Alabandite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Alabandite
Formula:
MnS
Colour:
Iron black, brown, greyish black, green; dull brown (tarnished)
Lustre:
Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
3½ - 4
Specific Gravity:
3.95 - 4.04
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Name:
From the Spanish alabandina sulfúrea (sulfuric manganese) + the suffix, -ite, from the greek Λίθος (stone). The modern name alabandite come into use gradually. The term alabandine was first used by the French Mineralogist F. S. Beudant in 1832 in his Traite Elementaire de Mineralogie for a mineral first described earlier from Nagyág (today: Săcărâmb), Romania. The mineral was named as Schwarzerz by the local miners. Beudant derived this name (alabandine) from the Spanish alabandina sulfúrea (sulfuric manganese), a term used by del Rio (1804) for the same substance. del Rio used the term alabandina as a synonym of manganese in his binominal nomenclature (Papp 2004). It is not clear why del Rio used the term alabandicus for manganese, but Papp suggest that it may be related to the usage of both manganese minerals and lapis alabandicus in glass making.
The lapis alabandicus was a purplish black stone found near Alabanda, Asia Minor (near todays Araphisar, Turkey) mentioned by Pliny the elder (23-79) in his Naturalis Historia. Lapis alabandicus was known to be fusible and used in making glass. In some textbook it is suggested that the lapis alabandicus may be identical with the modern alabandite, but this is not confirmed.
The lapis alabandicus was a purplish black stone found near Alabanda, Asia Minor (near todays Araphisar, Turkey) mentioned by Pliny the elder (23-79) in his Naturalis Historia. Lapis alabandicus was known to be fusible and used in making glass. In some textbook it is suggested that the lapis alabandicus may be identical with the modern alabandite, but this is not confirmed.
Type Locality:
Polymorph of:
Galena Group.
At ambient pressure, alabandite (α-MnS) is the stable MnS polymorph from room temperature up to the melting point of 1655 °C (Staffansson, 1976; Kang, 2010).
At ambient pressure, alabandite (α-MnS) is the stable MnS polymorph from room temperature up to the melting point of 1655 °C (Staffansson, 1976; Kang, 2010).
Unique Identifiers
IMA Classification of Alabandite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Alabandite
2.CD.10
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
C : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 1: 1 (and similar)
D : With Sn, Pb, Hg, etc.
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
C : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 1: 1 (and similar)
D : With Sn, Pb, Hg, etc.
2.8.1.4
2 : SULFIDES
8 : AmXp, with m:p = 1:1
2 : SULFIDES
8 : AmXp, with m:p = 1:1
3.8.12
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
8 : Sulphides etc. of Cr, Mo, W an Mn
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
8 : Sulphides etc. of Cr, Mo, W an Mn
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Abd | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Ala | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Alabandite
Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Iron black, brown, greyish black, green; dull brown (tarnished)
Comment:
gray-white in polished section; deep green to brown and red in thin slivers.
Streak:
dark green, brown
Hardness:
3½ - 4 on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=164 - 176 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
on {100}
on {100}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
3.95 - 4.04 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.053 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Alabandite
Type:
Isotropic
RI values:
n = 2.70
Birefringence:
Isotropic minerals have no birefringence
Surface Relief:
Very High
Reflectivity:
Wavelength | R |
---|---|
400nm | 26.1% |
420nm | 25.9% |
440nm | 25.5% |
460nm | 24.8% |
480nm | 24.2% |
500nm | 23.7% |
520nm | 23.2% |
540nm | 22.9% |
560nm | 22.7% |
580nm | 22.5% |
600nm | 22.3% |
620nm | 22.1% |
640nm | 22.0% |
660nm | 21.9% |
680nm | 21.8% |
700nm | 21.8% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 26.1%.
Colour in reflected light:
Gray-white
Chemistry of Alabandite
Mindat Formula:
MnS
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Mg,Co
Crystallography of Alabandite
Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
m3m (4/m 3 2/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:
Fm3m
Setting:
Fm3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.2236 Å
Unit Cell V:
142.53 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals cubic or octahedral, to 1 cm. Commonly massive, granular.
Twinning:
Lamellar parallel to {111}
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0007513 | Alabandite | McCammon C A (1991) Static compression of alpha-MnS at 298 K to 21 GPa Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 17 636-641 | 1991 | 1.8 | 293 | ||
0007514 | Alabandite | McCammon C A (1991) Static compression of alpha-MnS at 298 K to 21 GPa Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 17 636-641 | 1991 | 3.01 | 293 | ||
0007515 | Alabandite | McCammon C A (1991) Static compression of alpha-MnS at 298 K to 21 GPa Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 17 636-641 | 1991 | 3.25 | 293 | ||
0007516 | Alabandite | McCammon C A (1991) Static compression of alpha-MnS at 298 K to 21 GPa Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 17 636-641 | 1991 | 3.57 | 293 | ||
0007517 | Alabandite | McCammon C A (1991) Static compression of alpha-MnS at 298 K to 21 GPa Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 17 636-641 | 1991 | 5.81 | 293 | ||
0007518 | Alabandite | McCammon C A (1991) Static compression of alpha-MnS at 298 K to 21 GPa Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 17 636-641 | 1991 | 7.19 | 293 | ||
0007519 | Alabandite | McCammon C A (1991) Static compression of alpha-MnS at 298 K to 21 GPa Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 17 636-641 | 1991 | 8.56 | 293 | ||
0007520 | Alabandite | McCammon C A (1991) Static compression of alpha-MnS at 298 K to 21 GPa Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 17 636-641 | 1991 | 7.85 | 293 | ||
0007521 | Alabandite | McCammon C A (1991) Static compression of alpha-MnS at 298 K to 21 GPa Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 17 636-641 | 1991 | 11.3 | 293 | ||
0007522 | Alabandite | McCammon C A (1991) Static compression of alpha-MnS at 298 K to 21 GPa Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 17 636-641 | 1991 | 11.8 | 293 | ||
0007523 | Alabandite | McCammon C A (1991) Static compression of alpha-MnS at 298 K to 21 GPa Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 17 636-641 | 1991 | 12.3 | 293 | ||
0007524 | Alabandite | McCammon C A (1991) Static compression of alpha-MnS at 298 K to 21 GPa Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 17 636-641 | 1991 | 13.8 | 293 | ||
0007525 | Alabandite | McCammon C A (1991) Static compression of alpha-MnS at 298 K to 21 GPa Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 17 636-641 | 1991 | 17.1 | 293 | ||
0007526 | Alabandite | McCammon C A (1991) Static compression of alpha-MnS at 298 K to 21 GPa Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 17 636-641 | 1991 | 20.1 | 293 | ||
0007527 | Alabandite | McCammon C A (1991) Static compression of alpha-MnS at 298 K to 21 GPa Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 17 636-641 | 1991 | 21.1 | 293 | ||
0018188 | Alabandite | Ott H (1926) Die Strukturen von Mn O, Mn S, Ag F, Ni S, Sn I4, Sr Cl2, Ba F2, Praezisionsmessungen einiger Alkalihalogenide. _cod_database_code 1011351 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 63 222-230 | 1926 | 0 | 293 | ||
0011353 | Alabandite | Wyckoff R W G (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York rocksalt structure Crystal Structures 1 85-237 | 1963 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
3.015 Å | (14) |
2.612 Å | (100) |
1.847 Å | (50) |
1.509 Å | (20) |
1.306 Å | (8) |
1.1682 Å | (20) |
1.0662 Å | (16) |
Comments:
Synthetic (ICDD 6-518).
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 1: Primary nebular phases | 4.567-4.561 |
4 : Primary chondrule phases | 4.566–4.561 |
Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
5 : Primary asteroid phases | 4.566–4.560 |
Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
12 : Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits (see also #33) | |
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) | |
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks | |
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
38 : Ophiolites |
Geological Setting:
May occur in large quantities in epithermal polymetallic sulfide veins and especially in low-temperature manganese deposits. An uncommon constituent of a number of meteorites.
Type Occurrence of Alabandite
Synonyms of Alabandite
Other Language Names for Alabandite
German:Alabandin
Alabandit
Blumenbachit
Braunsteinblende
Braunsteinkies
Manganblende
Manganglanz
Schwarze Blende
Schwarzerz (in part)
Alabandit
Blumenbachit
Braunsteinblende
Braunsteinkies
Manganblende
Manganglanz
Schwarze Blende
Schwarzerz (in part)
Japanese:閃マンガン鉱
Russian:Алабандин
Simplified Chinese:硫锰矿
Spanish:Alabandita
Traditional Chinese:硫錳礦
Relationship of Alabandite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Altaite | PbTe | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m |
Clausthalite | PbSe | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m |
Galena | PbS | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m |
Niningerite | (Mg,Fe2+,Mn2+)S | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m |
Oldhamite | (Ca,Mg)S | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
95 photos of Alabandite associated with Rhodochrosite | MnCO3 |
56 photos of Alabandite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
35 photos of Alabandite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
16 photos of Alabandite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
11 photos of Alabandite associated with Tanzanite | |
10 photos of Alabandite associated with Graphite | C |
9 photos of Alabandite associated with Sulphur | S8 |
9 photos of Alabandite associated with Manganese-bearing Calcite | (Ca,Mn)CO3 |
7 photos of Alabandite associated with Pectolite | NaCa2Si3O8(OH) |
7 photos of Alabandite associated with Rhodonite | CaMn3Mn[Si5O15] |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
2.CD. | Svetlanaite | SnSe |
2.CD.05 | Herzenbergite | SnS |
2.CD.05 | Teallite | PbSnS2 |
2.CD.10 | Altaite | PbTe |
2.CD.10 | Clausthalite | PbSe |
2.CD.10 | Galena | PbS |
2.CD.10 | Niningerite | (Mg,Fe2+,Mn2+)S |
2.CD.10 | Oldhamite | (Ca,Mg)S |
2.CD.10 va | Quiroguite | Pb23Sb6S32 |
2.CD.10 | Keilite | (Fe2+,Mg)S |
2.CD.15a | Cinnabar | HgS |
2.CD.15b | Hypercinnabar | HgS |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Alabandite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-89.html
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References for Alabandite
Reference List:
Klaproth, M. H. (1802) Chemische Untersuchung des Siebenbürgischen Schwarzerzes. In Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper Vol. 3. Rottmann, Berlin. p.35-43.
Hewett, D.F., Rove, O.N. (1930) Occurrence and relations of alabandite. Economic Geology: 25: 36-56.
Localities for Alabandite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| Bischoff et al. (1992) +3 other references |
Antarctica | |
| Zhang et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
Lin et al. (1991) | |
| Rosenshein et al. (2006) |
Makoto Kimura & Ahmed El Goresy (1989) | |
| Fogel (1997) |
| Keil et al. (2011) |
| Anzures et al. (2024) |
Argentina | |
| Bunch et al. (1970) |
| Econ Geol (1992) +2 other references |
Singer et al. (2009) | |
| Gallard-Esquivel et al. (2018) |
Armenia | |
| Karamyan (1957) +1 other reference |
Australia | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Worner et al. (et al) |
| Birch (1999) |
| Singer et al. (2009) |
| J. Graham : "Manganochromite +1 other reference |
| Buseck et al. (1972) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Watters et al. (1979) |
Austria | |
| Richter et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch et al. (2021) |
Kolitsch et al. (2020) | |
Azerbaijan | |
| Brian Mason (1966) |
Baltic Sea | |
Lepland et al. (1998) | |
Belarus | |
| Levitskiy et al. (2018, July) |
Bolivia | |
| Federico Ahlfeld y Jorge Muñoz Reyes (1955) |
Brazil | |
| Bello |
| Viana +5 other references |
Bulgaria | |
| Marcus Voigt Collection |
Zagyu +7 other references | |
| Munkov (1968) +1 other reference |
| Dimitrov (1961) |
[MinRec 22 p.439] | |
Canada | |
| Dawson +2 other references |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| R. M. Thompson (1954) |
| Keil (1968) |
| Reiner Mielke 2014 |
| Kirkland Lake - Rouyn-Noranda - Val d'Or +1 other reference |
| GOLD et al. (1986) |
GOLD et al. (1986) | |
| Horváth et al. (1990) |
Chile | |
| Thompson et al. (2004) |
China | |
| Hunan Metallurgical Geology Research Team 236 (1977) +1 other reference |
| Jiuling Zhang (1982) |
| Dai Shifeng et al. (2007) |
| Qi Zhou et al. (2013) |
| Qi Zhou et al. (2013) |
| Lisheng Luo (1988) |
| Jiangguo Yang et al. (2010) |
| Hongzhong Xu et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
Junzhen Huang (2008) | |
| Qi Zhou et al. (2013) |
Qi Zhou et al. (2013) | |
Qi Zhou et al. (2013) | |
Qi Zhou et al. (2013) | |
Qi Zhou et al. (2013) | |
| Qi Zhou et al. (2013) |
| Varentsov (1996) |
| Qiying Wei and Kan Tu (1987) |
| Jiuling Zhang (1982) |
| Hunan Metallurgical Geology Research Team 236 (1977) +2 other references |
Jinyan Yao and Mingchao Wu (1984) | |
| Jingwen Mao et al. (1994) |
| Qi Zhou et al. (2013) |
| Hunan Metallurgical Geology Research Team 236 (1977) +3 other references |
| Baisheng Zhang (1998) |
| Hunan Metallurgical Geology Research Team 236 (1977) +1 other reference |
| Jiuling Zhang (1982) |
| Zhao et al. (2003) |
Zhao et al. (2003) | |
Zhao et al. (2003) | |
Xue-Hui Xia et al. (1999) | |
| Chen et al. (2020) |
| Hein et al. (1999) |
| Jiuling Zhang (1982) |
| Jiuling Zhang (1982) |
| Wenji Bai et al. (2007) |
| Zhang et al. (2022) |
| Zuoheng Zhang et al. (2007) |
| Jiuling Zhang (1982) |
| Liangming Fan et al. (1983) |
| Bente et al. (1993) |
Czech Republic | |
| Prachař +6 other references |
Zak (1956) | |
Ecuador | |
| an NI 43-101 Technical Report prepared ... +1 other reference |
Estonia | |
| Mason (1966) +1 other reference |
Finland | |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ... |
Loukola-Ruskeeniemi et al. (eds.) +3 other references | |
| Peltonen et al. (2008) |
| Rubin +1 other reference |
| Mancini et al. (2000) |
France | |
| Thomas R. Watters & Marty Prinz (1979) +1 other reference |
| Le Règne Minéral 47: 5-21 |
| Ragu (1994) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
Lacroix (1900) | |
Germany | |
| Russell et al. (2003) +2 other references |
| - (n.d.) |
| A. Frenzel (1874) |
| T. Witzke (1999) |
Ghana | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1990 54 : 617-627 |
| Mineralium Deposita Volume 34 Issue 3 (1999) |
Greece | |
| Petrascheck (1977) |
| Branko Rieck collection |
| Kanellopoulos et al. (2024) |
| |
Greenland | |
| Kracher et al. (1977) |
India | |
| Fogel (2005) |
| F. Wall (1993) |
| Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... +1 other reference |
Israel | |
| Ma et al. (2023) |
Italy | |
| Balestra (2016) |
415. +2 other references | |
| Redazione (2005) |
| //doi.org/10.57635/MICRO.2023.21.7 |
| Castellaro et al. (2011) |
| Boni et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| Mayumi Yoshinaga (1963) +2 other references |
| Fukuoka (1981) |
| Fukuoka (1981) |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| Fukuoka (1981) |
| Fukuoka (1981) |
| Donald E. Lee (1955) +1 other reference |
| Fukuoka (1981) |
| Am Min 66:638 +3 other references |
FUKUOKA et al. (1977) +1 other reference | |
Fukuoka (1981) | |
Fukuoka (1981) | |
| Yoshikawa +1 other reference |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu ore collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) +2 other references |
FUKUOKA et al. (1977) +1 other reference | |
Fukuoka (1981) | |
FUKUOKA et al. (1977) +2 other references | |
Fukuoka (1981) | |
Fukuoka (1981) | |
| 島倉広至 et al. (2015) |
| Tomohiro Morishita (2011) |
Introduction to Japanese Minerals | |
Fukuoka (1981) | |
| Symposium sobre Yacimientos de Manganeso +1 other reference |
| Fukuoka (1981) |
| Suzaki et al. (1969) +1 other reference |
Fukuoka (1981) | |
| Fukuoka (1981) |
| Fukuoka (1981) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu ore collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
Fukuoka (1981) | |
| Katsu Kaneko (1956) +1 other reference |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
Dr. Matsuo Nambu ore collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) | |
| Fukuoka (1981) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu ore collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) +1 other reference |
Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) | |
| Fukuoka (1981) |
| Alfredo Petrov collection |
| Am Min 85:242-250 |
| Fukuoka (1981) +1 other reference |
| Narita (1963) |
| Fukuoka (1981) +1 other reference |
| Fukuoka (1981) |
| Katsu Kaneko (1956) +1 other reference |
| Yoshinaga (1959) +1 other reference |
| Kaul et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| K. Nishikubo et al. (2005) |
| Fukuoka (1981) |
| Symposium sobre yacimientos de manganeso et al. (1956) +2 other references |
| Fukuoka (1981) |
| Fukuoka (1981) |
| Fukuoka (1981) |
加藤昭 (1980) +1 other reference | |
Fukuoka (1981) | |
| Akira Kato (undated manuscript) +2 other references |
Fukuoka (1981) | |
Fukuoka (1981) | |
| Fukuoka (1981) |
Fukuoka (1981) | |
Fukuoka (1981) | |
| Fukuoka (1981) |
Fukuoka (1981) | |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu ore collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Fukuoka (1981) |
Fukuoka (1981) | |
| Okamoto collection (curated at the Geological Survey museum, Japan) |
Mayumi Yoshinaga (1963) +1 other reference | |
Lee (1955) +2 other references | |
| Fumitoshi HIROWATARI (1961) +2 other references |
| Dr. Yohachiro Okamoto collection (curated at Geology Museum, Geological Survey of Japan) +1 other reference |
Lee (1955) | |
H. Momoi (1964) | |
H. Momoi (1964) | |
H. Momoi (1964) | |
Fukuoka (1981) | |
| Dr. Yohachiro Okamoto collection (curated at Geology Museum, Geological Survey of Japan) |
Kazakhstan | |
| - (1993) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| L.A. Pautov data |
Madagascar | |
| Di Cecco (2013) |
Cecco (2013) | |
Mexico | |
| |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Bunch et al. (1970) +1 other reference |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Dana 7:I:208 +1 other reference |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Vanrusselt (2023) |
Morocco | |
| A. J. Irving et al. (2010) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
New Zealand | |
| Read et al. (1971) +1 other reference |
| Morgan |
Nigeria | |
| Watters et al. (1979) |
| Okoli et al. (2023) |
Northwest Africa Meteorites | |
Bunch et al. (2008) | |
Norway | |
| Jamtveit et al. (1997) |
| Nilsen (1978) |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Tuomo Törmänen (2005) |
Pakistan | |
| Mason (1966) |
| Mason (1966) |
| Klaus Keil & Christian A. Andersen (1965) |
Peru | |
| Gomi (2009) |
Hyrsl et al. (2003) +1 other reference | |
| Rob Lavinsky photo |
| Econ Geol (1985) |
| Olivo et al. (2003) |
| Econ Geol (1984) |
- (n.d.) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Min.Rec. 28 (1997) |
| Min.Rec. 28 (1997) |
| Economic Geology November 1990 v. 85 ... +2 other references |
| Min.Rec. 28 (1997) |
Poland | |
| Chmielewski et al. (2016) |
| The Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (August, 2000) |
Romania | |
| Tamas +5 other references |
| Cristiana L. Ciobanu et al. (2016) |
| Hârtopanu et al. (1996) |
| Afifi et al. (1988) |
| Clark (1993) +4 other references |
- (n.d.) | |
| Hîrtopanu (1997) +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| Brusnitsyn (2006) |
| Vladimirskaya (1974) |
| Sharygin et al. (2010) |
| Zaslavskaya et al. (1991, March) |
| Sharygin et al. (2010, September) |
| Kulikov et al. (1989) |
| [Der Aufschluss 1995:4 p163-180] +3 other references |
| Silyanov et al. (2022) |
| Sokol et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| |
Am Min 66:638-639 +3 other references | |
| Thomas R. Watters & Martin Prinz (1979) |
| Gribov (1972) |
| Olga Yakovleva et al. (2009) |
Barkov et al. (2000) +1 other reference | |
| Старикова (2011) |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| Kokin +4 other references |
| |
| Sharygin et al. (2014) |
| American Mineralogist +5 other references |
| Brusnitsyn (2000) |
| Brusnitsyn A.I. (2000) |
| Brusnitsyn A.I. (2000) |
| Sharygin (2016) +1 other reference |
Saudi Arabia | |
| C. F. Blain (1978) |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Rojkovičová |
| Hurai et al. (2011) |
| Ferenc Š. et al. (Štiavnické vrchy, Slovenská republika) |
| Pauliš P. |
Háber et al. (SGR) | |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Pauliš P. |
| Koděra (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Mason (1966) |
| D. Pienaar. (2014) |
| Holwell et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Schouwstra +6 other references |
| Keil (1968) |
South Korea | |
| Econ Geol (1984) |
| Imai et al. (1982) |
| So +2 other references |
Spain | |
| Coello et al. (92) +9 other references |
Casillas et al. (2011) | |
Sudan | |
| Theo Ntaflos (1988) |
| Michael Zolensky et al. (2010) |
Sweden | |
| Grensman et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
Tiu (2019) +1 other reference | |
| Zakrzewski et al (1982) +1 other reference |
| |
| Nysten (2003) |
| Öhman (2003) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Taiwan | |
| |
Tajikistan | |
| Faiziev +2 other references |
Tanzania | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1997 61 : 779-789 +9 other references |
| Mason (1966) +1 other reference |
| John A. Jaszczak +3 other references |
Anon (2015) | |
Feneyrol J. et al. (20) | |
Uganda | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
Golley et al. (1995) | |
Ukraine | |
| in: Jambor et al. (1920) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Keith (1973) |
Wilson (1930) +3 other references | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
Hewett (1930) +2 other references | |
| Hewett (1960) +1 other reference |
| Dana 7:I:208. +7 other references |
Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Mason et al. (1967) |
| 253-254 +6 other references |
Hewett (1930) +1 other reference | |
Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 106 +5 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Econ Geol (1984) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) |
| Rocks & Min.: 63: 366-384. +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Dana 6: 65 +1 other reference |
| Am Min 67:132-136 +3 other references |
| Irving et al. (2010) |
| C. W. Neal & M. E. Lipschutz (1981) |
| Mason (1966) +1 other reference |
| Plante (1992) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
Dana 7:208 | |
| The Mineralogy of The Butte District +1 other reference |
Mineralogical Record 33:1 | |
undefined | |
| Olsen et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| NBMG Bull 99B Geology and Mineral ... |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
NBMG Bull 99B Geology and Mineral ... | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| NBMG Bull 85 Geology and Mineral ... +1 other reference |
| Frondel (1972) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| NMBMMR Bull 10 The Geology and Ore ... |
| NMGS 37th Field Conference +1 other reference |
Northrop et al. (1996) +1 other reference | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| - (2005) |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:130-135. |
| - (2005) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| - (2005) |
| Thomas R. Watters & Marty Prinz (1979) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Bunch et al. (1970) +1 other reference |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) +1 other reference |
| Smith (1991) |
| Tracy et al. (2003) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Meteoritics |
Uzbekistan | |
| Yusupov et al. (2009) |
Western Sahara | |
| Patzer et al. (2001) |
Yemen | |
| Meteoritical Society Meeting 447-448 (1994) +1 other reference |
Zimbabwe | |
| Nikischer (2023) |
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Uchucchacua Mine, Oyón District, Oyón Province, Lima, Peru