eltyubyuite | Ca12Fe3+10Si4O32Cl6 |
9.AD.25 | Blythite | Mn2+3Mn3+2[SiO4]3 |
9.AD.25 | Skiagite | Fe2+3Fe3+2[SiO4]3 |
9.AD.25 | Hutcheonite | Ca3Ti2(SiO4)(AlO4)2 |
9.AD.25 | UM1984-37-SiO:CrMn | Mn2+3Cr3+2(SiO4)3 |
9.AD.25 | Rubinite | Ca3Ti3+2Si3O12 |
9.AD.25 | Nikmelnikovite | Ca12(Fe2+Fe3+3Al3◻)[SiO4]6[◻(OH)4]5◻4 |
9.AD.25 | Midbarite | Ca3Mg2(V2Si)O12 |
9.AD.30 va | Auerlite | near Th(Si,P)O4 |
9.AD.30 | Coffinite | U(SiO4) · nH2O |
9.AD.30 | Hafnon | HfSiO4 |
9.AD.30 | Thorite | Th(SiO4) |
9.AD.30 | Zircon | Zr(SiO4) |
9.AD.30 | Stetindite-(Ce) | Ce(SiO4) |
9.AD.35 | Huttonite | ThSiO4 |
9.AD.35 | Tombarthite-(Y) | Y4(Si,H4)4O12-x(OH)4+2x |
9.AD.40 | Eulytine | Bi4(SiO4)3 |
9.AD.45 | Reidite | ZrSiO4 |
9.AD.55 | Jeffbenite | Mg3Al2Si3O12 |
Fluorescence of Grossular
Almost always non-fluorescent; may be a weak golden yellow (LW & SW)
Some light green grossular garnets exhibit orange-red luminescence under long-wave and short-wave ultraviolet light. Results imply that chromium and manganese are the luminescence activators in grossular garnets, and vanadium is a powerful quencher.
Some light green grossular garnets exhibit orange-red luminescence under long-wave and short-wave ultraviolet light. Results imply that chromium and manganese are the luminescence activators in grossular garnets, and vanadium is a powerful quencher.
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Gem
Grossular in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Grossular
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1755.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Grossular
Localities for Grossular
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Brian Kosnar specimen |
Jose Zendrera Collection | |
| Stephen G. Peters et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
Christophe Boutry collection | |
| Bill Bunn specimen |
| Montgomery (n.d.) |
Algeria | |
| Allègre et al. (1972) +11 other references |
Antarctica | |
| Journal of Petrology et al. (7) |
| Markl et al. (1999) |
Osanai Y et al. (1990) | |
Argentina | |
| LANFRANCHINI |
| |
| Sureda et al. (2010) |
| Minerals acquired from Nelson Valenzuela |
| PONS +2 other references |
Hugo A. Peña (1970) | |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Beard et al. (2009) |
Beard et al. (2009) | |
Australia | |
| McQueen +2 other references |
| Ashley et al. (1997) |
Preliminary sulphur isotopes report. In ... +1 other reference | |
Seccombe et al. (1998) | |
| [var: Chrome-bearing Grossular] Minerals in podiform chromitites - Tumut Serpentinite Province et al. (1) |
| Oskierski et al. (2013) |
| Oberti et al. (2016) |
| Antony Burnham et al. (2018) |
| Vickery et al. (2010) |
| Dr A.R. McKinnon +1 other reference |
| Davies et al. (2003) |
| Sutherland et al. (2003) |
| Lawrence (1958) |
| ... |
| Gulson et al. (1985) |
| Worner et al. (et al) |
| Personal collecting |
| Robertson (1959) |
Robertson (1959) | |
Kojan (1982) | |
Dickson (1989) | |
revisions in 2014 by DeYoung +2 other references | |
| Williams et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Oliver et al. (1999) |
| Williams et al. (1998) |
| Poblete |
| Haupt |
Rubenach et al. (1985) +1 other reference | |
Updated list originally distributed by ... | |
| part of list University of Queensland |
| Vic Cloete (visual identification) +1 other reference |
| Mount Woods Inlier et al. (Honors thesis) +1 other reference |
| |
| G.S. Teale and A.M. Brewer (2003) |
| |
| Nikolakopoulos (2013) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
Cockerton&Tomkins | |
| Calver (2007) |
| Burchard (1977) |
| Bottrill & Taheri |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| |
| R Bottrill |
Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Kwak et al. (1988) |
| Kitto |
| Andrew Tuma collection (SEM-EDS-analysed) +1 other reference |
| Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection |
| Birch (1996) |
G.L. Morvell (1976) | |
| Eagle et al. (2017) |
| Henry (1999) |
| |
| Mueller et al. (2008) |
| Pegmatites of Western Australia +2 other references |
| D. J. Barber & R. Hutchinson (1991) |
| Ferguson (1999) |
| Simpson (1928) |
| Grguric (2003) |
| Meinert |
Austria | |
| Mörtl (2001) |
| Postl et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
Puttner (1987) | |
Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Exel (1993) |
| |
Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| F. Walter: Mitt. Öster. Miner. Ges. 137:212-216 (1992) |
Mörtl (1985) | |
| Annalen 1999 |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
Stefan (1978) +2 other references | |
| Kolitsch (2019) |
| Kolitsch (2008) |
| Götzinger (1981) |
| Peter Lamatsch collection |
| Beran et al. (1985) |
| Löffler et al. (2011) |
| Kiesewetter (2002) |
| coll. Erwin Löffler |
Löffler (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Erwin Löffler and other collections |
| Asenbaum et al. (2021) |
| Löffler et al. (2019) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
Löffler et al. (2011) | |
Löffler et al. (2011) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2022) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2023) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
Strasser (1989) | |
| Tomazic (2010) |
| Kolitsch (2008) |
| Kolitsch (2008) |
| Postl (1976) |
Postl+Moser (1988) | |
| Postl (2007) |
| Heritsch (1963) |
| Postl (1982) |
| Taucher et al. (2015) |
| Postl et al. (2021) |
| Postl et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Postl (1976) |
| Postl |
| Postl (2000) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
| Exel (1993) |
Gerd Stefanik collection | |
Schäfer (1980) +1 other reference | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
| Betts (n.d.) |
Neschen (n.d.) | |
| Collection Nestelberger |
| Exel (1993) |
| Cathrein (1887) +5 other references |
| Reiter (1982) |
Franz Pröll | |
| Exhibition „Steinerne Schätze - Zur ... |
| BRANDSTÄTTER (1996) +1 other reference |
Azerbaijan | |
| Agaev et al. (2019) |
Bangladesh | |
| Rahman et al. (2022) |
Belarus | |
| Levitskiy et al. (2018, July) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Putiš et al. (2022) |
Brazil | |
| Lobata & Fyfe (1995) |
| Chaves et al. (Mesoproterozóico) |
Revista Brasileira de Geociências 30 (2) | |
| Salgado et al. (2019) |
| Souza Neto et al. (2008) |
| ACM Ferreira et al +1 other reference |
| Sauer (1982) |
Sauer (1982) | |
Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... | |
Souza Neto et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Neto et al. (2008) |
Menezes (n.d.) | |
| Queiroz (2016) |
Bulgaria | |
| Milen Stavrev et al. (2018) |
| Tzvetanova +1 other reference |
| I. Kostov et al. (1964) |
| Dimitrova (2006) |
| Svetoslav Petrussenko et al. (2007) |
Cambodia | |
| Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (1993) |
Canada | |
| King (n.d.) |
| [var: Chrome-bearing Grossular] Canadian Rockhound (2000) |
| G.E. Ray and G.L. Dawson (1994) |
Econ Geol (1992) | |
Econ Geol (1992) +1 other reference | |
Dawson | |
| Ray (2013) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Econ Geol (1990) |
| Stevenson (1945) +1 other reference |
| De Leen (1946) |
Walker (1930) | |
| Timpa et al. (2005) |
| Cerny et al. 2012 +1 other reference |
| Duff (2016) |
| King (n.d.) |
| - (1998) +1 other reference |
| Econ Geol (1997) |
| GSC Misc.Report 49 |
162-165. +1 other reference | |
| Reiner Mielke 2018 |
Schroetter | |
| Rocks & Min.: 59:207 & 208. |
| [Bancroft & District Mineral Collecting ... |
| King (n.d.) |
| Econ Geol (1997) |
| Sage (1988) |
| Sage (1988) |
| Geological Survey of Canada ... +1 other reference |
| mineral assemblages +2 other references |
Yuanming Pan and Michael E. Fleet (1989) | |
| Chakhmouradian et al. (2006) |
| Olivier Langelier Collection |
| P Cristofono collection |
Poitevin & Graham (1918) | |
GAUDARD (1993) | |
Fred Schuster. personal observations | |
Amabili et al. (2009) | |
GSC collection specimens | |
Can. Min 8 | |
Gaudard (1993) | |
| GSC collection specimen +1 other reference |
| Canadian Museum of Nature collection |
Sabina (1967) | |
Poitevin & Graham (1918) | |
Peter Tarassoff Collection. ... | |
Can. Museum of Nature & other ... | |
| Horváth Collection - confirmed visually |
SIGEOM systeme d'information geominiere ... | |
| Spray et al. (2023) |
| [var: Chrome-bearing Grossular] Christophe Boutry collection |
| American Mineralogist |
[var: Chrome-bearing Grossular] - (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Allcock (1982) |
| Bourdeau (2008) |
Montgomery (n.d.) | |
| Gold (1969) |
| Sabina (1983) |
| 166-175. +3 other references |
| Montgomery (n.d.) |
www.alpinegems.net | |
| Personal Collection |
Rocks & Min.: 60 (1) | |
| personal collection (MHFM) |
| L. A. Dick and G. W. Robinson (1979) |
Chile | |
| Thompson et al. (2004) |
China | |
| A.I. Okay et al. |
| Aral (1993) |
| Ruilong Qiu (1988) +1 other reference |
| Yiming Zhao et al. (1999) |
Zhao et al. (1999) | |
Zhenhua Zhou et al. (2011) | |
| Bin Cui (1987) +1 other reference |
| Hongxun Zhou (1983) |
| Huacai Chen (1991) |
| Zhenhua Zhou et al. (2011) |
| Yongjun Di et al. (2006) |
| Yongjun Di et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
Xing et al. (2022) +1 other reference | |
| Zuoheng Zhang et al. (2002) |
| Jingwen Mao et al. (1999) |
| Denghong Wang et al. (2006) |
| Qingtong Ye et al. (1983) |
| Wei Zheng et al. (2013) |
| Zhang et al. (2024) |
| He et al. (2024) |
Xilin (1990) | |
He et al. (2023) | |
| Lairen Lai and Nanshi Zeng (1985) |
| Zheng-Min Cao et al. (1997) |
| Jiang Bin |
| Baogui Yu and Zhanwu Liu (1991) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Zhixia Pei et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Zhao et al. (2024) |
| Yanhong Zhang and Yansui Cui (2003) +1 other reference |
| Perrotta et al. (2022) |
| Nie et al. (2022) |
Yuanming Pan and Ping Dong (1999) +1 other reference | |
Kedong Fang (1994) | |
| Yuanming Pan and Ping Dong (1999) |
| Zhao et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| Jingwen Mao et al. (2004) |
| Lu J et al. (2014) |
| Xinyou Zhu et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Yu +7 other references |
| Xiaofei Liu et al. (2014) |
| Shimou Chen et al. (1981) +4 other references |
| Keqin Xu (1957) |
| Qin et al. (2022) |
| Zhang et al. (2022) |
| Cai et al. (2024) |
| Fushun Li et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
| Zhen Chen (1986) +1 other reference |
| Xinming Jiang (1983) |
| Dequan Zhang et al. (1991) +2 other references |
Chengdong Xiao and Xuewu Liu (2002) +2 other references | |
| Chengdong Xiao and Xuewu Liu (2002) +3 other references |
Möhn et al. (05/2021) | |
| Xu Jiuhua et al. (2008) |
| Xu Jiuhua et al. (2008) |
| Fengjun Nie et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Yuanming Pan and Ping Dong (1999) |
Fengming Xing (1984) | |
| Jingsheng Zhang (1986) |
| Wang et al. (2024) |
| Zhao et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Hong et al. (2021) +1 other reference |
| Wenxue Zhou and Wenliang Gao (1987) |
| Shenghua Wu et al. (2014) |
| Zongting Liao et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Xiang Chi (1999) |
| Jianxin Wang et al. (2008) |
| Fan et al. (1999) |
| Liyan Zhang (1985) |
| Wenwei Lin (1987) |
| www.cgs.gov.cn (2004) |
| Junmin Li et al. (2006) |
| Liu et al. (2017) |
Hanwen Zhang (2001) | |
| Miao Yu et al. (2013) |
Li et al. (2011) | |
Jianhui Wu et al. (2010) | |
Zhuangzhi Qian et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
Yunhua Liu et al. (2005) +2 other references | |
| Xinghua Hu et al. (2011) +2 other references |
| Wang et al. (2023) |
| Xiaoming Fu et al. (2009) |
| Guangcheng Chi et al. (2010) |
| dunite.mr.nsysu.edu.tw (n.d.) +12 other references |
American Mineralogist et al. (UHP) | |
| Zhaolong Li and Lianying Zhang (1999) +1 other reference |
| Xiaoming Qu et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Jinxiang Li et al. (2011) |
| Yan Liu et al. (2010) |
| Qiang Fu et al. (2013) |
| Zengqian Hou et al. (2009) |
Huang +8 other references | |
Bo Xiao et al. (2011) | |
Slattery (2019) | |
| Weizheng Hu et al. (2006) |
Yushuai Yu et al. (2012) | |
Jiang +7 other references | |
| Zhi Zhang et al. (2013) |
Zhi Zhang et al. (2013) +1 other reference | |
| Fu et al. (2023) |
| He et al. (2022) |
| Lei Chen et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Guangming Li et al. (2006) |
| Li et al. (2020) +2 other references |
| Zhiye Jia et al. (2011) |
| Liu et al. (2022) |
Liu et al. (2022) | |
| Renyi Chen et al. (1995) |
| Chunji Xue et al. (2000) |
Yanling Tang (2005) | |
| Zhenjie Zhang et al. (2011) |
| Yanling Tang (2005) |
| Fuquan Yang et al. (2007) +2 other references |
Zhixin Zhang et al. (2012) | |
| Jinggang Gao et al. (2014) |
| Zhang et al. (2022) |
| [var: Chrome-bearing Grossular] Zhou et al. (2001) |
| Hua Huang et al. (2014) |
| Zhonghua He et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Yunnan Metallurgical Geology Team No. 310 (1977) |
| Xie et al. (2022) |
| Zengqian Hou et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
Zengqian Hou et al. (2007) | |
| Chengdian Pen (1986) |
| Xu et al. (2021) |
| Jiarui Feng et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
Colombia | |
| Sutherland et al. (2008) |
| Castellanos-Alarcón et al. (2016) |
Cuba | |
| Litsarev et al. (1998) |
Czech Republic | |
| Zemek +5 other references |
| Filip et al. (2006) |
Ackerman (2005) | |
| Novák et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Lapis 2000 (4) |
| Šrein +3 other references |
| Šrein +4 other references |
| Pauliš +3 other references |
Ondruš et al. (2003) | |
| Collection of Jaimy Henman (Northeim/Germany) |
| Žáček |
| Matýsek (1993) |
| Kropáč et al. (2023) |
| Kruťa +1 other reference |
| Sejkora (1994) |
Jedlička | |
Kruťa (Frýdberka) | |
| Kruťa (Frýdberka) |
| Petr Pauliš (2005) |
| Mücke et al. (2002) |
Mücke et al. (2002) | |
| Novak et al. (2010) +2 other references |
| Nepejchal |
| Mücke et al. (2002) |
Mücke et al. (2002) | |
Mücke et al. (2002) | |
Mücke et al. (2002) | |
Mücke et al. (2002) | |
| Novák |
| Moravec +2 other references |
| Hofmanovi P. a R. |
| Černý P. |
| Černý |
| Ales Tomek photo |
| Černý |
| Houzar et al. (2008) |
| Welser |
| Zikeš J. |
| D. Talla (2004) |
Houzar +1 other reference | |
| Filip |
| Roman Gramblička collection |
Hyrsl et al. (2009) | |
Roman Gramblička collection | |
| Roman Gramblička collection |
| Houzar et al. (2008) |
| Ulrych (2000) |
| Dolníček Z et al. (2020) |
| Pauliš |
Pauliš P. Nejzajímavější ... | |
| Houzar |
| Houzar |
| Houzar et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
Hrazdil | |
Houzar +5 other references | |
Cempírek | |
| Pauliš |
Dominican Republic | |
| Krebs et al. (2008) |
DR Congo | |
| - (2005) |
Ecuador | |
Markowski et al. (2006) | |
| Vallance et al. (2009) |
| Vallance et al. (2009) |
Vallance et al. (2009) | |
| Vallance et al. (2009) |
| Vallance et al. (2009) |
Vallance et al. (2009) | |
Egypt | |
| International Geological Congress (2008) |
Helmy et al. (2021) | |
International Geological Congress (2008) | |
Abu Sharib +4 other references | |
Finland | |
| Jyrki Autio Collection 2021. Joy Désor ... |
| Kinnunen (1988) |
| Arhe |
| Tuisku |
| von Knorring (1951) |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
| Hytönen (1999) |
| Hytönen |
Aarne Laitakari | |
Aarne Laitakari | |
Metzger et al. (Ed) | |
Hietala | |
Joel Dyer photo & specimen (Visually identified) | |
| Niskanen (2014) |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ... |
France | |
| |
| FORESTIER F. H. (1969) |
| G. Demarcq |
| Bull. Minéral. |
| Chauris (2014) |
Chauris (2014) | |
Chauris (2014) | |
| Chauris (2014) |
| R. Pierrot |
| Goujou (1998) |
| "Les minéraux et al. (1977) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Lacroix (1910) |
| |
| perso.wanadoo.fr (2004) |
| Belot (1978) |
| Belot (1978) |
| Berbain +2 other references |
| Inventaire mineralogique de l'Ariege (Editions BRGM 1984) |
Collection TRENCART | |
| Bull. Minéral. |
Bull. Minéral. | |
| Eytier J.R. & Ch. et al. (2004) |
| perso.wanadoo.fr (2003) |
Queneau (n.d.) | |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Guitard (2010) |
| van Marcke de Lummen (1985) +1 other reference |
| Guitard (2010) |
| Lacroix (1910) |
Berbain et al. (2005) | |
Guitard (2010) | |
| Lacroix (1910) |
| Guitard (2010) |
Guitard (2010) | |
Guitard (2010) | |
Guitard (2010) | |
Guitard (2010) | |
Berbain et al. (2005) | |
| Lacroix (1910) |
Berbain et al. (2005) | |
Berbain et al. (2005) | |
Guitard (2010) | |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Favreau et al. (2013) |
SEM analysis on thin section at ... | |
| Baret (1905) |
Baret (1898) | |
Baret (1905) | |
Baret (1905) | |
| Baret (1905) |
| Favreau G. et al. (2004) |
| Pusztaszeri (1969) |
collected +1 other reference | |
| Leboucher (1999) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| [Wittern (1995) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| 54. +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| Mineralien-Welt 18 (5) |
| Weiß (1990) |
Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" (1984) |
| F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof) |
| F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
Dill (2008) | |
| Schwarzmeier (2015) +2 other references |
| Meier (2005) |
| Weber (2013) |
| Mason (1976) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Nickel et al. (1985) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis 34 (7-8) |
Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| |
| |
| Baumgärtl (2014) |
| Uhlig |
| 56. +1 other reference |
| 54. +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Uhlig |
Uhlig | |
| Uhlig |
| Uhlig |
| Blass et al. (2006) |
in the collection of Christof Schäfer | |
in the collection of Christof Schäfer | |
in the collection of Christof Schäfer | |
Hentschel (1961) | |
| Blaß et al. (2014) |
| Blaß (2020) |
| Thomas Lühr Collection |
| Thomas Lühr Collection |
| Thomas Lühr |
| Lapis (10) |
Reinhardt et al. (2022) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
Andreas Gerstenberg collection | |
| Frenzel (1874) |
| Schlegel (1991) |
Lapis 30 (7/8) | |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) |
| Lefebvre et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
Wittern (2001) | |
| Gröbner et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| A.Dietrich (2004) |
Ghana | |
| Allen et al. (1968) +4 other references |
Greece | |
| Baltatzis (1981) |
| Rieck et al. (2018) |
Rieck et al. (2018) | |
| Nebel et al. (1991) |
American Mineralogist | |
| various added photos |
| Prodromos Nikolaidis Collection |
| Mineral. Petrol. 95 (2009) |
| Tarantola +11 other references |
| Ch. Spirom. & Greekrocks.com |
| Hatzipanagiotou et al. (2003) |
Hatzipanagiotou et al. (2003) | |
| Chrysovalantis Efstathiou |
Greenland | |
| Harry et al. (1964) |
Guinea | |
| |
Honduras | |
| Econ Geol (2004) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll & Gatter: Hungarian Mineral ... |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Szár Hill |
| K. Török |
| Szakáll - Gatter: Minerals of Hungary |
Kovács | |
| |
| Geoda |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Ferro et al. (2003) |
| |
| |
| Mineral Species of Hungary |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
India | |
| Econ Geol (1980) |
Rao (1966) | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1967 36 : 616-618 |
| Narayanan Kutty et al. (1977) |
| Chowdhury (2007) +1 other reference |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1966 35 : ... |
| Deb (1980) |
| Semenov et al. (1971) +2 other references |
GSA Bulletin +4 other references | |
| Satish-Kumar et al. (2001) |
| Ramasamy et al. (2013) |
| Sridhar et al. (2005) |
Indonesia | |
Knuever et al. (2023) | |
| Beddoe-Stephens et al. (1987) |
| Setiawan |
| Sieber et al. (2020) |
Iran | |
| Mollai et al. (2009) |
| Taghipour |
| H. Zamanian et al. (2017) |
Iraq | |
| Mohammad et al. (2007) |
| Al-Hermezi et al. (1986) |
Ireland | |
| Reynolds (1990) |
| Dr Richard Unitt Collection |
| S. R. Nockolds and H. G. C. Vincent (1947) |
Foote Mineral Company label | |
| |
| John and Robert Lawson (2015) |
Israel | |
| Kruszewski et al. (2021) |
| Galuskin et al. (2023) |
Italy | |
| Dal Piaz (1967) +1 other reference |
Boeris (1909) | |
Fabbian (1971) +1 other reference | |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
Dal Piaz (2004) | |
Carpanese (1932a) +5 other references | |
Gramaccioli (1975) | |
Hintze (1897) +3 other references | |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Giuseppe Agozzino specimens +2 other references |
Bertoldi (1991) +2 other references | |
Biffi et al. (1985) +2 other references | |
Mattirolo E. (1899) +1 other reference | |
Brizio P. et al. (1984) +1 other reference | |
Franco Luca Bonino's collection | |
| Del Caldo et al. (1973) +1 other reference |
Pelloux (1913) +3 other references | |
Del Caldo et al. (1973) | |
Grill (1922) +2 other references | |
| C.M. Gramaccioli (1975) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
Del Caldo et al. (1973) | |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
Cotta Ramusino et al. (1973) +2 other references | |
Dal Piaz et al. (1967) +3 other references | |
Pandullo (1975) +1 other reference | |
Pandullo (1975) | |
| • Barresi et al. (2005) |
| C. Lemanski (re-entry of lost Mindat data) |
C.M. Gramaccioli (1975) | |
| C.M. Gramaccioli (1975) |
C.M. Gramaccioli (1975) | |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Croze (1989) |
| Faraone (1963) |
Samples in Natural History Museum of Cittanova (RC) | |
| Russo (2010) |
Panikorovskii et al. (2017) | |
| Chinellato Matteo specimen |
| |
| Francesco Civero collection |
| Scacchi (1885) +3 other references |
| Salvioli-Mariani et al. (2020) |
| Salvioli-Mariani et al. (2020) |
| Federico et al. (2002) |
Dario Di Domenico photo | |
De Michele (1974) | |
| Cavarretta et al. (1987) |
| |
| Stoppani et al. (1982) |
| Paolo Bosco et al. (2000) |
| Carlini et al. (2018) |
| Stoppani et al. (1982) |
Gresta et al. (2002) | |
| i minerali del museo archeominerario"Klitsche de la Grange"Allumiere et al. (2000) |
| Puxeddu (1971) |
luigi mattei +1 other reference | |
| Signoretti et al. (2001) |
| www.mindat.org (n.d.) |
| Cresta et al. (2002) |
| Carlini et al. (2017) |
| Rob Lavinsky (ex. Richard Kosnar specimen) |
| Marchesini et al. (1998) |
| Dario Di Domenico photo |
Franco Lazzari photo & specimen Photo ... | |
| Repossi (1918) +1 other reference |
| Belmonte et al. (2018) |
| Antofilli et al. (1985) |
| Giovanni Scapin Collection |
| King (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Alessandro Tagliaferi | |
| NHM collection (was hessonite) |
| Maida (2002) |
| Ref: Daniele Ravagnani - I giacimenti ... |
Bertolini A. (1988) | |
| De Michele (1974) |
| De Michele V. (1974) |
| Bertolini A. (1975) |
| G. Branchi (2006) |
| Bertolini A. (1988) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
Bedognè et al. (2006) | |
| |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) |
Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Romani et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Franchi (1920) +4 other references |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Giovanni Scapin Collection |
| Piccoli (2002) +1 other reference |
| Piccoli (2002) +1 other reference |
Piccoli (2002) | |
Piccoli (2002) +1 other reference | |
Dal Piaz (1967) +2 other references | |
Piccoli (2002) +1 other reference | |
Piccoli (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Piccoli (2002) +1 other reference |
Stella (1895) +3 other references | |
Piccoli (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Maletto G. et al. (1976) |
Matteo Chinellato | |
Maletto et al. (2014) | |
Maletto et al. (1976) +2 other references | |
Maletto et al. (2014) | |
40 (Part II) +1 other reference | |
| Barresi (1996) +1 other reference |
| Prete (1995) |
| Strüver (1871) +5 other references |
Grill (1922) +3 other references | |
King (n.d.) | |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
Maletto et al. (2014) | |
Gramaccioli (1975) | |
Gramaccioli (1975) | |
Gramaccioli (1975) | |
| Balestro et al. (2013) |
Barresi (1996) +1 other reference | |
| Bortolami et al. (1968) |
| Maletto et al. (1976) |
Yves Masson | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Novarese G.-I minerali delle rodingiti ... |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Diella +8 other references |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
Repossi et al. (1926) +3 other references | |
| Grill (1922) +2 other references |
Ciriotti et al. (2011) | |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Martins da Pedra |
| Barresi (1996) +1 other reference |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
Girolami (2006) | |
| Gruppo Mineralogico Valchiusella (2009) |
| [var: Chrome-bearing Grossular] Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Marco Macchieraldo |
| Girolami (2006) |
| Bassani U. et al. (Ossola, Novara) |
| |
| Boscardin et al. (2013) |
| Mattioli (1987) |
| Mattioli (1979) +2 other references |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Mattioli (1979) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Stara (1990) |
| Stara et al. (1999) |
| Conti-Vecchi et al. (1991) |
Conti - Vecchi et al. (1991) | |
| Ara D. et al. (2013) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
Stara P. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1994) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Cocco et al. (2022) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana 4/1992-"I minerali del giacimento di Monte Tamara (Nuxis) +1 other reference |
| Stara et al. (1993) |
| Stara et al. (1993) |
Stara et al. (1993) | |
| Sergio Russo Collection |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
Boscardin et al. (1984) +2 other references | |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Gerdes M.L. et al. (1995) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Ferretti et al. (2013) |
De Michele (1974) | |
| Cathrein (1887 a) +4 other references |
| De Michele (1974) |
Grisotto et al. (2010) | |
| undefined |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Giovanni Scapin Collection |
| Marinai |
| Liotti L. (Grosseto) |
Bonifazi (2020) | |
| Biagioni et al. (2013) |
| Giuliano bettini collection |
Bombicci (1860) +3 other references | |
| |
Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
Nannoni R. et al. (Isola d'Elba) | |
| Bonifazi (2020) |
Marinai V. et al. (Livorno) | |
| |
| Innocenti F. et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
Bonifazi (2020) | |
[var: Chrome-bearing Grossular] Bonifazi (2021) | |
Orlandi et al. (1974) | |
Sammartino (2014) | |
| |
| Brizzi et al. (3) |
| Stoppa F. |
| Fabris et al. (2014) |
| Cámara et al. (2012) |
| Boscardin (2014) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Zordan A. (2014) |
| Boscardin M. et al. (Vicenza) |
Boscardin M. et al. (Vicenza) | |
| Zaccaria et al. (2021) |
| Boscardin et al. (1988) +3 other references |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
Jamaica | |
| Scott et al. (1999) |
Japan | |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Hiroaki Tano specimen |
| Jitsutaro Takubo +1 other reference |
| Excaibur Minerals specimen |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| kato (2009) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu ore collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
Matsuyama (2001) | |
Banno Y et al. (2014) | |
Sadanaga et al. (1974) | |
Sadanaga et al. (1974) | |
| Okuno (1964) |
Osakabe et al. (1983) | |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
Yamada (2004) | |
| Gunma university Academic Information Repository et al. (2000) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) +1 other reference |
| Shimazaki H. |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated by the Geological Survey of Japan) +1 other reference |
Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) | |
| Ryoji Tanaka collection |
| Watanabe (1959) |
| Bunno et al. (1982) +1 other reference |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu ore collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
Matsubara (2003) | |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu ore collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Mineralogical Journal Vol. 17 (1994) |
| Mineralogical Journal Vol. 13 (1986) |
| Handbook of Mineralogy (c) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Wang (1985) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| pers. comm. Kotaro Watanabe |
| Nishiyama et al. (2017) |
| Akira Miyake et al. (2018) |
| Shi et al. (2012) |
| www.city.itoigawa.niigata.jp/fmm/detail-menu2/min109-corundum/corundum.html (in matrix of corundum-bearing river cobbles) |
| OHNISHI et al. (2013) |
| Shi et al. (2012) |
| [var: Chrome-bearing Grossular] Hiroaki Tano specimen |
| Henmi et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
| Matsueda (1983) |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) +2 other references |
Sadanaga et al. (1974) | |
| Inui +2 other references |
| Kosuge (1997) |
| Soeda et al. (1978) |
SOEDA et al. (1982) | |
| Matsubara et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| Takeuchi et al. (1961) |
| Shimazaki H. +2 other references |
| Nagashima et al. (2016) |
Sadanaga et al. (1974) | |
Jordan | |
| Sokol +9 other references |
Kazakhstan | |
| Ogasawara et al. (2002) |
| Fang An et al. (2014) |
Kenya | |
Rob Lavinsky | |
| Betts (n.d.) |
| Pohl et al. (1979) |
Pohl et al. (1979) | |
Gübelin et al. (1975) +1 other reference | |
| J. Feneyrol |
| www.cigem.ca (1999) |
Kosovo | |
| Hyseni et al. (2010) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Soloviev (2011) |
Madagascar | |
| Lacroix (1956) |
| Sammer (2020) |
| Isatelle (2009) |
Isatelle (2009) | |
Isatelle (2009) | |
Isatelle (2009) | |
Shigley et al. (2010) | |
| Adamo et al. (2012) |
Mercier et al. (1997) | |
| Behier (1963) |
| Guillaume Estrade (2014) |
Lacroix (1922) | |
| Lacroix (1908) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection (# MM-2475) |
Knut Edvard Larsen collection # M-228 | |
Adamo et al. (2012) | |
Malaysia | |
| Bradshaw (1972) +1 other reference |
Wolfram Dieter Schuh (1993) | |
Mali | |
| RRUF |
| Specimen in the collection of Rock ... |
- (n.d.) | |
Mary L. Johnson (1995) | |
| Mary L. Johnson et al. (1995) |
Rob Lavinsky | |
| Rock Currier (Jewel Tunnel Imports) |
| Maiga et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
Fabre (n.d.) | |
| Have seen this at the locality. Rock ... |
| Masurel et al. (2017) |
| Betts (n.d.) |
Mauritania | |
| Berger et al. (2013) |
Mexico | |
| Panzcer (1987) |
Fries and Schmitter | |
Fries and Schmitter | |
Fries and Schmitter | |
Fries and Schmitter | |
Fries and Schmitter | |
Fries and Schmitter | |
| Panczner (1987) |
Sinkankas | |
| Panzcer (1987) |
Antao (2021) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Megaw (2023) |
Servicio Geológico Mexicano. (2022) | |
| Megaw |
| American Mineralogist +3 other references |
| Megaw (2023) |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) +1 other reference | |
| Megaw (2023) |
| Levresse |
Diaz-Unzueta (1987) | |
| analyzed by Prof. Al Faster (University of New Orleans) +1 other reference |
| R.Corona-Esquivel. J.Trill/a. A.Camprubi. E.Centeno. J.Reche. P.Morales & E.CienJuegos (2001) |
| Megaw (2023) |
| Megaw (2023) |
| |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Camprubí et al. (2006) |
| Peter Megaw |
González-Partida. E. et al. (F) | |
González-Partida et al. (2003) | |
| Edelen (2013) |
| Gaytán Rueda (1975) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Julio |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Kring et al. (2020) |
| Paul Nicholson Collection |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Megaw (2023) |
| Megaw (2023) |
Megaw (2023) | |
Middle East | |
Gross (1977) | |
Mongolia | |
| Gottesmann (2009) |
Morocco | |
| S. Weiß: Lapis 31 (7/8) |
| Jahn et al. (2003) |
| Jahn et al. (2003) |
| El Khalile et al. (2023) |
| Fontan (1978) |
Georges Favreau collection | |
| Econ Geol (1989) |
Myanmar | |
| Shi et al. (2012) |
Wang et al. (2012) | |
| Maung Thein & Soe Win (1970) |
| Guo et al. (2016) |
| Ma Kyu Kyu Aung (2004) |
| Harald Schillhammer collection |
Praszkier et al. (2012) | |
| Themelis (2008) |
Themelis (2008) | |
| Kyaw Khaing Win (2004) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| F.Koller et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
| Steven |
Steven | |
Cairncross et al. (2006) | |
| Steven |
Steven | |
von Bezing (2007) | |
| Sitoka (2014) |
New Zealand | |
| D. F. Palmer (1966) |
| Essence of Microscope |
Christensen (1984) | |
Lauder (1964) | |
| Black |
| Black |
Baker et al. (1980) | |
| Service (1937) |
| Youngson et al. (2002) |
| Watters (1985) |
| Challis et al. (1995) |
| Thornton |
| Wells +1 other reference |
| Corner et al. (Kennecott Exploration) |
Nicaragua | |
| Venable (1994) |
North Korea | |
| Betts (n.d.) |
| Takubo et al. (in: Geology and Mineral Resources of the Far East, University of Tokyo Press, 1969) +1 other reference |
North Macedonia | |
| Grafenauer (1977) |
| Bermanec et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
Northwest Africa Meteorites | |
Fudge et al. (2018) | |
Fintor et al. (2014) | |
Norway | |
| Vokes (1960) |
| Weibye (1848) |
| Holm (1824) |
| Holm (1824) |
| Nordrum (2005) |
Olav Revheim photo & collection | |
| Anonymous (1983) |
Goldschmidt (1911) | |
P. Andresen (2005) | |
Peter Andresen collection. | |
Garmo (1974) | |
Goldschmidt (1911) | |
| Peter Andresen collection. |
Berg (198?) | |
| Stensrud (2004) |
Stensrud (2004) | |
Stensrud (2004) | |
| Stensrud (2004) |
| Goldschmidt (1911) |
Field collected by Knut Eldjarn ... | |
| Goldschmidt (1911) |
Anonymous: (1983) | |
| Peter Andresen collection. |
| Goldschmidt (1911) |
| Goldschmidt (1911) |
| Selbekk et al. (2007) |
| Garmo (2006) |
| Larsen (2019) |
| Garmo (2003) |
King (n.d.) | |
Kristalle | |
| [var: Chrome-bearing Grossular] Prestvik (1974) |
| Nordrum (2008) |
| Stuart Mills 17.11.2002 |
| Eigil Ormaasen (1977) |
Andresen et al. (2023) | |
| Nordrum (2008) |
| Kvamsdal (1999) |
| Goldschmidt (1911) |
Goldschmidt (1911) | |
Berg +1 other reference | |
| Pršek et al. (2010) |
| Neumann (1960) |
| Knut Eldjarn Collection |
| Knut Eldjarn Collection |
| Jamtveit et al. (1997) |
| Larsen (1993) |
| Wel (1974) |
| P. Andresen (2001, self collected) |
| Atle Michalsen photo and specimen |
| Michalsen (2000) |
| Michalsen (2000) |
Michalsen (2010) | |
| Nordrum (2010) |
Alessandro Cantamessa specimen | |
| Witsø (1995) |
Witsø (1995) | |
Witsø (2005) | |
| Nordrum et al. (1997) |
Berg (1997) | |
| Andersen (1993) |
Weibye (1848) | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-1661 +1 other reference |
| Larsen et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
Berge et al. (1980) +1 other reference | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
Larsen et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
Larsen et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Nesby (1989) |
| Peter Andresen collection. |
| Nordrum (2009) |
| Kvamsdal et al. (2006) |
| Nordrum (2008) |
| Goldschmidt (1911) |
| Goldschmidt (1911) |
| Berg (1989) |
| Knut Eldjarn specimen & photo |
Goldschmidt (1911) | |
| Goldschmidt (1911) |
| Berg (1994) |
Oman | |
| Arai +4 other references |
| Zhang et al. (2009) |
Pakistan | |
| Tony Petersen |
| Nik Nikiforou specimens |
Rob Lavinsky +2 other references | |
| Jose Zendrera Collection |
Montgomery (n.d.) | |
| Hussain (2005) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Yates et al. (1967) |
Yates et al. (1967) | |
Yates et al. (1967) | |
Yates et al. (1967) | |
Yates et al. (1967) | |
Peru | |
| Mendoza (2010) |
| Pérez-Puig Obieta et al. (2013) |
| Dr Jaroslav Hyrsl specimens |
| Museum Victoria |
| |
Poland | |
| Lewandowska A. (OH) |
| Gil et al. (2022) |
| Domań +2 other references |
| KARWOWSKI Ł. et al. (2) |
| Szelęg E. |
| Krzysztof Andrzejewski |
| Evans et al. (2018) |
| Szełęg E. |
| Eligiusz Szełęg collection (SEM/EDS identification) |
Gil et al. (2019) | |
| Borkowska (1961) |
Natural History Museum Vienna collection (on vesuvianite specimen catalogued in 1932) | |
| Eligiusz Szełęg private collection |
collection Eligiusz Szełęg | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
| DUBIŃSKA E. et al. (Nasławice, Lower Silesia, Poland) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Heflik et al. (1987) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Włodyka (2010) |
| Włodyka (2010) |
Portugal | |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| |
| - (1998) |
Romania | |
| www.researchgate.net (n.d.) +5 other references |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
Shimizu et al. (1998) | |
| Cioflica et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
www.scribd.com (n.d.) +4 other references | |
[var: Hibschite] minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) | |
Stefan Nicolescu (1996) | |
Marincea et al. (2011) | |
| Marincea et al. (2014, September) +1 other reference |
Szakáll (2002) | |
| Hirtopanu Paulina et al. (2013) |
| The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 39 (2001) |
The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 39 (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Hirtopanu et al. (2015) |
| Paulina Hirtopanu et al. (2018) |
Russia | |
| Zaccarini et al. (2004) |
| Doroshkevich et al. (2012) |
| Kislov +1 other reference |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
[AmMin 85:1563] | |
| Murzin et al. (2013) |
Cesnokov et al. (1998) | |
| Dmitry Tonkacheev's data |
| webmineral.ru (2016) |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Sklyarov +5 other references |
Sharygin et al. (2010, September) | |
| Lazic et al. (2011) |
| Kulikov et al. (1989) |
| Galuskina et al. (2013) |
| Sharygin et al. (2018) |
| Sandimirova et al. (2014) |
| Аникин et al. (2018) |
| Коноваленко et al. (2012) |
| Lennikov et al. (2004) |
| Soloviev et al. (2022) |
| Burlakov (1995) |
| Doroshkevich et al. (2019) |
| Sokol et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| Spiridonov et al. (2020) +1 other reference |
[var: Chrome-bearing Grossular] webmineral.ru (n.d.) | |
| Barkov et al. (2018) |
| Filimonova et al. (2006) |
| Chakhmouradian et al. (2002) |
... | |
| Karpov S.M. et al. (2012) |
| Mikhailova et al. (2015) |
... | |
| Bazai et al. (2009) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
Vasilenko (2001) | |
Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
Simanenko (2006) | |
| Krymskii et al. (1998) +2 other references |
| I.V.Pekov. et al. (in Russian.) |
| Ivashchenko et al. (2018, June) |
[World of Stones 12:49] | |
| www.geology.utoronto.ca (2000) |
Mandarino (2000) +1 other reference | |
| Handbuch der Mineralogie by CAS Hofmann (1811) +2 other references |
Mineralogical Society of America - ... | |
Yakovlev et al. (2008, October) | |
| [var: Chrome-bearing Grossular] Igor Savin data +2 other references |
| Chukanov et al. (2016) |
| Pekov (1998) |
Kasatkin et al. (2021) | |
| Mishainik |
| Lebedev et al. (2019) |
| Kuznetsova (2009) |
| Murzin et al. (2009) |
| Palyanova et al. (2018) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Zulfiqar et al. (2006) |
| Testard et al. (1979, June) |
Serbia | |
| Ministry of Mining and Energy (2002) |
| BOJAN KOSTIĆ et al. (2021) |
Sierra Leone | |
| Hills et al. (1989) |
Slovakia | |
| Ďuďa R. et al. (Schemnitz) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Turanová |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Števko M. et al. (in Slovak) |
Pauliš | |
Juraj Demian Collection | |
Martin Števko | |
| Ďuďa (1993) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Uher P. |
| Faryad S. W. (1987) |
| Radvanec et al. (2016) |
| Ružička P et al. (2020) |
| Pauliš P. |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ďuďa |
| Duda et. all. |
Ďuďa R. (2001) | |
| Zajzon N. et al. (2021) |
| Bačík P. et al. (2018) |
| S.W. Faryadl & I. Dianiška (2001) |
South Africa | |
| Tony Peterson specimen |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Montjoie (2018) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Van der Merwe (2011) +1 other reference |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Von Bezing (1991) +1 other reference | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
South Korea | |
| Yuhuan et al. (2021) |
| University of Tokyo collection |
Yang et al. (2010) | |
| Ahn et al. (2017) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Kinosaki (1941) |
| Choi et al. (2002) |
Spain | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Alejandro Sánchez Jiménez |
Utrera et al. (2008) | |
| Colección Juan A.M. Barnestein |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
| Calvo (2008) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Calvo (2008) |
Calvo (2008) | |
| Calvo (2008) |
Calvo (2008) | |
| Calvo (2008) |
| Mesa et al. (2002) |
Cepedal et al. (2021) | |
| Calvo (2018) |
| Calvo et al. (2014) |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
Casillas et al. (2011) | |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| www.foro-minerales.com (n.d.) |
| Timón (2008) |
| Calvo (2018) |
| Calvo (2018) |
| Calvo (2018) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| J.I.Gil Ibarguchi et al. ( 1988) +1 other reference |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Joaquim Mollfulleda |
| Calvo (2018) |
Joan Rosell (2021) | |
| Laura Palacios Pérez |
| analysis courtesy of Martí Rafel |
| Joan Rosell (2021) |
| Calvo (2018) |
| Mata i Perelló (1990) |
| MANUEL VILADEVALL et al. (1991) |
| Alfonso et al. (2012) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Jiménez Martínez |
| www.foro-minerales.com (2016) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
ANGEL ORTIZ MAELLAS AOM. | |
Calvo Rebollar (2018) | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| |
| CASANOVA HONRUBIA |
| Casanova Honrubia |
Sri Lanka | |
| Ceylon Aluvial Mine (Book, Co. 2002) |
| Mathavan et al. (2000) |
Mathavan et al. (2000) | |
Sudan | |
| Vail (1978) |
Sweden | |
| Lars Bergström (1959) |
| Stenberg (2005) |
| |
| |
| Wilke (1976) |
| |
Jansson et al. (2013) | |
| Stenberg (2002) |
| |
| The Swedish Museum of Natural History (Geologklubbens Smålandsexk. 981019) |
| Wilke (1997) |
Wilke (1997) | |
Wilke (1997) | |
| Augsten (2010) |
| |
| Andersson et al. (2022) |
| |
| c1997 +1 other reference |
| |
| Natural History Museum Stockholm ... |
| Natural History Museum |
Geijer et al. (1944) | |
Geijer et al. (1944) | |
| Wilke (1997) |
| Gustafsson et al. (1991) |
| |
| |
| Holtstam et al. (1999) |
| Holtstam et al. (2021) |
| Sandström et al. (2009) |
Sandström et al. (2009) | |
Östra Värmlands Mineral Society | |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Axelsson et al. (2006) |
| |
| Öhman (2003) |
Switzerland | |
| Monistier (2009) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Stalder et al. (1998) | |
Stalder et al. (1998) | |
Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Weibel et al. (1990) +2 other references |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Mineralreaktionen mit Wollastonit und Vesuvian in einem Kalksilikatfels der alpinen Disthenzone (Claro, Tessin) +4 other references |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| |
| |
| Ansermet et al. (2012) |
Ansermet et al. (2012) | |
| Ansermet et al. (2012) |
| Christian Bracke Collection |
Liati A. et al. (2001) | |
| |
Christian Bracke Collection | |
Ref.: Stalder et al. (1973) | |
| Christian Bracke Collection |
Stalder et al. (1973) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Christian Bracke Collection |
| Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz |
Christian Bracke Collection | |
Christian Bracke Collection | |
Christian Bracke Collection | |
Christian Bracke Collection | |
Taiwan | |
| Wan et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| |
Tajikistan | |
| Yatimov et al. (2022) |
| Likhachov et al. (eds.) +1 other reference |
Badalov et al. (1976) | |
Badalov et al. (1976) | |
Badalov et al. (1976) | |
Tanzania | |
| Bindi +2 other references |
King (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
Feneyrol J. et al. (2010) | |
Feneyrol J. et al. (20) | |
| Maaskant et al. (1980) |
| Färber et al. (2021) |
Tonga | |
| Wendt (2013) |
Turkey | |
| Oyman (2010) |
| Kaya et al. (2023) |
| Cristosud's collection |
| Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences |
| Kaya et al. (2023) |
| Kines (1969) |
Kines (1969) | |
| Mustafa Kumral et al. (2013) |
| ÜLKAY KUÞCU (2001) |
UK | |
| |
| Power et al. (1997) |
| Hall (1979) |
| D. H. M. Alderton and N. J. Jackson ... +1 other reference |
Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Dunham et al. (2nd Edition) |
| Young (1987) +1 other reference |
| Day (1999) |
| |
| Michael S. Rumsey (2011) |
A.G. Christy collection and unpublished analysis (beige garnet is grossular, green is andradite) +2 other references | |
www.mineralman.f9.co.uk (2001) | |
| Livingstone (2002) |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| James Phemister and A. G. MacGregor (1942) |
| |
| |
| Tilley (1947) |
| |
| Am Min (1948) |
Beard et al. (2007) | |
| Agrell (1965) |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1959 32 : 26-31 |
| [BMS] |
| [var: Chrome-bearing Grossular] National Museum of Scotland specimen ... |
Ukraine | |
| Alexander I. Tischenko (1996) |
| Dvoichenko P.A. The minerals of Crimea (1914) |
| Cuney et al. (2012) |
USA | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Snetsinger (1973) |
| Geological Society of America Bulletin |
| Mineral Record (1977) |
Mineral Record (1977) | |
Min Rec 35:5 pp383-404 | |
| Galbraith et al. (1959) +1 other reference |
| Miller et al. (1983) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
Kellogg (1906) +5 other references | |
Butler et al. (1938b) +2 other references | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
Gilluly (1956) | |
MRDS database Dep. ID file #10037134 | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
Luetcke (n.d.) | |
Luetcke (n.d.) | |
Anthony et al. (1995) | |
Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Eastlick +1 other reference |
Eckhard D. Stuart | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Journeay (1959) +1 other reference |
| Galbraith (1947) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Barnes et al. (1983) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10037099 |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Jay Ellis Ransom |
| “Smith |
H. Barwood - unpublished (2010) | |
| being a report of the California State ... +3 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 495 +5 other references |
| Tucker (1919) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 147 +2 other references |
| Kunz (1905) +1 other reference |
| Kunz (1905) +2 other references |
| Specimen in the collection of Rock ... |
| Melhase (1935c) +1 other reference |
| Gray et al. (1968) |
Garnet. Extra Lapis 12 p 49 | |
| Gray et al. (1968) |
| Chris Lehmann Minerals label |
Färber (n.d.) | |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 495. +4 other references | |
| Knopf (1914a) |
Knopf (1914a) | |
Am Min (1962) | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 496 +4 other references |
| www.mineralsocal.org (n.d.) |
Kampf et al. (2012) | |
| Min Rec 2007 38:213 |
| Barton (2000) |
| |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 496. +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 482 +2 other references |
| Blake (1855) +2 other references |
| Erwin (1934) +1 other reference |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 411 +5 other references | |
| USGS Bul 922-S "Tungsten Deposits of ... |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 497. +2 other references |
Lackey et al. (2004) | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 497. +2 other references |
| Clarke (1895) +1 other reference |
| Kunz (1904) +1 other reference |
| Kunz (1905) +1 other reference |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
Nicholas Rondilone specimen | |
| Webb (1942) |
| Hutton (1943) |
| Woodford et al. (1941) |
Woodford et al. (1941) | |
Woodford et al. (1941) | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 498 +3 other references |
| PXRD by John Attard (Attard XRD Services) |
| Murdoch et al. (4) |
| Leavens & Patton: Axis 4 (1) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 317 +2 other references |
| Hewett (1956) |
| Brown et al. (2019) |
| "The Blue Bell Claims San Bernardaino ... |
Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Parrish (1960’s) |
Merrill (1916) +2 other references | |
| Hilton (1939) |
| - (2005) |
| Kunz (1905) +1 other reference |
California Division of Mines and Geology +3 other references | |
Snyder (1962) +1 other reference | |
| Carnahan |
Kunz (1905) +1 other reference | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 498. +2 other references |
| Jahns +3 other references |
Weber (1963) | |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 498. +2 other references | |
| King (n.d.) |
| Kunz (1905) +1 other reference |
150. +1 other reference | |
| San Diego Mining Company |
| Gems & Minerals (1963) +1 other reference |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Kunz (1905) +1 other reference |
| Kunz (1897) +1 other reference |
| ... |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Dana 6:1089 +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| Tschernich (1992) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Rocks & Min.:65:114-149 (see also Rocks & Min.:62:9 & 64:140-141 + Min.Rec.:20) |
| - (2005) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Walter D. Munson (of Southbury) |
| Murphy et al. (1966) |
| Dave Bodnar collection. +1 other reference |
P. Cristofono collection +1 other reference | |
| David Busha collection |
John Burnham collection | |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Emerson (1902) |
| |
| Harold Moritz collection |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| Shepard (1837) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Schooner (1961) |
| Ralph Lieser of Pappy’s Beryl Shop +2 other references |
| Chomiak (1989) |
Januzzi et al. (1958) | |
Schooner (1958) +2 other references | |
| Schooner (1958) |
Davis (1901) | |
| Schooner (1958) |
Schooner (1958) | |
| Rocks & Minerals (1955) |
| Rocks & Minerals (1955) |
Schooner (1955) | |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| Welseyan University collection |
| Fred Schuster |
| Former Ronald Januzzi collection |
| Dana 6:446. |
| Cook (1978) |
| Shearer et al. (1918) |
| Collected by Julian Gray |
| Cook (1978) |
| Rocks & Min. 70:244 |
Ream (2004) | |
Ream (2004) | |
| Rocks & Min. 70:243 |
Ream (1995) | |
| Econ Geol (1984) |
| Ream (2004) |
| Ream (2004) |
| - (2005) |
Ream (2004) | |
Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (2004) |
| Ream (2004) |
| Ream (2004) |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| Rocks & Minerals (1975) |
| King (n.d.) |
W. B. Thompson et al. (2005) | |
| Williams et al. (1900) |
| Thompson et al. (1998) |
P Cristofono collection | |
| Bill Bunn |
Yale Peabody Museum | |
| ... |
| King et al. (1994) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Peter Cristofono collection |
| King et al. (1994) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| P Cristofono collection |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Harvard Mineralogical Museum (Ex. J. A. Mann collection) |
| P. Cristofono collection |
| |
King et al. (1994) | |
| King et al. (1994) |
| |
| |
Phillip Betancourt | |
King (n.d.) | |
| King et al. (1994) |
| |
| King (n.d.) |
| |
| Leavitt et al. (5) |
King et al. (1994) | |
King et al. (1994) | |
| Bernstein (1980) |
| Betts (n.d.) |
| Gleba (2008) |
| Gleba (2008) |
| P Cristofono collection |
| Gleba (2008) |
| Gleba (2008) |
| P. Cristofono collection |
| Gleba (2008) |
| P Cristofono collection |
P. Cristofono collection | |
| Gleba (2008) |
USGS Open File Report 02-433 (2002) | |
| Gleba (2008) |
P. Cristofono collection +1 other reference | |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Mineralogical Record (Robert L. Ruess) |
| Geology and Ore Deposits of the Elkhorn ... +1 other reference |
Gabe Cangelosi Collection | |
| van Laer |
| Gibson |
| Jennifer Nemitz specimen +1 other reference |
| American Mineralogist 50:292-293 |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Gobla (2012) |
USGS Bull 139 | |
| Collection of John Meek |
| Gobla (2012) |
| USGS Bulletin 1674E |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| collected by Jack Crowley |
| Peter G. Vikre (1998) |
| U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report ... +1 other reference |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| |
| USGS Prof Paper 798D |
- (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Schilling (1979) |
| Rocks & Minerals +1 other reference |
Harris et al. (1982) | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Martin Jensen (2011) |
| Schilling (1979) |
| - (2005) |
| Montgomery (n.d.) |
| Clark (1922) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Paul Nicholson Collection |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Quillen (2017) |
| Schilling (1979) |
| Jennifer Nemitz specimen |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NBMG Bull 70 Geology and Mineral ... |
| J. V. Tingley and J. L. Bentz (1983) |
J. V. Tingley and J. L. Bentz (1983) | |
| Ex - Lawrence "Larry" Rioth (1917-2005) |
Gleba (2008) | |
| |
| P. Cristofono collection |
Warren | |
Harvard Mineralogical Museum | |
| P. Cristofono collection +1 other reference |
P. Cristofono collection | |
P. Cristofono collection | |
Smith (2005) | |
Meyers et al. (1956) | |
| Peter Cristofono |
| P. Cristofono collection |
| Dunn (1995) |
| King (n.d.) |
Ewald Gerstmann | |
| |
Dunn (1995) | |
| Kuitems (2000) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
NMBMMR Bull 11 The Geology of the Organ ... +1 other reference | |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Glover et al. (1975) |
| Econ Geol (1987) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| NMGS 21st Field Conference |
| NMBGMR Open-file Report OF-459 +1 other reference |
Walstrom (n.d.) | |
Walstrom (n.d.) | |
Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
Walstrom (n.d.) | |
Robert E. Wastrom Collection | |
| NMBMMR OFR 370 |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Maynard (2014) |
| USGS Bull 945C +1 other reference |
USGS Bull 945C | |
| USGS Bull 945C |
Gibbs (1989) | |
GF Loughlin (1942) +1 other reference | |
GF Loughlin (1942) +1 other reference | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
Manchester (1931) | |
| Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 74 (1980) |
| New York State Museum mineral collection +1 other reference |
Jensen (1978) | |
DeRudder & Beck 11th National ... | |
| American Mineralogist |
| American Mineralogist |
| Russell +1 other reference |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Rocks & Min.: 20:469. |
| Manchester (1931) |
| - (Dana, 1874) +1 other reference |
| Whitlock (1903) |
| Jensen (1978) +1 other reference |
| Speer et al. (2008) |
| Salisbury et al. (1987) |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:86. |
| Horton et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| Genth et al. (1885) |
Smithsonian Institution Mineral ... | |
| Absher and McSween H.Y Jr |
[var: Hessonite] Gems and Minerals of America-Jay Ellis ... | |
Smithsonian Institution Mineral ... | |
K. Wood collection | |
| Kunz |
| Ref.: Gordon (1922) |
| Mineralogical Record (2) |
| Ronald A. Sloto (2009) |
| Gordon |
Rose (1970) | |
| Rocks & Min.:59:109-120. |
| Lapham & Geyer |
| Mineral collecting in Pennsylvania +2 other references |
| AmMin 22:279 |
| Rocks & Minerals (1986) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
Roberts et al. (1965) | |
| USGS Bull 380D |
| Paris (2011) |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1979 43 : ... |
Morgan et al. (2008) | |
| Rocks & Minerals (1991) |
| Marvin J. Droddy and John C. Butler (1979) |
| Rocks & Minerals: 66 (3) +1 other reference |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Self-collected by Franklin Roberts |
| Yoneda et al. (1995) |
Alminas +2 other references | |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| - (2005) |
| USGS Bull 945D |
| James R. Wilson (1995) |
| - (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Staargaard (2009) |
| Bullock (1981) |
USGS OFR 45-14 +1 other reference | |
| AmMin 75:387-391 (1990) |
| North (2010) |
| Woodford et al. (2001) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
Bullock (1981) | |
Garnet. Extra Lapis 12 +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Rocks & Minerals: 21: 490 +4 other references |
| Rocks & Minerals (1996) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks & Minerals 84:352-362. |
| Hebert (2010) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) |
Cannon (1975) | |
Rocks & Minerals (1991) | |
Cannon (1975) | |
| Journal of Petrology 16 (1) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| Cannon (1975) |
| www.pnwfm.org (2006) |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +2 other references |
| www.pnwfm.org (2006) |
Cannon (1975) | |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) |
Dorothy M. Schlegal (1957) | |
Valentine et al. (1960) +2 other references | |
Rob Lavinsky +1 other reference | |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Falster (1981) +1 other reference |
Falster (1987) | |
| Adams (1996) |
R&M 73:11-12 pp 378-399 Wisconsin ... | |
| Buchholz (1996) |
| Yale Peabody Museum |
Uzbekistan | |
| Golovko et al. (2010) |
Vietnam | |
| Jadwiga PIECZONKA et al. (2019) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Kisters et al. (1998) |
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Jeffrey Mine, Val-des-Sources, Les Sources RCM, Estrie, Québec, Canada