Enstatite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Robert M. Hazen
About Enstatite
Formula:
Mg2Si2O6
Simplified: MgSiO3.
Colour:
White, yellowish green, brown, greenish white or grey, olive-green
Lustre:
Vitreous, Pearly
Hardness:
5 - 6
Specific Gravity:
3.2 - 3.9
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
From the Greek enstates - "opponent" for refractory nature under blowpipe flame.
Polymorph of:
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1384
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1384:6
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
7cd8d7a5-0b99-42d3-9a7a-f5e201bc9edd
IMA Classification of Enstatite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Enstatite
9.DA.05
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
A : Inosilicates with 2-periodic single chains, Si2O6; pyroxene family
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
A : Inosilicates with 2-periodic single chains, Si2O6; pyroxene family
65.1.2.1
65 : INOSILICATES Single-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=1)
1 : Single-Width Unbranched Chains, W=1 with chains P=2
65 : INOSILICATES Single-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=1)
1 : Single-Width Unbranched Chains, W=1 with chains P=2
14.4.2
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
4 : Silicates of Mg
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
4 : Silicates of Mg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
En | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
En | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
En | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
En | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
En | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Enstatite
Vitreous, Pearly
Transparency:
Translucent, Opaque
Comment:
Pearly on cleavage
Colour:
White, yellowish green, brown, greenish white or grey, olive-green
Streak:
Grey to white
Hardness:
5 - 6 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Good on {210}
Good on {210}
Parting:
on {100} and {010}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
3.2 - 3.9 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.189 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Enstatite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.650 - 1.668 nβ = 1.652 - 1.673 nγ = 1.659 - 1.679
2V:
Measured: 54° to 90°, Calculated: 58° to 86°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.009 - 0.011
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r < v weak
Chemistry of Enstatite
Mindat Formula:
Mg2Si2O6
Simplified: MgSiO3.
Simplified: MgSiO3.
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Ca,Al,Co,Ni,Mn,Ti,Cr,Na,K
Crystallography of Enstatite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pbca
Cell Parameters:
a = 18.23 Å, b = 8.84 Å, c = 5.19 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 2.062 : 1 : 0.587
Unit Cell V:
836.39 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Prismatic crystals, common forms include {100}, {010}, {100}, {210}, {101}, {111}, {211}; frequently striated // [001]
Twinning:
The often reported "Simple and lamellar twinning on {100}" is no twinning (the symmetry plane is part of the crystal structure). Twinning may be confused with exsolution lamellae.
Crystallographic forms of Enstatite
Crystal Atlas:
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0001201 | Enstatite | Carlson W D, Swinnea J S, Miser D E (1988) Stability of orthoenstatite at high temperature and low pressure American Mineralogist 73 1255-1263 | 1988 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001244 | Enstatite | Angel R J, Gasparik T, Finger L W (1989) Crystal structure of a Cr-bearing pyroxene American Mineralogist 74 599-603 | 1989 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001644 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Angel R J (1994) A compressional study of MgSiO3 orthoenstatite up to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 79 405-410 | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001645 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Angel R J (1994) A compressional study of MgSiO3 orthoenstatite up to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 79 405-410 | 1994 | 1.04 | 293 | ||
0001646 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Angel R J (1994) A compressional study of MgSiO3 orthoenstatite up to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 79 405-410 | 1994 | 1.95 | 293 | ||
0001647 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Angel R J (1994) A compressional study of MgSiO3 orthoenstatite up to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 79 405-410 | 1994 | 3.27 | 293 | ||
0001648 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Angel R J (1994) A compressional study of MgSiO3 orthoenstatite up to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 79 405-410 | 1994 | 4.09 | 293 | ||
0001649 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Angel R J (1994) A compressional study of MgSiO3 orthoenstatite up to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 79 405-410 | 1994 | 4.95 | 293 | ||
0001650 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Angel R J (1994) A compressional study of MgSiO3 orthoenstatite up to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 79 405-410 | 1994 | 5.85 | 293 | ||
0001651 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Angel R J (1994) A compressional study of MgSiO3 orthoenstatite up to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 79 405-410 | 1994 | 7 | 293 | ||
0001652 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Angel R J (1994) A compressional study of MgSiO3 orthoenstatite up to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 79 405-410 | 1994 | 8.1 | 293 | ||
0001693 | Enstatite | Yang H, Ghose S (1995) A transitional structural state and anomalous Fe-Mg order-disorder in Mg-rich orthopyroxene, (Mg0.75Fe0.25)2Si2O6 American Mineralogist 80 9-20 | 1995 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001694 | Enstatite | Yang H, Ghose S (1995) A transitional structural state and anomalous Fe-Mg order-disorder in Mg-rich orthopyroxene, (Mg0.75Fe0.25)2Si2O6 American Mineralogist 80 9-20 | 1995 | 0 | 1000 | ||
0001695 | Enstatite | Yang H, Ghose S (1995) A transitional structural state and anomalous Fe-Mg order-disorder in Mg-rich orthopyroxene, (Mg0.75Fe0.25)2Si2O6 American Mineralogist 80 9-20 | 1995 | 0 | 1100 | ||
0001696 | Enstatite | Yang H, Ghose S (1995) A transitional structural state and anomalous Fe-Mg order-disorder in Mg-rich orthopyroxene, (Mg0.75Fe0.25)2Si2O6 American Mineralogist 80 9-20 | 1995 | 0 | 1200 | ||
0001697 | Enstatite | Yang H, Ghose S (1995) A transitional structural state and anomalous Fe-Mg order-disorder in Mg-rich orthopyroxene, (Mg0.75Fe0.25)2Si2O6 American Mineralogist 80 9-20 | 1995 | 0 | 1300 | ||
0001755 | Enstatite | Domeneghetti M C, Molin G M, Stimpfl M, Tribaudino M (1995) Orthopyroxene from the Serra de Mage meteorite: Structure refinement and estimation of C2/c pyroxene contributions to apparent Pbca diffraction violations American Mineralogist 80 923-929 | 1995 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001756 | Enstatite | Domeneghetti M C, Molin G M, Stimpfl M, Tribaudino M (1995) Orthopyroxene from the Serra de Mage meteorite: Structure refinement and estimation of C2/c pyroxene contributions to apparent Pbca diffraction violations American Mineralogist 80 923-929 | 1995 | 0 | 293 | ||
0004153 | Enstatite | Nestola F, Gatta G D, Ballaran T B (2006) The effect of Ca substitution on the elastic and structural behavior of orthoenstatite American Mineralogist 91 809-815 | 2006 | synthetic sample | 0.0001 | 293 | |
0004154 | Enstatite | Nestola F, Gatta G D, Ballaran T B (2006) The effect of Ca substitution on the elastic and structural behavior of orthoenstatite American Mineralogist 91 809-815 | 2006 | synthetic sample | 1.76 | 293 | |
0004155 | Enstatite | Nestola F, Gatta G D, Ballaran T B (2006) The effect of Ca substitution on the elastic and structural behavior of orthoenstatite American Mineralogist 91 809-815 | 2006 | synthetic sample | 3.36 | 293 | |
0004156 | Enstatite | Nestola F, Gatta G D, Ballaran T B (2006) The effect of Ca substitution on the elastic and structural behavior of orthoenstatite American Mineralogist 91 809-815 | 2006 | synthetic sample | 3.94 | 293 | |
0004157 | Enstatite | Nestola F, Gatta G D, Ballaran T B (2006) The effect of Ca substitution on the elastic and structural behavior of orthoenstatite American Mineralogist 91 809-815 | 2006 | synthetic sample | 6.25 | 293 | |
0004362 | Enstatite | Smyth J R, Mierdel K, Keppler H, Langenhorst F, Dubrovinsky L, Nestola F (2007) Crystal chemistry of hydration in aluminous orthopyroxene American Mineralogist 92 973-976 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0019068 | Enstatite | Zhang J S, Dera P, Bass J D (2012) A new high-pressure phase transition in natural Fe-bearing orthoenstatite American Mineralogist 97 1070-1074 | 2012 | San Carlos, Arizona, USA | 12.66 | 293 | |
0019069 | Enstatite | Zhang J S, Dera P, Bass J D (2012) A new high-pressure phase transition in natural Fe-bearing orthoenstatite American Mineralogist 97 1070-1074 | 2012 | San Carlos, Arizona, USA | 14.26 | 293 | |
0020252 | Enstatite | Jacob D, Palatinus L, Cuvillier P, Leroux H, Domeneghetti C, Camara F (2013) Ordering state in orthopyroxene as determined by precession electron diffraction American Mineralogist 98 1526-1534 | 2013 | Wilson Terrane, North Victoria Land, Antarctica | 0 | 293 | |
0020253 | Enstatite | Jacob D, Palatinus L, Cuvillier P, Leroux H, Domeneghetti C, Camara F (2013) Ordering state in orthopyroxene as determined by precession electron diffraction American Mineralogist 98 1526-1534 | 2013 | Wilson Terrane, North Victoria Land, Antarctica | 0 | 293 | |
0020254 | Enstatite | Jacob D, Palatinus L, Cuvillier P, Leroux H, Domeneghetti C, Camara F (2013) Ordering state in orthopyroxene as determined by precession electron diffraction American Mineralogist 98 1526-1534 | 2013 | Wilson Terrane, North Victoria Land, Antarctica | 0 | 293 | |
0020255 | Enstatite | Jacob D, Palatinus L, Cuvillier P, Leroux H, Domeneghetti C, Camara F (2013) Ordering state in orthopyroxene as determined by precession electron diffraction American Mineralogist 98 1526-1534 | 2013 | Wilson Terrane, North Victoria Land, Antarctica | 0 | 293 | |
0005139 | Enstatite | Hawthorne F C, Ito J (1977) Synthesis and crystal-structure refinement of transition-metal orthopyroxenes I: Orthoenstatite and (Mg, Mn, Co) orthopyroxene The Canadian Mineralogist 15 321-338 | 1977 | 0 | 293 | ||
0005140 | Enstatite | Hawthorne F C, Ito J (1977) Synthesis and crystal-structure refinement of transition-metal orthopyroxenes I: Orthoenstatite and (Mg, Mn, Co) orthopyroxene The Canadian Mineralogist 15 321-338 | 1977 | 0 | 293 | ||
0006054 | Enstatite | Tribaudino M, Nestola F, Meneghini C (2005) Rietveld refinement of clinopyroxenes with intermediate Ca-content along the join diopside-enstatite The Canadian Mineralogist 43 1411-1421 | 2005 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0006055 | Enstatite | Tribaudino M, Nestola F, Meneghini C (2005) Rietveld refinement of clinopyroxenes with intermediate Ca-content along the join diopside-enstatite The Canadian Mineralogist 43 1411-1421 | 2005 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0006929 | Enstatite | Tribaudino M, Nestola F (2002) Average and local structure in P2_1/c clinopyroxenes along the join diopside-enstatite (CaMgSi2O6-Mg2Si2O6) European Journal of Mineralogy 14 549-555 | 2002 | 0 | 293 | ||
0006930 | Enstatite | Tribaudino M, Nestola F (2002) Average and local structure in P2_1/c clinopyroxenes along the join diopside-enstatite (CaMgSi2O6-Mg2Si2O6) European Journal of Mineralogy 14 549-555 | 2002 | 0 | 293 | ||
0006931 | Enstatite | Tribaudino M, Nestola F (2002) Average and local structure in P2_1/c clinopyroxenes along the join diopside-enstatite (CaMgSi2O6-Mg2Si2O6) European Journal of Mineralogy 14 549-555 | 2002 | 0 | 293 | ||
0006932 | Enstatite | Tribaudino M, Nestola F (2002) Average and local structure in P2_1/c clinopyroxenes along the join diopside-enstatite (CaMgSi2O6-Mg2Si2O6) European Journal of Mineralogy 14 549-555 | 2002 | 0 | 293 | ||
0006978 | Enstatite | Nestola F, Tribaudino M (2003) The structure of Pbca orthopyroxenes along the join diopside-enstatite (CaMgSi2O6-Mg2Si2O6) European Journal of Mineralogy 15 365-371 | 2003 | 0 | 293 | ||
0006979 | Enstatite | Nestola F, Tribaudino M (2003) The structure of Pbca orthopyroxenes along the join diopside-enstatite (CaMgSi2O6-Mg2Si2O6) European Journal of Mineralogy 15 365-371 | 2003 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007358 | Enstatite | Ohashi Y (1984) Polysynthetically-twinned structures of enstatite and wollastonite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 10 217-229 | 1984 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007919 | Enstatite | Yang H, Ghose S (1995) High temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction studies of the ortho-proto phase transition in enstatite, Mg2Si2O6 at 1360 K Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 22 300-310 | 1995 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007920 | Enstatite | Yang H, Ghose S (1995) High temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction studies of the ortho-proto phase transition in enstatite, Mg2Si2O6 at 1360 K Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 22 300-310 | 1995 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007921 | Enstatite | Yang H, Ghose S (1995) High temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction studies of the ortho-proto phase transition in enstatite, Mg2Si2O6 at 1360 K Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 22 300-310 | 1995 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007922 | Enstatite | Yang H, Ghose S (1995) High temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction studies of the ortho-proto phase transition in enstatite, Mg2Si2O6 at 1360 K Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 22 300-310 | 1995 | 0 | 293 | ||
0008009 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 0 | 293 | ||
0008010 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 1.54 | 293 | ||
0008011 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 2.5 | 293 | ||
0008012 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 3.17 | 293 | ||
0008013 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 4.14 | 293 | ||
0008014 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 4.76 | 293 | ||
0008015 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 5.77 | 293 | ||
0008016 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 6.59 | 293 | ||
0008017 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 7.5 | 293 | ||
0008018 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 0 | 293 | ||
0008019 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 1.04 | 293 | ||
0008020 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 1.9 | 293 | ||
0008021 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 3 | 293 | ||
0008022 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 4.03 | 293 | ||
0008023 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 4.93 | 293 | ||
0008024 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 6.01 | 293 | ||
0009041 | Enstatite | Camara F, Iezzi G, Tiepolo M, Oberti R (2006) The crstal chemistry of lithium and Fe3+ in synthetic orthopyroxene Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 33 475-483 | 2006 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009042 | Enstatite | Camara F, Iezzi G, Tiepolo M, Oberti R (2006) The crstal chemistry of lithium and Fe3+ in synthetic orthopyroxene Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 33 475-483 | 2006 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009043 | Enstatite | Camara F, Iezzi G, Tiepolo M, Oberti R (2006) The crstal chemistry of lithium and Fe3+ in synthetic orthopyroxene Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 33 475-483 | 2006 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009057 | Enstatite | Gatta G D, Rinaldi R, Knight K S, Molin G, Artioli G (2007) High temperature structural and thermoelastic behaviour of mantle orthopyroxene: an in situ neutron powder diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 185-200 | 2007 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009058 | Enstatite | Gatta G D, Rinaldi R, Knight K S, Molin G, Artioli G (2007) High temperature structural and thermoelastic behaviour of mantle orthopyroxene: an in situ neutron powder diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 185-200 | 2007 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009059 | Enstatite | Gatta G D, Rinaldi R, Knight K S, Molin G, Artioli G (2007) High temperature structural and thermoelastic behaviour of mantle orthopyroxene: an in situ neutron powder diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 185-200 | 2007 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009060 | Enstatite | Gatta G D, Rinaldi R, Knight K S, Molin G, Artioli G (2007) High temperature structural and thermoelastic behaviour of mantle orthopyroxene: an in situ neutron powder diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 185-200 | 2007 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009061 | Enstatite | Gatta G D, Rinaldi R, Knight K S, Molin G, Artioli G (2007) High temperature structural and thermoelastic behaviour of mantle orthopyroxene: an in situ neutron powder diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 185-200 | 2007 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009062 | Enstatite | Gatta G D, Rinaldi R, Knight K S, Molin G, Artioli G (2007) High temperature structural and thermoelastic behaviour of mantle orthopyroxene: an in situ neutron powder diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 185-200 | 2007 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009063 | Enstatite | Gatta G D, Rinaldi R, Knight K S, Molin G, Artioli G (2007) High temperature structural and thermoelastic behaviour of mantle orthopyroxene: an in situ neutron powder diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 185-200 | 2007 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009064 | Enstatite | Gatta G D, Rinaldi R, Knight K S, Molin G, Artioli G (2007) High temperature structural and thermoelastic behaviour of mantle orthopyroxene: an in situ neutron powder diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 185-200 | 2007 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009065 | Enstatite | Gatta G D, Rinaldi R, Knight K S, Molin G, Artioli G (2007) High temperature structural and thermoelastic behaviour of mantle orthopyroxene: an in situ neutron powder diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 185-200 | 2007 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009066 | Enstatite | Gatta G D, Rinaldi R, Knight K S, Molin G, Artioli G (2007) High temperature structural and thermoelastic behaviour of mantle orthopyroxene: an in situ neutron powder diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 185-200 | 2007 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009067 | Enstatite | Gatta G D, Rinaldi R, Knight K S, Molin G, Artioli G (2007) High temperature structural and thermoelastic behaviour of mantle orthopyroxene: an in situ neutron powder diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 185-200 | 2007 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009068 | Enstatite | Gatta G D, Rinaldi R, Knight K S, Molin G, Artioli G (2007) High temperature structural and thermoelastic behaviour of mantle orthopyroxene: an in situ neutron powder diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 185-200 | 2007 | 0 | 293 | ||
0018104 | Enstatite | Warren B, Modell D (1930) The structure of enstatite, MgSiO3 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 75 1-14 | 1930 | 0 | 293 | ||
0010680 | Enstatite | Morimoto N, Koto K (1969) The crystal structure of orthoenstatite Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 129 65-83 | 1969 | Bishopville meteorite | 0 | 293 | |
0014680 | Enstatite | Angel R J, Chopelas A, Ross N L (1992) Stability of high-density clinoenstatite at upper-mantle pressures Nature 358 322-324 | 1992 | 7.93 | 293 | ||
0017925 | Enstatite | Takane K (1932) Crystal Structure of Bronzite from Chichi-jiama in the Bonin Islands _cod_database_code 1011018 Proceedings of the Japan Academy 8 308-311 | 1932 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Image Loading
Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
3.175 Å | (100) |
2.878 Å | (55) |
2.540 Å | (25) |
1.488 Å | (25) |
2.497 Å | (18) |
2.477 Å | (18) |
1.473 Å | (18) |
Comments:
Bamble, Norway. Data from Lee and Heuer (1987).
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Pre-terrestrial "Ur-minerals" | >4.57 |
1 : Stellar atmosphere condensates | |
Stage 1: Primary nebular phases | 4.567-4.561 |
4 : Primary chondrule phases | 4.566–4.561 |
Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
5 : Primary asteroid phases | 4.566–4.560 |
6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
7 : Ultramafic igneous rocks | |
Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
12 : Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits (see also #33) | |
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks | |
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
38 : Ophiolites | |
39 : High-𝑃 metamorphism (blueschist, eclogite, ultrahigh 𝑃 facies) | |
40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Geological Setting:
Magmatic mafic rocks
Synonyms of Enstatite
Other Language Names for Enstatite
Varieties of Enstatite
Bronzite | An iron(II)-bearing variety of enstatite. The iron-dominant member is ferrosilite. See also the obsolete hypersthene, a mid-way member between enstatite and ferrosilite. |
Lime-Bronzite | A Calcian Bronzite |
Vanadinbronzite | A vanadium-bearing variety of enstatite. Originally reported from Bracco, Genova Province, Liguria, Italy. |
Relationship of Enstatite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Donpeacorite | (Mn,Mg)MgSi2O6 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbca |
Ferrosilite | Fe2+2Si2O6 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbca |
Protoenstatite | Mg2Si2O6 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
118 photos of Enstatite associated with Pseudobrookite | Fe2TiO5 |
90 photos of Enstatite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
70 photos of Enstatite associated with Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
62 photos of Enstatite associated with Tridymite | SiO2 |
36 photos of Enstatite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
31 photos of Enstatite associated with Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
30 photos of Enstatite associated with Sanidine | K(AlSi3O8) |
26 photos of Enstatite associated with Armalcolite-Pseudobrookite Series | |
25 photos of Enstatite associated with Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
24 photos of Enstatite associated with Zircon | Zr(SiO4) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
9.DA. | Protoenstatite | Mg2Si2O6 |
9.DA. | Ryabchikovite | CuMgSi2O6 |
9.DA. | Colomeraite | NaTi3+Si2O6 |
9.DA.05 | Donpeacorite | (Mn,Mg)MgSi2O6 |
9.DA.05 | Ferrosilite | Fe2+2Si2O6 |
9.DA.10 | Clinoenstatite | MgSiO3 |
9.DA.10 | Clinoferrosilite | Fe2+2Si2O6 |
9.DA.10 | Kanoite | Mn2+(Mg,Mn2+)Si2O6 |
9.DA.10 | Pigeonite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
9.DA.15 | Augite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
9.DA.15 | Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
9.DA.15 | Esseneite | CaFe3+[AlSiO6] |
9.DA.15 | Hedenbergite | CaFe2+Si2O6 |
9.DA.15 va | Jeffersonite | Ca(Mn,Zn,Fe)Si2O6 |
9.DA.15 | Johannsenite | CaMn2+Si2O6 |
9.DA.15 | Petedunnite | Ca(Zn,Mn2+,Mg,Fe2+)Si2O6 |
9.DA.15 | Davisite | CaScAlSiO6 |
9.DA.15 | Kushiroite | CaAl[AlSiO6] |
9.DA.15 | Grossmanite | CaTi3+ AlSiO6 |
9.DA.20 | Aegirine-augite | (NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(Fe3+eAlfFe2+gMgh)Si2O6 |
9.DA.20 | Omphacite | (NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(AleFe3+fFe2+gMgh)Si2O6 |
9.DA.25 | Aegirine | NaFe3+Si2O6 |
9.DA.25 | Jadeite | Na(Al,Fe3+)Si2O6 |
9.DA.25 | Jervisite | NaSc3+Si2O6 |
9.DA.25 | Kosmochlor | NaCrSi2O6 |
9.DA.25 | Namansilite | NaMn3+Si2O6 |
9.DA.25 | Natalyite | NaV3+Si2O6 |
9.DA.25 | Tissintite | (Ca,Na,◻)AlSi2O6 |
9.DA.30 | Spodumene | LiAlSi2O6 |
9.DA.35 | Hiroseite | FeSiO3 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Enstatite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Enstatite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1384.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Enstatite
Localities for Enstatite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| Endress et al. (1994) |
Wlotzka (ed.) +3 other references | |
| J.P. Lorand and J.Y. Cottin |
| Wlotzka (1991) |
| Lustrino et al. (2016) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
Angola | |
| Nikitina et al. (2012) |
Antarctica | |
| Shen et al. (2022) |
Shen et al. (2022) | |
| Lee et al. (2019) |
Ruzicka et al. (1999) | |
Meteorlogical Bulletin | |
Grossman et al. (1993) | |
Brearley et al. (1998) | |
Meteorlogical Bulletin | |
Meteorological Bulletin | |
| gsa.confex.com (n.d.) |
granulite-facies rocks of Casey Bay +1 other reference | |
| Grew (1982) |
Grew (1982) | |
Grew (1982) | |
Meteorlogical Bulletin +1 other reference | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1963 33 : 635-645 |
Eur. J. Mineral. | |
Lin et al. (1991) | |
| Russell et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
Miyamoto et al. (1985) | |
| Himmelberg et al. (1977) |
| Hiroi et al. (2023) |
Kimura et al. (1992) | |
| Ikeda Yukio (1988) +1 other reference |
Yabuki (1978) | |
Yabuki (1978) +1 other reference | |
Yabuki (1978) | |
Yabuki (1978) | |
Yabuki (1978) | |
Yabuki (1978) | |
Yabuki (1978) | |
Yabuki (1978) | |
Kato et al. (2017) | |
Itoh et al. (2003) | |
Lin et al. (1998) | |
Ohgo et al. (2017) | |
| Rosenshein et al. (2006) |
Jeffrey N. Grossman (1988) | |
Housley (1984) | |
Steele et al. (1987) +1 other reference | |
| Guan et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
Fogel (1997) | |
Rochette et al. (2008) | |
Molin et al. (1994) | |
| Keil et al. (2011) |
| Enstatite +3 other references |
| Anzures et al. (2024) |
| Mozer (2012) |
Smellie et al. (1988) +1 other reference | |
Argentina | |
| www.campometeorites.com/history.htm |
| O. Rabbia et al. (1993) |
| Palmer et al. (Oct 2011) |
| KOSTADINOFF |
| Mineralogy and Petrology (2000) |
| Gerarduzzi et al. (2016) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Beard et al. (2009) |
| Sharkov et al. (2007) |
Australia | |
| Oskierski et al. (2013) |
| Brown et al. (1992) |
| articles.adsabs.harvard.edu (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Ashley et al. (1993) |
| |
| Daly et al. (1956) |
| Warren et al. (1974) |
| American Mineralogist +1 other reference |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| J. S. Delaney et al. (1985) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2020) |
| Anderson et al. (2002) |
| Mathew Latham coll. |
| Bottrill |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| R Bottrill +1 other reference |
| Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection |
Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection | |
Judy Rowe collection | |
| Palmer et al. (Oct 2011) |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) |
| Formation of Platiniferous Sulfide ... +1 other reference |
| Buseck et al. (1972) |
| New Stony Meteorite Finds Including Two ... +2 other references |
New Stony Meteorite Finds Including Two ... +2 other references | |
The Nallah Meteorite +2 other references | |
| Canadian Mineralogist +1 other reference |
Cox (1974) +1 other reference | |
| Hamlyn (1975) |
| Bevan et al. (1988) |
| Marston (1984) |
| New Stony Meteorite Finds Including Two ... +2 other references |
New Stony Meteorite Finds Including Two ... +2 other references | |
Klaus Keil (1982) | |
| Marston (1984) |
Collins et al. (2012) | |
Marston (1984) | |
| Econ Geol (1988) |
| McCall et al. (1966) |
| Marston (1984) |
| A New Siderolite from Bencubbin +2 other references |
| Trommsdorff et al. (1968) |
| |
| Watters et al. (1979) |
| The Wiluna Meteorite Fall +1 other reference |
| Kubel +6 other references |
| New Material From +1 other reference |
Austria | |
| U. Kolitsch et al. (2009) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2012) |
| Kolitsch (2015) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2020) |
| Carswell (1991) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Siddiqi (1971) |
| |
| Kolitsch (2019) |
| Knobloch et al. (2021) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2023) |
Krahuletzmuseum collection | |
| Wolfgang Ecker collection |
| KIESSLING (1930b) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
Exel (1993) | |
Mason (1976) | |
| Exel (1993) |
| Postl (1981) |
Chris Auer collection | |
| Niedermayr (1993) |
| Roland Nilica collection (analysed) |
| H.Schabereiter |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) |
| Collection of NHM |
| Taucher (1989) |
| Exel (1993) |
Azerbaijan | |
| rruff.geo.arizona.edu (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Bangladesh | |
| Uddin et al. (2022) |
Botswana | |
| Stiefenhofer et al. (1997) |
| Massey (1973) |
Brazil | |
| Cassedanne et al. (1978) |
| Zucolotto et al. (2001) |
| Candia et al. (1997) |
Candia et al. (1997) | |
| Soares et al. (2018) |
| Atencio et al. (2020) |
Burkina Faso | |
| www.lpi.usra.edu (n.d.) |
Cameroon | |
| 489-492. (July 1997) +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| www.venuewest.com/8IKC/s1post.htm. |
| Dawson +5 other references |
| Menard et al. (1996) |
| Hill |
| Promprated et al. (2003) |
| Harrison Cookenboo (1996) |
| Mundt |
| Roach et al. (1998) |
| Journal of Petrology 40:79-104 |
| Laarman |
| Alan E. Rubin |
| Currie (1980) |
| Sage (1987) |
| D. H. Watkinson and G. Dunning v (1979) |
| Olivier Langelier Collection |
| Can Mineral December 1 |
| Can Mineral December 1 |
| Richard Gunter Collection |
| Min.Rec.:20 (5) +1 other reference |
| Van Velthuizen (1993) |
| Sabina (1986) +1 other reference |
Sabina (1986) +1 other reference | |
| Can Min 32:843-854 (1994) |
| castaing.eps.mcgill.ca (n.d.) |
| Thomson et al. (1981) |
| Ruzicka et al. (2012) |
5th International Platinum Symposium ... | |
| Barkov et al. (2008) |
| |
Central African Republic | |
| Hoinkes et al. (1975) |
Chile | |
| Maskaev et al. (2007) |
China | |
| Yilin Xiao et al. (2000) |
| Kuiren Wang and Junxin Wang (1987) |
| Hong et al. (1999) |
| Kievlenko et al. (2003) |
| Proceedings 30th Intl Geol Cong Vol 16 ... |
| Li Li et al. (2010) |
| He et al. (2024) |
| Wang et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
| Chinese Journal of Geochemistry 18 (1) |
| Wei Hou and Mingzai Wang (1988) |
| Mengxi Wang and Yan Wang (2012) |
| Anthony et al. (1997) |
| Research Group of Suizhou Meteorite (1986) |
| Wang et al. (1977) |
| Hongquan She et al. (2006) |
| Zhu et al. (2015) |
| Jinsheng Wei et al. (1985) |
| Kievlenko et al. (2003) |
| Lunar and Planetary Science |
| Zicheng Chen (1991) |
| Peng et al. (2022) |
| Zhao |
| Shuguang Song et al. (2004) |
| Huiwen Liu et al. (2014) |
| Xiyue Wang et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Yongheng Chen et al. (1998) |
| Science |
| Zhao et al. (2006) |
| Bai et al. (2018) |
| www.meteorites4sale.net (n.d.) |
| Bao Peisheng et al. (2007) |
| Meifu Zhou et al. (1996) |
| Yunshuai Li et al. (2013) |
| Jingwen Mao et al. (2007) |
| Fengmei Chai et al. (2006) |
| Ruan +3 other references |
| Chen et al. (2014) |
| Chunming Han et al. (2007) |
| Li Zhao et al. (2006) |
| Wang et al. (2023) |
| Zhou et al. (2001) |
Costa Rica | |
| Rodríguez et al. (2017) |
Croatia | |
| Hoinkes et al. (1976) |
Cuba | |
| Tauler et al. (2023) |
| Pujol-Solà et al. (2018) |
| Domènech et al. (2014) |
Ríos et al. (1984) | |
| Yin et al. (2021) |
Czech Republic | |
| Kratochvíl |
| |
| Tuček K.: Meteority a jejich výskyt v ... |
| Pauliš |
| Bernard J. H. et al. Mineralogie ... |
| Kopa |
| Kurat (1970) |
| Kenngott (1855) |
| Novotný |
| Čech |
| Welser |
| Zikeš |
| Tuček K.: Meteority a jejich výskyt v ... |
| Tuček K.: Meteority a jejich výskyt v ... |
| Rost R.: Doplňky k mineralogii ... |
| Němec et al. (monografie hadce) |
| Bernard et al. (2004) |
| ĎUĎA |
Kopa | |
| Petr Pauliš (2001) |
| Tuček K.: Meteority a jejich výskyt v ... |
Dominican Republic | |
| Domènech et al. (2022) |
East Timor | |
| Lay et al. (2017) |
Egypt | |
| Methot et al. (1975) |
| Atef et al. (2023) |
Kharbish (2020) | |
Atef et al. (2023) | |
Estonia | |
| Keil (1968) +1 other reference |
Eswatini | |
| Gan et al. (n.d.) |
Gan et al. (n.d.) | |
| Daniels (1991) |
Finland | |
| 33 IGC excursion No 15 |
| 5th International Platinum Symposium ... +1 other reference |
Econ Geol (1986) +1 other reference | |
| Fröhlich et al. (2021) |
| Järvinen et al. (2019) |
| Peltonen et al. (2008) |
| Rubin +1 other reference |
| Kärkkäinen et al. (1999) |
France | |
| BRGM (1988) |
| y Yannick Vessely collection |
| Watters et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| Leblanc et al. (1987) |
| F.H. Forestier : "Les Péridotites ... |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| F.H. Forestier : "Les Péridotites ... +1 other reference |
| Leblanc et al. (1987) |
F.H. Forestier : "Les Péridotites ... | |
| FORESTIER F. H. (1969) |
| |
| Leblanc et al. (1987) |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| F.H. Forestier : "Les Péridotites ... |
Forestier (1964) | |
Forestier (1964) | |
| Belot (1978) |
| Müller et al. (2023) |
| Leblanc et al. (1987) |
| Gourgaud A. (1985) |
| Philippe Rémy collection |
| P & E Médard collection |
P. & E. Medard collection | |
P & E Médard collection | |
P & E Médard collection | |
Périnet (n.d.) | |
Médard et al. (2021) | |
| P & E Médard collection |
Hède | |
| Médard P. et al. (2009) |
| F. Wlotzka & H. Palme (1982) |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| Hewins (2014) +1 other reference |
D. Westercamp and H Taziefff (1980) | |
| D. Westercamp and H Taziefff (1980) |
| Robertson Collection |
| Berger +1 other reference |
| Teitler et al. (2022) |
| Berger +1 other reference |
| Econ Geol. (1995) |
| T. Sameshima et al. |
| 33rd International Geological Congress (2008) |
| Berger +4 other references |
| J.L. Bodinier et al. et al. (30) |
| J.L. Bodinier et al. et al. (30) +1 other reference |
| Inventaire Minéralogique de la France ... |
| G. Trolliard et al. +1 other reference |
| Shimizu et al. (2002) |
| Ian M. Steele (1990) |
| Ko Jansen collection |
Georgia | |
| Środek et al. (2018) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
Walenta (1992) | |
| Tschermak (1884,1885) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| G. Simon et al. : "The Meteorite ... +2 other references |
| F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Hentschel (1960) |
| |
Roland Schmidt Collection--Littleton | |
| Bender et al. (1994) |
| Moreva-Perekalina (1985) |
| Frechen (1976) |
| Ramdohr (1969) |
| Mori et al. (1981) |
| Möhl (1868) |
| Hentschel (1983) |
| Rath |
| Loock et al. (1990) |
| Viereck |
| Personally collected by Günter Frenz |
Lapis 1988 (7+8) | |
| Rath |
Viereck | |
Rath et al. ( Hypersthen) | |
| Rath |
| Rath |
| Hentschel (1983) |
Hentschel (1983) | |
| Lapis (5) +1 other reference |
| Erik Vercammen collection |
Brauns | |
| Marko Burkhardt Collection |
| Schüller et al. (1986) |
| El-Kaluoby |
| Blaß (2020) |
| Schüller |
| Köster (1960) |
| Koch (1886) |
| Schmädicke et al. (1997) |
Schmädicke et al. (1997) | |
| Tuček K.: Meteority a jejich výskyt v ... |
| Schmädicke et al. (1997) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Lapis 11 (7/8) | |
| Vollstädt (1979) |
| Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in ... |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
Ghana | |
| Stachel et al. (1997) |
Greece | |
| Grieco et al. (2023) |
| Garuti et al. (1999) |
| Dabitzias |
Tsikouras et al. (2006) | |
| Grieco et al. (2012) |
Greenland | |
| Bøggild (1953) |
Bøggild (1953) | |
Bøggild (1953) | |
| Bøggild (1953) |
| Bøggild (1953) |
| Guotana et al. (2018) |
| Bøggild (1953) |
| Bøggild (1953) |
Petersen et al. (1993) | |
| Petersen et al. (1980) |
Bøggild (1953) | |
Windley B.F. et al. (1989) | |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral ... +1 other reference |
| Bulletin of the Hungarian Geological ... |
| Kohút et al. (2019) |
| Mineral Species of Hungary |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Szár Hill |
| Kimura et al. (1998) +2 other references |
| Mineral Species of Hungary |
| Szakáll - Gatter: Minerals of Hungary |
| Szakáll & Gatter: Hun. Min.Spec. |
| Szakáll & Gatter |
India | |
| Barman et al. (2016) |
| Kaur et al. (2016) |
| Chalapathi Rao et al. (2004) |
| Leelanandam |
| Kumar et al. (1996) +4 other references |
| Bhandari et al. (1975) |
| Mason et al. (1962) |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... +1 other reference |
| Anantha Iyer et al. (1975) |
Anantha Iyer et al. (1975) | |
Anantha Iyer et al. (1975) | |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| Ray et al. (2016) |
| Nayak et al. (2023) |
| Sahu et al. (2022) |
Jena et al. (2017) | |
| Buchanan et al. (1993) |
| STripathi et al. (2000) |
| Hutchison et al. (1974) +3 other references |
| Jones (1996) |
| Sharma |
| Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... +1 other reference |
| Ruzicka (1990) +1 other reference |
Indonesia | |
| Taixu Luo (2008) |
Iran | |
| Oberhänsli et al. (2007) |
| Pourkhorsandi et al. (2019) |
Pourkhorsandi et al. (2019) | |
Pourkhorsandi et al. (2019) | |
| Burragato F. et al. (1974) |
| Ward (1901) |
| Mazhari et al. (2009) |
Italy | |
| Stoppa et al. (1997) |
| Catalano et al. (2014) |
| Russo et al. (2004) |
| luigi chiapinno |
| www.gmgn.it (n.d.) |
Russo et al. (2004) | |
| Mason et al. (1962) |
| Rosati (1910a) +3 other references |
| Carapezza et al. (1976) |
| Baldanza (1965) +1 other reference |
| Galli (1963) |
| Analysed to Roma 3 university from ... |
| |
| Tumiati et al. (2018) |
| Hermann et al. (2006) |
Hermann et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Garzanti et al. (1998) |
| Levi-Donati et al. (1971) |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) |
| Maras et al. (1979) |
| Simon et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
Piccoli (2002) | |
| Roccati (1903) |
| Prete (1995) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piolti (1896) |
| www.webmineralshop.com (2001) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Traverso S. (1895) +2 other references |
The Canadian Mineralogist | |
| and Beiträge zur Geologie der Schweiz +4 other references |
Natale et al. (1976) | |
| Sessa et al. (2017) |
| Artioli et al. (1990) |
| Gamboni et al. (2006) |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) |
Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Lustrino et al. (2000) |
Conte et al. (2010) | |
| Lustrino et al. (1999) |
| Levi-Donati G.R. (1972) |
| Sicurella et al. (2010) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
Malgarotto et al. (1993) | |
| F. Brignoli self collected |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Correale et al. (2019) |
| S. Tonarini et al. |
| 86 (in German) +1 other reference |
| Florian Tauber |
| Meteoretical Bulletin Database +1 other reference |
| Franzini M. (1964) +1 other reference |
| Brizzi G. et al. (1996) |
| Keil et al. (1964) +1 other reference |
| Grossman et al. (2001) |
| Clarke et al. (1975) |
Ivory Coast | |
| Gouedji et al. (2014) |
Japan | |
| Analyses by Dr Kazumi Yokoyama |
| Dr Kazumi Yokoyama analyses |
| Masaru Yamaguchi (1964) |
| Shima et al. (1980) |
| Analyses by Dr Hideki Masago and Dr ... |
| Analyses by Dr Hideki Masago and Dr ... |
| chromian enstatite. Kitahara (1958) |
| E. Takazawa et al. |
| Dr Kazumi Yokoyama analyses |
| Dr Kazumi Yokoyama analyses |
| Nishio-Hamane et al. (2021) |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Tokiko Tiba (1989) |
Tokiko Tiba (1989) | |
Tokiko Tiba (1989) | |
| Terashima et al. (2004) |
| Masaru Yamaguchi (1964) |
| Mem. Natn. Sci. Mus. +1 other reference |
| TAKAI et al. (2012) |
| Masaru Yamaguchi (1964) |
| Masaru Yamaguchi (1964) |
| Masaru Yamaguchi (1964) |
| Analyses by Dr Kazumi Yokoyama |
| Alfredo Petrov |
jamstec.go.jp/chikyu/eng/index.html | |
| Analyses by Dr Hideki Masago |
| Analyses by Dr Kazumi Yokoyama |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
Momma et al. (2015) | |
| Analyses by Dr Shinichi Kuramoto and Dr ... |
| Analyses by Dr Shinichi Kuramoto and Dr ... |
Jordan | |
| Yaseen (2014) |
Kazakhstan | |
| |
| Melcher et al. (1999) |
| Saveliev et al. (2023) |
Saveliev et al. (2023) | |
| |
Kenya | |
| Ministry of Energy and Regional ... +4 other references |
Lesotho | |
| American Mineralogist (1968) |
| Field et al. (2008) |
Libya | |
| Connolly Jr (2006) +1 other reference |
| Ikeda et al. (2000) +2 other references |
Meteoritical Bulletin 84 (Aug.2000) +1 other reference | |
Zhang et al. (2013) | |
Lithuania | |
| Prušinskienė et al. (2017) |
| Zolensky et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
Madagascar | |
| Behier et al. (1959) |
| Bruyère et al. (2016) |
| Razakamanana et al. (2006 ) |
Razakamanana et al. (2006 ) | |
| Eur. J. Minéral +1 other reference |
| Ashwal et al. (1998) |
Michel Arliguie collection & photo (photo id 907291) | |
Malawi | |
| Prinz +3 other references |
Mali | |
| www.lpi.usra.edu (n.d.) |
Mexico | |
| Lherzolite nodules +1 other reference |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| Ruzicka et al. (2006) |
Middle East | |
Vapnik et al. (2006) | |
Mongolia | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Ejima et al. (2018) |
| Savina et al. (2020) |
| www.dmitrenkogg.narod.ru (n.d.) |
Morocco | |
| Harold C. Connally (2007) |
Myanmar | |
| Themelis (2008) |
Themelis (2008) | |
Harlow G1 (2014) | |
Themelis (2008) | |
Themelis (2008) | |
| |
Namibia | |
| |
| von Seckendorff et al. (2000) |
New Zealand | |
| E. J. Searle (1961) |
E. J. Searle (1961) | |
| S.Mills |
J. W. COLE et al. (Whakaari) | |
| Dickey Jr (1968) +4 other references |
| Hackett W R. |
| Christensen (1984) |
| Brothers et al. (1981) |
Brothers et al. (1981) | |
| Olivine nodules from Tokatoka et al. (1) |
| Mason (1968) |
| Mossman et al. (2000) |
Mossman et al. (2000) | |
| C. M. Ward (1984) |
| Kimura et al. (1998) |
| Gill et al. (1970) |
| Collection of RJ Martin correlated to ... |
| Collection of RJ Martin correlated to ... |
| Battey (1962) |
Nigeria | |
| Watters et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
North Africa | |
| Gannoun et al. (2011) +2 other references |
Piani et al. (2016) | |
Northwest Africa Meteorites | |
... | |
Srinivasan et al. (2018) | |
Fintor et al. (2013) | |
Moggi-Cecchi et al. (2007) | |
Bunch et al. (2008) | |
www.lpi.usra.edu (n.d.) | |
Bunch et al. (2008) | |
Jacquet et al. (2016) +1 other reference | |
www.lpi.usra.edu (2010) | |
Metzler et al. (2011) | |
Norway | |
| Touret et al. (1971) |
| Washington et al. (1923) |
| Rømming et al. (1980) |
| Grew et al. (1998) |
Brøgger et al. (1880) | |
Neumann (1985) | |
| Cutts (2019) |
| Apeiranthiti (2016) |
Mørk (1985) | |
| Schönig et al. (2018) |
| Hysingjord (1967) |
Cutts (2019) | |
| Lapen et al. (2009) |
| Larsen (1978) |
Kostenko et al. (2002) +1 other reference | |
Knut Eldjarn Collection | |
Pers. Com. K. Brastad 02.1982 in ... +1 other reference | |
Augsten (2014) | |
Augsten (2014) | |
| Garmo (2013) |
Eskola (1921) | |
| Sørensen (1955) |
| Hiortdahl (1879) +1 other reference |
| Hermans et al. (1976) |
| Jean-Clair Duchesne ed. (2001) |
| Svensen (2004) |
| phase relations +1 other reference |
| Duchesne (1999) +1 other reference |
Schiellerup et al. (2003) | |
| Boysen et al. (1991) |
| Brøgger et al. (1880) |
| Brøgger et al. (1885) |
Brøgger et al. (1875) | |
Bugge (1965) | |
Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) | |
Bugge (1965) | |
| photo-1111481 |
Nordrum (2008) | |
Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM- 6383 ( Find of sept-2007) | |
| Nordrum (2011) +1 other reference |
| Nordrum et al. (1981) |
| OHNMACHT (1974) |
| Bøe (2001) |
| Elvevold et al. (1996) |
| Bøe (1976) |
| Witsø (1995) |
| Berget (2006) |
| NGU |
| www.geologyglasgow.org.uk (2016) |
| Briani et al. (2012) |
Oman | |
| Miura et al. (2012) |
| Slyuta et al. (2008) |
Ivanova et al. (2003, March) | |
The Meteoritical Bulletin | |
Zhang et al. (2015) | |
Reed (1968) | |
| Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (2000) |
Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (2008) | |
Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (2002) | |
Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (2003) | |
Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (2002) | |
The Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (2004) | |
Pacific Ocean | |
| R. Hekinian et al. |
Contr. Min. Petr. (1998) +1 other reference | |
Pakistan | |
| Kakar et al. (2013) |
| Econ Geol (1985) |
| - (2002) |
| Prior (1918) +1 other reference |
| Keil (1968) +1 other reference |
| Klaus Keil & Christian A. Andersen (1965) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Davies |
| Lowder (1970) |
Peru | |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
Philippines | |
| Ruth et al. (2021) |
| Fournelle et al. (1996) |
| Tupaz +5 other references |
| Zhigang Wang (2010) |
Poland | |
| Karwowski et al. (2015) |
| Marszałek M. & Czerny J. 2009: ... |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Białowolska A. 1973 - Geochemia ... |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Ćwiek et al. (2014) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Sachanbiński et al. 2000: Heavy ... +1 other reference |
Spangenberg et al. (1949) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Chodyniecka L. (1969) |
| The Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (August, 2000) +1 other reference |
| Karwowski Ł. 2003: The new ... |
| ... |
Portugal | |
| |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
Republic of the Congo | |
| Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... |
Romania | |
| Szakáll |
| Szakáll et al. (2010) |
| Szakáll et al. (2010) |
| König et al. (2001) |
| Hirtopanu et al. (2015) |
Russia | |
| Kepezhinskas et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Kislov et al. (2022) |
| Spiridonov et al. (2019) |
Spiridonov et al. (2019, April) | |
Spiridonov et al. (2018) | |
Kislov +1 other reference | |
| Shin Ozawa et al. (2014) |
| Filina et al. (2019) |
| Safina et al. (2015) |
| Sorokina et al. (2019) |
| Nedosekova (2007) +1 other reference |
Chudnenko +2 other references | |
| Ruzicka et al. (2014) |
| Sklyarov +5 other references |
Sklyarov +5 other references | |
Sklyarov +5 other references | |
| Podlipsky et al. (2015) |
| Skolotnev et al. (2018, March) |
| Pekov et al. (2023) +4 other references |
| Shchipalkina et al. (2020) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Lavrik et al. (2020) |
| Erokhin et al. (2016) |
Erokhin et al. (2017, December) +1 other reference | |
| Watters et al. (1979) |
| www.igem.ru (2001) |
| Yakovenchuk et al. (2008) |
Orsoev et al. (1985) +1 other reference | |
| Chukanov et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Barkov et al. (2017) |
| Litasov et al. (2018, January) |
| Erokhin et al. (2018) |
| Kazachenko et al. (2013) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. +1 other reference |
[World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Sobolev et al. (2003) |
| Rezvukhin +10 other references |
Nimis et al. (2009) | |
| Argunov (1990) |
Sobolev et al. (1997) | |
| Litasov et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
| Trunilina et al. (2022) |
Okrugin et al. (2023) | |
| Kiseleva et al. (2014) |
| Antonov A.A. [Антонов А.А.] (2003) |
| David A. Kring (1987) |
| Soloviev et al. (2013) |
Shmelev V.R. et al. (2014) | |
| Lorenz et al. (2000) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Camp et al. (1989) +2 other references |
| Abuamarah et al. (2023) |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
Koděra (1986) | |
Ďuďa | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Uher P. |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
Koděra (1986) +1 other reference | |
Koděra (1986) | |
Grecula (1995) | |
| Ozdín et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Pauliš P. |
Háber et al. (Dankova, SGR Mnts) | |
Pauliš P. | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ďuďa |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
Solomon Islands | |
| Allen et al. (1965) +3 other references |
Allen et al. (1965) | |
South Africa | |
| Lightfoot et al. (1984) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Field et al. (2008) |
| Tsai et al. (1979) |
| Meyer (2021) |
| Viljoen et al. (2014) |
| Anhaeusser et al. (1978) |
Anhaeusser et al. (1976) | |
| McCall (2016) |
| Kottke-Levin (2011) |
| Van der Merwe (2011) +1 other reference |
Klemd +6 other references | |
Li C et al. (2004) | |
| McCall (2016) |
| Barkov et al. (2001) |
| Dzvinamurungu (2012) |
| Smith et al. (2013) |
Econ Geol (1986) | |
| Andreoli et al. (1999) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Mathias et al. (1970) | |
| Field et al. (2008) |
Field et al. (2008) | |
| Maier (2000) |
| Prior (1918) +1 other reference |
| Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology (Historical Archives) |
| Miyahara et al. (2008) |
| M. A. G. Andreoli +4 other references |
Spain | |
| Evans et al. (2012) |
| Prinz et al. (1983, March) |
| Alejandro Sánchez Jiménez |
| Romero Silva (2003) +1 other reference |
| Romero Silva (2003) +1 other reference |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
| Crisp et al. (1987) +12 other references |
H.U. Schmincke and M. Sumita : "Tephra Event Stratigraphy and Emplacement of Volcanoclastic Sediments et al. (ISSN: 1096-7451) | |
| B. Azambre et al. +1 other reference |
B. Azambre et al. +1 other reference | |
| Joan Rosell et al. (2023) |
| Suárez et al. (2011) |
| Madon et al. (1991) +3 other references |
| Sevillano et al. (2009) |
| S. Capedri et al. : "Upper-mantle ... |
Sri Lanka | |
| Hapuarachichi +3 other references |
| Dissanayake et al. (2000) |
Sudan | |
| Hey et al. (10) +1 other reference |
| Kimura et al. (2021) |
Sweden | |
| |
| |
| prismatine from Stakholmen +2 other references |
| GFF 72 |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Tarnuzzer (1902) +1 other reference |
Tarnuzzer (1902) +1 other reference | |
De Quervain (1935) +2 other references | |
| Trommsdorff et al. (1969) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Peters (1968) |
| Science |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
UHPM Workshop 2001 at Waseda University 3P05 (Page 201-202) | |
| Erik Vercammen collection and field ... |
| Erik Vercammen collection |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Tajikistan | |
| Levitskii V.I. (1990) |
Malsy et al. (2010) | |
Rossovskii et al. (1963) | |
Tanzania | |
| J.B. Dawson |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1963 33 : 635-645 |
| Wilhelmij et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| R.L. Rudnick et al. |
| Mason (1966) |
| Jochen O. Hintze |
Jason Smith specimen | |
| |
| Zwaan et al. (1974) |
Thailand | |
| Srithai (2005, November) +1 other reference |
Turkey | |
| Weisberg et al. (2008) |
| Erik Vercammen field observation and ... |
| Echle (1967) |
| Kozlu et al. (2014) |
UK | |
| Hall (1868) |
Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Harker (1895) +2 other references |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
Mason (1976) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| 102 (3) +1 other reference |
| Render (n.d.) |
Render (n.d.) | |
| Kallemeyn (1996) +1 other reference |
Ukraine | |
| Kvasnytsya et al. (2001) |
| Vyshnevskyi Oleksii (2015) |
| Semenenko et al. (2001) |
M. A. Nazarov et al. (1996) | |
| Sungatullin et al. (2018) |
| Keidel (1965) |
United Arab Emirates | |
| Geological Magazine 139 (3) |
Mn-Mg-silicates from a manganiferous ... +1 other reference | |
USA | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 | |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
Gems and Minerals of America- Jay Ellis ... | |
| Van Gosen (2005) |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 | |
Van Gosen (2005) | |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
Van Gosen (2005) | |
Van Gosen (2005) | |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
Van Gosen (2005) | |
Van Gosen (2005) | |
Cook et al. (1982) +1 other reference | |
Van Gosen (2005) | |
Van Gosen (2005) | |
Van Gosen (2005) | |
Cook et al. (1982) +1 other reference | |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
| New Mexico GeologicalSociety Guidebook |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| |
| Mason et al. (1967) +2 other references |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Gilluly (1937) +1 other reference |
| Galbraith (1959) |
Michael Cline Collection | |
| Data provided by Janet Clifford |
| t: Bunch (1969) |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference | |
| Howard (2007) |
| Dummett (1987) |
Howard (2007) | |
| Hanks (1884) +1 other reference |
| Rose (1959) |
| Clark et al. (1963) |
| Kunz (1905) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Zolensky (2014) |
| - (2005) |
| Whitfield (1890) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 59. +2 other references |
| Pemberton (1983) |
| Färber (n.d.) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 385 +3 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 386. +3 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 59. +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.:12:247. |
| www.minresco.com (n.d.) |
www.minresco.com (n.d.) | |
| with chemical analyses by W.T. ... +6 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 386. +2 other references |
| |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 386. +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Hutchison et al. (1995) |
| Meteoritics +1 other reference |
| Januzzi (1994) |
| Lundgren et al. (1963) |
| Dana 6:1070. |
| Roswell Miller III (1945) |
Roswell Miller III (1945) | |
| Roswell Miller III (1945) |
| Roswell Miller III (1945) |
| Roswell Miller III (1945) |
| Roswell Miller III (1945) |
Roswell Miller III (1945) | |
| Roswell Miller III (1945) |
Roswell Miller III (1945) | |
| Roswell Miller III (1945) |
Roswell Miller III (1945) | |
| Roswell Miller III (1945) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
Van Gosen (2005) | |
Van Gosen (2005) | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Rocks & Min.:64:203 +1 other reference |
Cook (1978) | |
Cook (1978) | |
| Rocks & Min.:64:204. |
| Hopkins (1914) |
| Van Gosen (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| B. De Vivo et al. |
| White |
| - (2005) |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1967 36 : 120-126 |
| Lipschutz et al. (1993) |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| Fuchs L H (1967) |
| Kracher et al. (1985) |
| Smith (1877) |
| Am Min 67:132-136 +2 other references |
| Weisberg et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Farrington et al. (1915) |
| Farrington |
| Graham et al. (1985) |
| Palmer et al. (Oct 2011) |
| Davis et al. (1989, March) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Zeitner (1968) |
| Smith (1877) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Watters et al. (1979) |
| Falster et al. (2004) |
| Mason (1966) |
| Rainville et al. (1976) |
| W. B. Thompson et al. (2005) |
| Reilly |
| King (n.d.) |
| Houston |
| Wandke |
| Rocks & Min.: 21:144-145 +1 other reference |
| Ostrander (1940) |
| Jat Thompson Collection |
| Roswell Miller III (1945) |
Gems and Minerals of America - Jay ... | |
| |
Gleba (2008) | |
| "Western Massachusetts Mineral ... |
| - (1917) +1 other reference |
| - (1917) |
Yale Peabody Museum #1731 | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
... | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
... | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Grout (1946) |
| P. W. Weiblen and Henry HaII (1967) |
| Ntaflos et al. (1993) |
| Gobla (2012) |
USGS Bull 1674D | |
| Gobla (2012) |
| British Museum specimen (BM 1981,134) |
USGS Bulletin 1674E | |
USGS Miscellaneous Field Studies Map ... | |
Gobla (2012) | |
- (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Bart Cannon (Cannon Microprobe, Seattle) |
ID by microprobe on polished section | |
| Olsen et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| JSS photo |
| MacDonald et al. (2019) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| BAKER et al. (1970) |
Bronzite (1969) | |
| Baker et al. (1970) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Gillerman (1964) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| New Mexico GeologicalSociety Guidebook |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Rocks & Minerals 82:472-483 |
| Kevin Czaja Collection |
| Bulletin |
| Personal collection. |
Collected by Steve Okulewicz | |
| Marian Lupulescu (2008) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| - (Briden¬baugh, 1873) |
| Rocks & Minerals 82:472-483 |
| Stack (2008) |
| New York State Museum mineral collection +1 other reference |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Charles Palache |
| North Carolina NOA Site Screening Summary Report (2006) |
| North Carolina NOA Site Screening ... +1 other reference |
| North Carolina NOA Site Screening Summary Report (2006) |
| www.John Betts.- fine minerals.com |
- (2005) | |
| Dana 6:1074. |
| - (n.d.) |
Steven F. Mittwede and Edward F. Stoddard (1989) | |
[var: Bronzite] joseph Hyde Pratt and Joseph Volney Lewis (1905) | |
| Dana 6:515 |
Streeter (2003) | |
Genth | |
Genth (1891) +1 other reference | |
Swanson +1 other reference | |
| North Carolina NOA Site Screening ... +1 other reference |
- (2006) | |
North Carolina NOA Site Screening ... +1 other reference | |
Mason (1976) | |
North Carolina NOA Site Screening ... +1 other reference | |
Hunter (1941) | |
North Carolina NOA Site Screening Summary Report (2006) | |
Wilson et al. (1978) | |
| Wilson et al. (1978) |
| Ref.: Dana 6:499 |
EL-Shazley et al. (2011) | |
| - (2005) |
Rocks and Minerals (1985) +1 other reference | |
Wilson et al. (1978) | |
Swanson +1 other reference | |
Genth (1891) +1 other reference | |
| Meteroitical Bulletin Database |
Steven F. Mittwede and Edward F. Stoddard (1989) | |
| - (n.d.) |
[var: Bronzite] Gems and Minerals of America-Jay Ellis ... | |
C.W. Allen collection | |
| North Carolina NOA Site Screening ... +1 other reference |
North Carolina NOA Site Screening ... +1 other reference | |
| - (n.d.) |
Genth | |
| Dana 6: 1080. |
| Wilson et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
North Carolina NOA Site Screening ... +1 other reference | |
| K. Volkman collection |
Don Howard and Kent England Enstatite ... | |
| Collection of Kelly Starnes |
| Howard (2008) |
| Douglas Merson collection |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| The Mineralogy of Pennsylvania |
| Sloto (1989) |
| RRUFF ID: R070097 |
| Mineralogy of Pennsylvania-1922 +1 other reference |
| Joe Dunleavy (Pers. Comm.) |
Gordon's Mineralogy of Pennsylvania (1922) | |
| Min PA 1922 S. Gordon pg. 199 |
| Dana 6:1069. |
| Lapham & Geyer |
| Dana 6: 1069. |
| Mineralogy of Pennsylvania-1922 +1 other reference |
| AmMin 11:334-340 |
| Yale Peabody Museum +2 other references |
| Museum Victoria Collections Specimen E ... |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Olsen et al. (1976) +2 other references |
| Watters et al. (1979) |
| Fredriksson et al. (1984) |
| |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Davis et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Meteoritics (ISSN 0026-1114) +1 other reference |
| |
| Zhidong Xie et al. |
| |
| Bullock (1981) |
| New Mexico GeologicalSociety Guidebook |
New Mexico GeologicalSociety Guidebook | |
Buchwald (1975) | |
New Mexico GeologicalSociety Guidebook | |
New Mexico GeologicalSociety Guidebook | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) |
| Perkins |
| USGS Circular 95 |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
Dietrich (1990) | |
Dietrich (1990) | |
Dietrich (1990) | |
| Fredriksson (1969) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Swanson |
Dietrich (1990) | |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Jérome et al. (1972) +1 other reference |
| Journal of Petrology 16 (1) |
| Zach Capel |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Moen (1969) |
Cannon (1975) | |
| Meteoritics |
| Klewin +1 other reference |
| www.uwrf.edu/~wc01/meteorite.html +1 other reference |
| Meteoritics (ISSN 0026-1114) |
| Coopersmith et al. (2003, June) |
| W.D.Hausel |
| Hausel et al. (2001) |
| Barton |
Western Sahara | |
| Patzer et al. (2001) |
Yemen | |
| Zolensky et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
Zimbabwe | |
| Meck et al. (2011) |
| Meck et al. (2011) |
| Kopylova et al. (1997) |
| Chaumba (2017) |
162173 Ryugu | |
Northwest Africa Meteorites | |
www.cometshopnew.com (n.d.) | |
Outer Space | |
Nakamura-Messenger et al. (2010) | |
Gornitz (2007) +1 other reference | |
The Moon | |
| Meteoritical Bulletin |
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Ohngaing, Mogok Valley, Mogok Township, Pyin-Oo-Lwin District, Mandalay Region, Myanmar