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Mysticeti

Photos

Photo Gallery

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	42971	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=42971

Rank

suborder (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Mysticeti

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
-	Therapsida
infraorder	Cynodontia
-	Epicynodontia	Hopson and Kitching 2001
infraorder	Eucynodontia	Kemp 1982
-	Probainognathia	Hopson 1990
-	Mammaliamorpha	Rowe 1988
-	Mammaliaformes	Rowe 1988
class	Mammalia	Linnaeus 1758
order	Cetacea	Brisson 1762
-	Pelagiceti	Uhen 2008
-	Neoceti	Fordyce and de Muizon 2001
suborder	Mysticeti	Cope 1891

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Mysticeti	suborder	belongs to Cetacea	stated without evidence	Scammon and Cope, 1869
Mysticeti	suborder	belongs to Cetacea	implied	Carroll, 1988
Mysticeti	suborder	belongs to Cetacea	stated without evidence	Pilleri, 1990
Mysticeti	unranked clade	belongs to Autoceta	implied	McKenna and Bell, 1997
Mysticeti	suborder	belongs to Cetacea	stated without evidence	Rice, 1998
Mysticeti	suborder	belongs to Neoceti	stated without evidence	Fordyce and de Muizon, 2001
Mysticeti	suborder	belongs to Cetacea	stated without evidence	Rice, 2002
Mysticeti	suborder	belongs to Autoceta	stated without evidence	Geisler and Sanders, 2003
Mysticeti	suborder	belongs to Neoceti	stated without evidence	Fordyce, 2003
Mysticeti	suborder	belongs to Cetacea	stated without evidence	Gingerich, 2005
Mysticeti	infraorder	belongs to Autoceta	stated without evidence	Bouetel and Muizon, 2006
Mysticeti	suborder	belongs to Cetacea	stated without evidence	Bisconti and Varola, 2006
Mysticeti	unranked clade	belongs to Neoceti	stated without evidence	Bianucci and Landini, 2007
Mysticeti	suborder	belongs to Cetacea	stated without evidence	Bisconti, 2008
Mysticeti	infraorder	belongs to Autoceta	stated without evidence	Bosselaers and Post, 2010
Mysticeti	suborder	belongs to Neoceti	stated with evidence	Uhen, 2010
Mysticeti	suborder	belongs to Neoceti	stated without evidence	Fitzgerald, 2010
Mysticeti	unranked clade	belongs to Cetacea	stated without evidence	Canto et al., 2010
Mysticeti	unranked clade	belongs to Neoceti	stated without evidence	Geisler et al., 2011
Mysticeti	suborder	belongs to Neoceti	stated with evidence	Bisconti, 2014
Mysticeti	suborder	belongs to Cetacea	stated without evidence	Boessenecker and Fordyce, 2015
Mysticeti	suborder	belongs to Cetacea	stated with evidence	Marx and Kohno, 2016
Mysticeti	suborder	belongs to Neoceti	stated with evidence	Peredo and Uhen, 2016
Mysticeti	unranked clade	belongs to Neoceti	stated without evidence	Fordyce and Marx, 2016
Mysticeti	suborder	belongs to Neoceti	stated with evidence	Bisconti et al., 2017
Mysticeti	unranked clade	belongs to Neoceti	stated without evidence	Berta, 2017
Mysticeti	unranked clade	belongs to Neoceti	stated with evidence	Peredo and Pyenson, 2018
Mysticeti	unranked clade	belongs to Neoceti	stated without evidence	Geisler, 2018
Mysticeti	suborder	belongs to Neoceti	stated with evidence	de Muizon et al., 2019

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

331

Extant Size (PBDB)

50 (15%)

First Recorded Appearance

38.0 - 33.9 Ma
Paleogene

Environment

marine (based on Mysticeti)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Cetacea)

Diet

carnivore, suspension feeder (based on Mysticeti)

Reproduction

viviparous (based on Cetacea)

Ontogeny

modification of parts (based on Cetacea)

Taphonomy

hydroxylapatite (based on Mysticeti)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

E. D. Cope. 1891. Syllabus of Lectures on Geology and Paleontology. Part III. Paleontology of the Vertebrata

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Aetiocetoidea ✝ superfamily	listed (PBDB)		1	28.1 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Eschrichtioidea superfamily	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Aetiocetidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		34	33.9 Ma Oligocene	23.0 Ma Miocene
Llanocetidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	38.0 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Mammalodontidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		13	28.4 Ma Oligocene	25.2 Ma Oligocene
Mystacodontidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	38.0 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Pterobalaenidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Pike Whale			0 Ma Extant
Borealodon ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	33.9 Ma Oligocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Coronodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	33.9 Ma Oligocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Horopeta ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	27.3 Ma Oligocene	27.3 Ma Oligocene
Maiabalaena ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	33.9 Ma Oligocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Metasqualodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	28.4 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Taikicetus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	16.0 Ma Miocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Toipahautea ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	27.3 Ma Oligocene	27.3 Ma Oligocene
Chaeomysticeti unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		1,097	34.3 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1829	Balaena cortesii Fischer p. 527
1844	Balaenoptera cortesii Boitard p. 444
1851	Balaena palaeatlantica Leidy pp. 308-309
1853	Rorqualus cortesii Pictet p. 387
1854	Balaena palaeatlantica Leidy p. 8
1855	Balaena cortesii Gervais p. 338
1864	Mysticete Gray
1865	Rorqualus cortesii Capellini p. 11 figs. Plates 2, 3
1866	Mysticete Gray p. 61
1867	Eschrichtius leptocentrus Cope p. 144
1867	Protobalaena Du Bus p. 573
1868	Balaenoptera pusilla Cope p. 159
1868	Eschrichtius pusillus Cope p. 191
1868	Megaptera expansa Cope p. 193
1868	Mysticete Gray p. 1
1868	Plesiocetus cortesii Van Beneden and Gervais
1869	Eschrichtius expansus Cope p. 11
1869	Protobalaena Leidy p. 440
1869	Protobalaena palaeatlantica Leidy p. 440
1869	Eschrichtius expansus Leidy p. 442
1869	Eschrichtius leptocentrus Leidy p. 442
1869	Eschrichtius pusillus Leidy p. 442
1869	Protobalaena Leidy p. 1869
1869	Mysticete Scammon and Cope p. 14
1869	Mysticeti Scammon and Cope p. 14
1870	Mesoteras Cope p. 128
1870	Mesoteras kerrianus Cope p. 128
1870	Amphitera Gigoli
1870	Amphitera pacifica Gigoli
1871	Protobalaena Gervais p. 136
1871	Mysticete Gill p. 122
1872	Mysticete Gill p. 97
1872	Probalaena Van Beneden p. 10
1872	Burtinopsis Van Beneden p. 19
1872	Burtinopsis similis Van Beneden p. 19
1873	Cetotheriomorphus Brandt p. 48
1873	Burtinopsis Brandt p. 160
1873	Cetotheriomorphus Brandt p. 161 figs. Plate 23, Fig. 4-8
1873	Mysticete Gill p. 20
1875	Mesoteras kerrianus Cope p. 44
1880	Burtinopsis similis Van Beneden pp. 16-17
1880	Burtinopsis minutus Van Beneden p. 17
1880	Plesiocetus cortesii Van Beneden and Gervais p. 288 figs. Plate 17, Figs. 4, 5
1881	Cetotherium cortesii Strobel pp. 10-11 figs. Plate 1, Fig.3
1882	Burtinopsis minutus Van Beneden p. 80 figs. Plates 97-102
1886	Balaenoptera (Plesiocetus) cortesii Portis p. 286
1887	Megaptera minuta Lydekker p. 31
1887	Megaptera similis Lydekker p. 31
1888	Squalodon serratus Davis p. 46 figs. Plate VII, Fig. 9
1890	Mysticeti Cope p. 610
1890	Cetotherium pusillum Cope p. 612
1890	Mesoteras Cope p. 612
1890	Cetotherium expansus Cope p. 616
1890	Cetotherium leptocentrum Cope p. 616
1890	Mesoteras kerrianus Cope p. 616
1891	Mysticeti Cope p. 69
1891	Megaptera (Burtinopsis) Newton p. 60
1891	Megaptera (Burtinopsis) similis Newton p. 60
1891	Megaptera (Burtinopsis) minuta Newton p. 61
1895	Siphonocetus Cope p. 140
1895	Siphonocetus expansus Cope p. 140
1895	Ulias Cope p. 141
1895	Ulias moratus Cope pp. 141-142 figs. Plate VI, Fig. 1
1895	Tretulias Cope p. 143
1895	Tretulias buccatus Cope pp. 143-144 figs. Plate VI, Fig. 2
1895	Eschrichtius pusillus Cope p. 145
1895	Cetotherium pusillum Cope p. 573
1895	Tretulias buccatus Cope p. 573
1895	Ulias moratus Cope p. 573
1896	Cetotherium leptocentrum Cope p. 145
1896	Rhegnopsis Cope p. 145
1896	Rhegnopsis palaeatlantica Cope p. 145
1898	Squalodon serratus Trouessart p. 1015
1898	Cetotherium leptocentrum Trouessart p. 1071
1898	Siphonocetus Trouessart p. 1074
1898	Siphonocetus expansus Trouessart p. 1074
1898	Tretulias Trouessart p. 1074
1898	Tretulias buccatus Trouessart p. 1074
1898	Ulias Trouessart p. 1074
1898	Ulias moratus Trouessart p. 1074
1898	Rhegnopsis Trouessart p. 1077
1898	Rhegnopsis palaeatlantica Trouessart p. 1077
1898	Megaptera minutus Trouessart p. 1084
1898	Megaptera similis Trouessart p. 1084
1898	Mesoteras Trouessart p. 1088
1898	Mesoteras kerrianus Trouessart p. 1088
1899	Aulocetus calaritanus Capellini p. 282 figs. Plate 1
1899	Aulocetus lovisati Capellini p. 282 figs. Plate 2
1901	Probalaena Abel p. 42
1902	Mysticete Hay p. 598
1902	Cetotherium leptocentrum Hay p. 599
1902	Siphonocetus Hay p. 599
1902	Siphonocetus expansus Hay p. 599
1902	Ulias Hay p. 599
1902	Ulias moratus Hay p. 599
1902	Mesoteras Hay p. 600
1902	Mesoteras kerrianus Hay p. 600
1902	Rhegnopsis Hay p. 600
1902	Rhegnopsis palaeatlanticus Hay p. 600
1902	Tretulias Hay p. 600
1902	Tretulias buccatus Hay p. 600
1904	Siphonocetus Case p. 45
1904	Siphonocetus expansus Case p. 45
1904	Ulias Case p. 49
1904	Ulias moratus Case p. 50
1904	Tretulias Case p. 52
1904	Tretulias buccatus Case p. 52
1904	Burtinopsis Palmer p. 148
1904	Cetotheriomorphus Palmer p. 175
1904	Mesoteras Palmer p. 416
1904	Probalaena Palmer p. 564
1904	Protobalaena Palmer p. 581
1904	Rhegnopsis Palmer p. 604
1904	Siphonocetus Palmer p. 633
1904	Tretulias Palmer p. 687
1904	Ulias Palmer p. 700
1904	Squalodon serratus Trouessart p. 756
1904	Cetotherium leptocentrum Trouessart p. 779
1904	Siphonocetus Trouessart p. 780
1904	Siphonocetus expansus Trouessart p. 780
1904	Ulias Trouessart p. 780
1904	Ulias moratus Trouessart p. 780
1904	Aulocetus calaritanus Trouessart p. 781
1904	Aulocetus lovisati Trouessart p. 781
1904	Tretulias Trouessart p. 781
1904	Tretulias buccatus Trouessart p. 781
1904	Balaenoptera cuvieri cortesii Trouessart p. 782
1904	Rhegnopsis Trouessart p. 782
1904	Rhegnopsis palaeatlanticus Trouessart p. 782
1904	Amphitera Trouessart p. 785
1904	Amphitera pacifica Trouessart p. 785
1904	Megaptera minuta Trouessart p. 785
1904	Megaptera similis Trouessart p. 785
1904	Mesoteras Trouessart p. 786
1904	Mesoteras kerrianus Trouessart p. 786
1912	Cetotheriomorphus True p. 3
1912	Mesoteras True p. 3
1912	Rhegnopsis True p. 3
1912	Siphonocetus True p. 3
1912	Tretulias True p. 3
1912	Ulias True p. 3
1918	Parasqualodon serratus Chapman figs. Plate VII, Fig. 9
1923	Squalodon serratus Kellogg p. 31
1923	Mysticeti Miller p. 40
1925	Mesoteras Zittel p. 88
1925	Siphonocetus Zittel p. 88
1928	Burtinopsis Kellogg p. 35 figs. Table 1

Year	Name and Author
1928	Cetotheriomorphus Kellogg p. 35 figs. Table 1
1928	Mesoteras Kellogg p. 35 figs. Table 1
1928	Mysticeti Kellogg p. 35 figs. Table 1
1928	Protobalaena Kellogg p. 35 figs. Table 1
1928	Rhegnopsis Kellogg p. 35 figs. Table 1
1928	Siphonocetus Kellogg p. 35 figs. Table 1
1928	Tretulias Kellogg p. 35 figs. Table 1
1928	Ulias Kellogg p. 35 figs. Table 1
1930	Mysticete Hay p. 571
1930	Cetotherium leptocentrum Hay p. 572
1930	Siphonocetus Hay p. 572
1930	Siphonocetus expansus Hay p. 572
1930	Rhegnopsis Hay p. 573
1930	Rhegnopsis palaeatlanticus Hay p. 573
1930	Tretulias Hay p. 573
1930	Tretulias buccatus Hay p. 573
1930	Ulias Hay p. 573
1930	Ulias moratus Hay p. 573
1930	Mesoteras Hay p. 575
1930	Mesoteras kerrianus Hay p. 575
1938	Cetotherium leptocentrum Abel p. 6
1938	Rhegnopsis palaeatlanticus Abel p. 6
1938	Mesoteras kerrianus Abel p. 7
1938	Siphonocetus expansus Abel p. 7
1938	Tretulias buccatus Abel p. 7
1938	Ulias moratus Abel p. 7
1938	Aulocetus lovisatoi Abel p. 8
1938	Cetotheriopsis calaritanus Abel p. 8
1944	Balaenoptera cortesii Kellogg p. 446
1944	Balaenoptera floridana Kellogg p. 459 figs. Plate 6
1945	Cetotheriomorphis Simpson p. 104
1945	Mysticeti Simpson p. 104
1945	Rhegnopsis Simpson p. 104
1945	Siphonocetus Simpson p. 104
1945	Tretulias Simpson p. 104
1945	Ulias Simpson p. 104
1945	Burtinopsis Simpson p. 105
1945	Mesoteras Simpson p. 105
1945	Protobalaena Simpson p. 105
1952	Balaenoptera floridana Sherman p. 99
1956	Mauicetus brevicollis Marples p. 579 figs. Figures 4-6
1960	Mysticeti Fraser and Purves p. 112 figs. Figure 26
1961	Cetotherium cortesii Cuscani Politi p. 9
1961	Burtinopsis similis Cuscani Politi p. 10
1963	Mysticeti Scheffer and Rice p. 9
1967	Mioceta Deraniyagala p. 50
1967	Mioceta bigelowi Deraniyagala p. 50
1967	Mauicetus brevicollis Harland et al. p. 774
1967	Mysticeti Harland et al. p. 774
1969	Mioceta Deraniyagala p. 13
1969	Mioceta magna Deraniyagala p. 14 figs. Plate IV, Fig. 8
1969	Mioceta Deraniyagala p. 97
1969	Mioceta bigelowi Deraniyagala p. 98
1969	Mioceta magna Deraniyagala p. 98
1972	Squalodon serratus Glaessner p. 183
1973	Squalodon serratus Keyes p. 381
1973	Mauicetus brevicollis Keyes p. 390
1975	Mysticeti McKenna p. 43
1977	Mysticeti Whitmore and Sanders p. 305
1979	Mysticeti Baird and Horner p. 19
1980	Mauicetus brevicollis Fordyce p. iii figs. Table 2
1980	Mioceta Sahni and Mitra p. 43
1981	Mysticeti Thurmond and Jones p. 197
1984	Mysticeti Mchedlidze p. 5
1984	Mysticeti Whitmore p. 230
1985	Mysticeti Barnes et al. p. 26
1986	Balaenoptera minutis Deméré p. 291
1986	Balaenoptera similis Deméré p. 291
1986	Balaenoptera floridana Deméré p. 294
1988	Burtinopsis Carroll
1988	Cetotheriomorphis Carroll
1988	Mesoteras Carroll
1988	Mysticeti Carroll
1988	Protobalaena Carroll
1988	Rhegnopsis Carroll
1988	Siphonocetus Carroll
1989	Crenaticeti Mitchell p. 2220
1990	Mysticeti Pilleri p. 48
1991	Burtinopsis Vidal p. 6
1991	Mysticeti Vidal p. 6
1993	Mysticeti Benton p. 762
1993	Rhegnopsis Benton p. 762
1994	Mysticeti Fordyce and Barnes p. 428 figs. Table 1
1995	Mysticeti Fordyce et al. p. 379
1996	Balaenoptera floridana Allmon et al. p. 148 figs. Table 2
1996	Crenaticeti Cozzuol p. 324
1997	Mysticeti McKenna and Bell p. 374
1997	Siphonocetus McKenna and Bell p. 374
1997	Tretulias McKenna and Bell p. 375
1997	Ulias McKenna and Bell p. 375
1997	Rhegnopsis McKenna and Bell p. 376
1997	Burtinopsis McKenna and Bell p. 378
1997	Mesoteras McKenna and Bell p. 378
1998	Crenaticeti Rice
1998	Mysticeti Rice
1999	Mysticeti Bergqvist et al. p. 31
1999	Mysticeti Clapham and Mead p. 1
2001	Mysticeti Fordyce and de Muizon p. 176
2002	Mysticeti Rice p. 231 figs. Table 1
2002	Mysticeti Sanders and Barnes p. 353
2002	Burtinopsis Sepkoski, Jr.
2002	Cetotheriomorphis Sepkoski, Jr.
2002	Mesoteras Sepkoski, Jr.
2002	Protobalaena Sepkoski, Jr.
2002	Rhegnopsis Sepkoski, Jr.
2002	Siphonocetus Sepkoski, Jr.
2002	Tretulias Sepkoski, Jr.
2002	Ulias Sepkoski, Jr.
2003	Mysticeti Fordyce p. 156 figs. Figure 9.1
2003	Mysticeti Geisler and Sanders p. 27
2005	Balaenoptera minutis Deméré et al. p. 105 figs. Table II
2005	Balaenoptera similis Deméré et al. p. 105 figs. Table II
2005	Mysticeti Gingerich p. 237 figs. Table 15.1
2005	Mysticeti Mead and Brownell p. 723
2006	Mysticeti Bisconti and Varola p. 449
2006	Mysticeti Bouetel and Muizon p. 323
2007	Mysticeti Bianucci and Landini p. 45 figs. Table 2.1
2007	Mysticeti Bisconti p. 89
2007	Mysticeti Steeman p. 880
2008	Mysticeti Agnarsson and May-Collado p. 981 figs. Fig. 2
2008	Mysticeti Bisconti p. 162
2008	Mysticeti Otsuka and Ota p. 12
2008	Balaenoptera floridana Uhen et al. p. 619
2009	Mysticeti Rice p. 235 figs. Table 1
2010	Mysticeti Bosselaers and Post p. 335
2010	Mysticeti Canto et al. p. 21
2010	Mysticeti Fitzgerald p. 370 figs. Table 1
2010	Mysticeti Steeman p. 65
2010	Mysticeti Uhen p. 208 figs. Figure 1
2011	Mysticeti Geisler et al. p. 6 figs. Table 1
2014	Mysticeti Bisconti
2015	Mysticeti Boessenecker and Fordyce
2016	Mysticeti Fordyce and Marx p. 108
2016	Mysticeti Marx et al. p. 4
2016	Mysticeti Marx and Kohno
2016	Mysticeti Marx et al. p. 102
2016	Mysticeti Peredo and Uhen
2017	Mysticeti Berta p. 166
2017	Mysticeti Bisconti et al. p. 7
2017	Mysticeti Buono et al. p. 11
2017	Mysticeti Marx et al. p. 2
2018	Mysticeti Geisler p. 631
2018	Mysticeti Peredo et al. p. 1
2018	Mysticeti Tanaka et al. p. 297
2019	Mysticeti Marx et al. p. 4
2019	Mysticeti de Muizon et al. p. 405

References

Cope E. D. , Syllabus of Lectures on Geology and Paleontology. Part III. Paleontology of the Vertebrata, 1-90

Fischer J. B. , Synopsis Mammalium, 1-752

Boitard M. P. Balaeines fossiles, Dictionaire universel d'histoire naturelle 2, 443-444

Leidy J. [Descriptions of two fossil speceis of Balaena, B. palaeatlantica and B. prisca], Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 5, 308-309

Pictet F. -J. , Traité de Paléontologie ou Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Fossiles Considérés dans Leurs Rapports Zoologiques et Géologiques [Treatise of Paleontology or the Natural History of Fossil Animals Considered in their Zoological and Geological Relationships] 1, xiv-584

Leidy J. The Ancient Fauna Nebraska: or, a Description of Remains of Extinct Mammalia and Chelonia, From the Mauvaises Terres of Nebraska, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 6 6, 1-126

Gray J. E. On the Cetacea which have been observed in the seas surrounding the British Islands, Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London 1864, 195-248

Capellini G Balenottere Fossili del Bolognese, Memoire dell' Accademia delle Scienze dell' Instituto di Bologna 4, 1-24

Gray J. E. , Catalogue of Seals and Whales in the British Museum, 1-402

Cope E. D. An addition to the vertebrate fauna of the Miocene period, with a synopsis of the extinct Cetacea of the United States, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 19 4, 138-157

Du Bus B. Sur quelques mammiferes du crag d'Anvers, Bulletins de L'Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts 24, 562-577

Cope E. D. [Extinct Cetacea from the Miocene bed of Maryland], Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia 20 3, 159-160

Cope E. D. Second contribution to the history of the Vertebrata of the Miocene period of the United States, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1868, 184-194

Gray J. E. , Synopsis of the species of whales and dolphins in the Collection of the British Museum, 1-10

Van Beneden P. J., Gervais P. , Ostéographie des cétacés vivants et fossiles, comprenant la description et l'iconographie du squelette et du système dentaire de ces animaux; ainsi que des documents relatifs à leur histoire naturelle, 1-634

Cope E. D. Third contribution to the fauna of the Miocene period of the United States, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 21 11, 6-13

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Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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