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Culebra - upper, Panama

Formation	Culebra
Member	upper
Age:	20.4 - 16.0 Ma Miocene
Interval	Burdigalian
Lithology	sandstone, "shale"/mudstone, siltstone, sandstone/"limestone", conglomerate, conglomerate/sandstone
Number of Collections	24
Number of Occurrences	212

Recorded Sample Locations

Location	Region	Stratigraphic Name
Woodring Loc. 103 - Canal Zone [upper Culebra Fm]	Panamá District, Panamá Province, Panama	Culebra - upper
Woodring Loc. 106 - Canal Zone [upper Culebra Fm]	Panamá Oeste Province, Panama	Culebra - upper
Woodring 107 - Canal Zone [upper Culebra Fm]	Panamá Oeste Province, Panama	Culebra - upper
Woodring Loc. 108b - Canal Zone [upper Culebra Fm]	Panamá District, Panamá Province, Panama	Culebra - upper
Woodring Loc. 116 - Canal Zone [upper Culebra Fm]	Panamá Oeste Province, Panama	Culebra - upper
El Lirio Norte	Panamá Oeste Province, Panama	Culebra - upper
Panama Canal Purussaurus	Panamá Oeste Province, Panama	Culebra - upper
Las Cascadas	Panamá Oeste Province, Panama	Culebra - upper
Lirio Norte	Colón Province, Panama	Culebra - upper

Associated Units

Stratigraphic Name	Age	Lithology	Occurrence Records
Culebra - basal upper	23.0 - 20.4 Ma Miocene	sandstone	8
Culebra - lower	23.0 - 20.4 Ma Miocene	sandstone, sandstone/"limestone", "shale"/mudstone, claystone, "limestone"	383

Recorded Fossils

Accepted Name	Type	Hierarchy	Age
Phacoides pectinata species	7	*Phacoides pectinata*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Hesperibalanus sp. genus	6	Animalia : Arthropoda : Maxillopoda : Sessilia : Archaeobalanidae : *Hesperibalanus*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Galeocerdo cuvieri species	7	Animalia : Chordata : Chondrichthyes : Carchariniformes : Carcharhinidae : Galeocerdo : *Galeocerdo cuvieri*	23.03 - 20.44 Ma Miocene
? no name ?	100		23.03 - 20.44 Ma Miocene
Lamniformes order	4	Animalia : Chordata : Elasmobranchii : Lamniformes	23.03 - 20.44 Ma Miocene
Carcharocles chubutensis species	7	Animalia : Chordata : Chondrichthyes : Lamniformes : Otodontidae : Otodus : *Carcharocles chubutensis*	23.03 - 20.44 Ma Miocene
Plinthicus sp. genus	6	Animalia : Chordata : Elasmobranchii : Myliobatiformes : Myliobatidae : *Plinthicus*	23.03 - 20.44 Ma Miocene
Paratoceras orarius species	7	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Protoceratidae : Paratoceras : *Paratoceras orarius*	20.43 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Cynorca sp. genus	6	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Tayassuidae : *Cynorca*	20.43 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Dugongidae family	5	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Halitherium : Dugongidae	20.43 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Culebrasuchus mesoamericanus species	7	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Crocodylia : Crocodylidae : Culebrasuchus : *Culebrasuchus mesoamericanus*	20.43 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Purussaurus sp. genus	6	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Crocodylia : Alligatoridae : *Purussaurus*	20.43 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Crocodylia order	4	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Crocodylia	20.43 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Acar domingensis species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Arcidae : Acar : *Acar domingensis*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Anadara (Grandiarca) sp. subgenus	6.3	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Arcidae : Anadara : *Anadara (Grandiarca)*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Anadara (Grandiarca) chiriquiensis species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Arcidae : Anadara : *Anadara (Grandiarca) chiriquiensis*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Anadara (Potiarca) sp. subgenus	6.3	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Arcidae : Anadara : *Anadara (Potiarca)*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Anadara (Rasia) athroa species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Arcidae : Anadara : *Anadara (Rasia) athroa*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Anadara (Rasia) dariensis species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Arcidae : Anadara : *Anadara (Rasia) dariensis*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Barbatia (Barbatia) cancellaria species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Arcidae : Barbatia : *Barbatia (Barbatia) cancellaria*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Barbatia (Hawaiarca) sp. subgenus	6.3	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Arcidae : Barbatia : *Barbatia (Hawaiarca)*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Glycymeris carbasina species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Glycymerididae : Glycymeris : *Glycymeris carbasina*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Tucetona sp. genus	6	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Pectinida : Pectinidae : *Tucetona*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Tucetona pectinata species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Glycymerididae : Tucetona : *Tucetona pectinata*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Nemocardium hadraterum species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Cardiida : Cardiidae : Nemocardium : *Nemocardium hadraterum*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Trachycardium (Dallocardia) phlyctaena species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Cardiida : Cardiidae : Dallocardia : *Trachycardium (Dallocardia) phlyctaena*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Donax sp. genus	6	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Cardiida : Donacidae : *Donax*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Donax asper species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Cardiida : Donacidae : Donax : *Donax asper*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Solecurtus sp. genus	6	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Cardiida : Solecurtidae : *Solecurtus*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Solecurtus broggii species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Cardiida : Solecurtidae : Solecurtus : *Solecurtus broggii*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Psammacoma diphas species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Cardiida : Tellinidae : Psammacoma : *Psammacoma diphas*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Strigilla (Strigilla) carnaria species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Cardiida : Tellinidae : Strigilla : *Strigilla (Strigilla) carnaria*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Tellina (Eurytellina) ophiaca species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Cardiida : Tellinidae : Eurytellina : *Tellina (Eurytellina) ophiaca*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Tellina (Eurytellina) vetula species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Cardiida : Tellinidae : Eurytellina : *Tellina (Eurytellina) vetula*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Venericardia sp. genus	6	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Carditida : Carditidae : *Venericardia*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Venericardia (Glyptoactis) metaicha species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Carditida : Carditidae : Glyptoactis : *Venericardia (Glyptoactis) metaicha*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Eucrassatella (Eucrassatella) mediamericana species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Carditida : Crassatellidae : Eucrassatella : *Eucrassatella (Eucrassatella) mediamericana*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Codakia (Codakia) sp. subgenus	6.3	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Lucinida : Lucinidae : Codakia : *Codakia (Codakia)*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Lucina (Lepilucina) gratis species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Lucinida : Lucinidae : Lepilucina : *Lucina (Lepilucina) gratis*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Lucinisca calhounensis species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Lucinida : Lucinidae : Lucinisca : *Lucinisca calhounensis*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Parvilucina yaquensis species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Lucinida : Lucinidae : Parvilucina : *Parvilucina yaquensis*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Botula fusca species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Mytilida : Mytilidae : Botula : *Botula fusca*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Mytilus canoasensis species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Mytilida : Mytilidae : Mytilus : *Mytilus canoasensis*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Adrana sp. genus	6	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Nuculanida : Yoldiidae : *Adrana*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Saccella sp. genus	6	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Nuculanida : Nuculanidae : *Saccella*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Leda balboae species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Nuculanida : Nuculanidae : Saccella : *Leda balboae*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Acila sp. genus	6	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Nuculida : Nuculidae : *Acila*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Hyotissa tryoni species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Ostreida : Gryphaeidae : Hyotissa : *Hyotissa tryoni*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Isognomon sp. genus	6	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Ostreida : Pteriidae : *Isognomon*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Striostrea cahobasensis species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Ostreida : Ostreidae : Striostrea : *Striostrea cahobasensis*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Leopecten gatunensis species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Pectinida : Pectinidae : Leopecten : *Leopecten gatunensis*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Lepidopecten proterus species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Pectinida : Pectinidae : Lepidopecten : *Lepidopecten proterus*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Cyclopecten oligolepis species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Pectinida : Propeamussiidae : Cyclopecten : *Cyclopecten oligolepis*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Spondylus scotti species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Pectinida : Spondylidae : Spondylus : *Spondylus scotti*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Bothrocorbula (Hexacorbula) cruziana species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Pholadida : Corbulidae : Hexacorbula : *Bothrocorbula (Hexacorbula) cruziana*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Kuphus incrassatus species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Myida : Teredinidae : Kuphus : *Kuphus incrassatus*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Teredinidae family	5	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Myida : Teredinidae	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Arcinella sp. genus	6	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Chamidae : *Arcinella*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Chama strepta species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Chamidae : Chama : *Chama strepta*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Mactridae family	5	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Mactridae	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Trinitasia sanctiandreae species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Veneroidei : Mactridae : Trinitasia : *Trinitasia sanctiandreae*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Chione (Chionopsis) eurylopas species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Veneroidei : Veneridae : Chionopsis : *Chione (Chionopsis) eurylopas*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Chione (Chionopsis) propinqua species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Veneroidei : Veneridae : Chionopsis : *Chione (Chionopsis) propinqua*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Clementia (Clementia) dariena species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Veneroidei : Veneridae : Clementia : *Clementia (Clementia) dariena*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Lamelliconcha aequicincta species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Veneroidei : Veneridae : Lamelliconcha : *Lamelliconcha aequicincta*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Lirophora (Lirophora) quirosensis species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Veneroidei : Veneridae : Lirophora : *Lirophora (Lirophora) quirosensis*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Lirophora (Panchione) sp. subgenus	6.3	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Veneroidei : Veneridae : Lirophora : *Lirophora (Panchione)*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Macrocallista maculata species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Veneroidei : Veneridae : Macrocallista : *Macrocallista maculata*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Pitar (Hyphantosoma) centangulatus species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Veneroidei : Veneridae : Pitar : *Pitar (Hyphantosoma) centangulatus*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Pitar (Pitar) quirosanus species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Veneroidei : Veneridae : Pitar : *Pitar (Pitar) quirosanus*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Tivela (Tivela) mactroides species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Veneroidei : Veneridae : Tivela : *Tivela (Tivela) mactroides*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Ventricolaria harrisiana species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Veneroidei : Veneridae : Globivenus : *Ventricolaria harrisiana*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Pachycrommium guppyi species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Architaenioglossa : Ampullinidae : Pachycrommium : *Pachycrommium guppyi*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Scaphander (Scaphander) sp. subgenus	6.3	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Cephalaspidea : Cylichnidae : Scaphander : *Scaphander (Scaphander)*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Atys sp. genus	6	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Cephalaspidea : Haminoeidae : *Atys*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Antillophos candeanus species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Nassariidae : Antillophos : *Antillophos candeanus*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Cymatophos veatchi species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Buccinidae : Cymatophos : *Cymatophos veatchi*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Metula sp. genus	6	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Buccinidae : *Metula*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Fasciolaria sp. genus	6	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Fasciolariidae : *Fasciolaria*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Fusinus sp. genus	6	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Fasciolariidae : *Fusinus*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Melongena sp. genus	6	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Melongenidae : *Melongena*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Mitra (Tiara) sp. subgenus	6.3	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Mitridae : Mitra : *Mitra (Tiara)*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Vokesimurex polynematicus species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Muricidae : Vokesimurex : *Vokesimurex polynematicus*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Agaronia sp. genus	6	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Olivellidae : *Agaronia*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Olivella sp. genus	6	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Olividae : *Olivella*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Strioterebrum clethra species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Terebridae : Strioterebrum : *Strioterebrum clethra*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Turbinellus validus species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Turbinellidae : Turbinella : *Turbinellus validus*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Xancus rex species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Turbinellidae : Turbinella : *Xancus rex*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Architectonica nobilis species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Architectonicidae : Architectonica : *Architectonica nobilis*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Calyptraea (Trochita) trochiformis species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Calyptraeidae : Trochita : *Calyptraea (Trochita) trochiformis*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Calyptraea centralis species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Littorinimorpha : Calyptraeidae : Calyptraea : *Calyptraea centralis*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Crucibulum sp. genus	6	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Littorinimorpha : Calyptraeidae : *Crucibulum*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Trochita sp. genus	6	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Littorinimorpha : Calyptraeidae : *Trochita*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Semicassis aldrichi species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Cassidae : Semicassis : *Semicassis aldrichi*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Loxacypraea chilona species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Littorinimorpha : Cypraeidae : Loxacypraea : *Loxacypraea chilona*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Ellobium sp. genus	6	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Ellobiida : Ellobiidae : *Ellobium*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Epitonium sp. genus	6	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Epitoniidae : *Epitonium*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Ficus carbasea species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Ficidae : Ficus : *Ficus carbasea*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Hipponix sp. genus	6	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Littorinimorpha : Hipponicidae : *Hipponix*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Littoraria angulifera species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Littorinimorpha : Littorinidae : Littoraria : *Littoraria angulifera*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Naticarius sp. genus	6	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Naticidae : *Naticarius*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Neverita sp. genus	6	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Littorinimorpha : Naticidae : *Neverita*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Polinices sp. genus	6	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Naticidae : *Polinices*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Sinum sp. genus	6	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Littorinimorpha : Naticidae : *Sinum*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Nerita (Nerita) sp. subgenus	6.3	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neritidae : Nerita : *Nerita (Nerita)*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Vitta sp. genus	6	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Cycloneritida : Neritidae : *Vitta*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Strombus sp. genus	6	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Littorinimorpha : Strombidae : *Strombus*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Orthaulax aguadillensis species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Littorinimorpha : Strombidae : Orthaulax : *Orthaulax aguadillensis*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Potamides suprasulcatus species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Sorbeoconcha : Potamididae : Potamides : *Potamides suprasulcatus*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Terebralia dentilabris species	7	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Sorbeoconcha : Potamididae : Terebralia : *Terebralia dentilabris*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Torcula sp. genus	6	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Sorbeoconcha : Turritellidae : *Torcula*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene
Turritella sp. genus	6	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Turritellidae : *Turritella*	20.44 - 15.97 Ma Miocene

References

Pilsbry H. A. (1918) Cirripedia from the Panama Canal Zone, United States National Museum Bulletin 103, 185-189

Woodring W. P. (1957) Geology and Paleontology of Canal Zone and adjoining parts of Panama., United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 306 A

Woodring W. P. (1959) Geology and paleontology of Canal Zone and adjoining parts of Panama: Description of Tertiary mollusks (gastropods: Vermetidae to Thaididae), United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 306 B, 147-239

Woodring W. P. (1964) Geology and paleontology of canal zone and adjoing parts of Panama: Description of Tertiary mollusks (gastropods: Columbellidae to Volutidae)., United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 306 C, 241-297

Woodring W. P. (1970) Geology and paleontology of canal zone and adjoing parts of Panama: Description of Tertiary mollusks (gastropods: Eulimidae, Marginellidae to Helminthoglyptidae)., United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 306 D, 299-452

Woodring W. P. (1973) Geology and paleontology of canal zone and adjoing parts of Panama: Description of Tertiary mollusks (additions to gastropods, scaphopods, pelecypods: Nuculidae to Malleidae), United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 306 E, 453-539

Woodring W. P. (1982) Geology and paleontology of canal zone and adjoing parts of Panama: Description of Tertiary mollusks (Pelecypods: Propeamussiidae to Cuspidariidae)., United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 306 F

Uhen M. D., Coates A. G., et al (2010) Marine mammals from the Miocene of Panama, Journal of South American Earth Sciences 30 3-4, 167-175 doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2010.08.002

MacFadden B. J., Kirby M. X., et al (2010) Extinct peccary "Cynorca" occidentale (Tayassuidae, Tayassuinae) from the Miocene of Panama and correlations to North America, Journal of Paleontology 84 2, 288-298

Hastings A. K., Bloch J. I., et al (2013) Systematics and biogeography of crocodylians from the Miocene of Panama, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33 2, 239-263

Pimiento C., González-Barba G., et al (2013) Early Miocene chondrichthyans from the Culebra Formation Panama A window into marine vertebrate faunas before closure the Central American Seaway, Journal of South American Earth Sciences 42, 159-170 doi:dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2012.11.005

Rincón A. F., Bloch J. I., et al (2015) New early Miocene Protoceratids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from Panama, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35 5, e970688 doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.970688

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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