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Zygolophodon ✝

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Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	43277	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=43277

Rank

genus (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Mammutidae : Zygolophodon

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
-	Therapsida
infraorder	Cynodontia
-	Epicynodontia	Hopson and Kitching 2001
infraorder	Eucynodontia	Kemp 1982
-	Probainognathia	Hopson 1990
-	Mammaliamorpha	Rowe 1988
-	Mammaliaformes	Rowe 1988
class	Mammalia	Linnaeus 1758
subclass	Tribosphenida
infraclass	Eutheria
-	Placentalia	Owen 1837
-	Afrotheria	Stanhope et al. 1998
-	Tethytheria	McKenna 1975
order	Proboscidea
suborder	Elephantiformes	Tassy 1988
-	Elephantimorpha	Tassy and Shoshani 1997
-	Mammutida	Tassy and Shoshani 1997
family	Mammutidae	Hay 1922
genus	Zygolophodon	(Vacek 1877)

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Zygolophodon	subgenus	belongs to Mastodon	stated without evidence	Vacek, 1877
Zygolophodon	genus	belongs to Palaeomastodontidae	stated with evidence	Madden, 1980
Zygolophodon	genus	belongs to Mammutidae	implied	Carroll, 1988
Zygolophodon	genus	belongs to Mastodontidae	stated without evidence	Shoshani and Tassy, 1996
Zygolophodon	genus	belongs to Mammutinae	stated without evidence	McKenna and Bell, 1997
Zygolophodon	genus	belongs to Mammutidae	stated with evidence	Lambert and Shoshani, 1998
Zygolophodon	genus	belongs to Mammutidae	stated without evidence	Sanders and Miller, 2002
Zygolophodon	genus	belongs to Mammutinae	stated without evidence	Shoshani and Tassy, 2005
Zygolophodon	genus	belongs to Mammutidae	stated without evidence	Sanders et al., 2010

Status (PBDB)

extinct

Taxon Size (PBDB)

First Recorded Appearance

28.1 - 23.0 Ma
Cenozoic

Last Recorded Appearance

3.20 - 2.59 Ma
Cenozoic

Environment

terrestrial (based on Eutheria)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

browser (based on Mammutidae)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

C. T. Madden. 1980. Zygolophodon from Subsaharan Africa, with observations on the systematics of palaeomastodontid proboscideans. Journal of Paleontology 54(1):57-64

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Zygolophodon aegyptensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	16.9 Ma Miocene	16.9 Ma Miocene
Zygolophodon morotoensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	3	23.0 Ma Miocene	22.4 Ma Miocene
Zygolophodon tapiroides ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	9	23.0 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Zygolophodon turicensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	21	23.0 Ma Miocene	7.75 Ma Miocene

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1877	Mastodon (Zygolophodon) Vacek p. 45
1922	Miomastodon Osborn
1926	Turicius Osborn p. 3
1980	Zygolophodon Madden p. 59
1988	Miomastodon Carroll
1988	Zygolophodon Carroll

Year	Name and Author
1996	Zygolophodon Shoshani and Tassy p. 352
1997	Zygolophodon McKenna and Bell p. 499
1998	Zygolophodon Lambert and Shoshani p. 610
2002	Zygolophodon Sanders and Miller p. 397
2005	Zygolophodon Shoshani and Tassy p. 9 figs. Table 2
2010	Zygolophodon Sanders et al. p. 187

References

Madden C. T. (1980) Zygolophodon from Subsaharan Africa, with observations on the systematics of palaeomastodontid proboscideans, Journal of Paleontology 54 1, 57-64

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Shoshani J., Tassy P. (1996) Summary, conclusions, and a glimpse into the future, in J. Shoshani and P. Tassy, eds., The Proboscidea: Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives, 335-348

McKenna M. C., Bell S. K. (1997) , Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level, 1-640

Lambert W. D., Shoshani J. (1998) Proboscidea, Evolution of Tertiary mammals of North America, 606-621

Sanders W. J., Miller E. R. (2002) New proboscideans from the early Miocene of Wadi Mogahara, Egypt, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 2, 388-404

Shoshani J., Tassy P. (2005) Advances in proboscidean taxonomy & classification, anatomy & physiology, and ecology & behavior, Quaternary International 126-128, 5-20

Sanders W. J., Gheerbrant E., et al (2010) Proboscidea, Cenozoic Mammals of Africa, 161-251

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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