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Volborthite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About VolborthiteHide

02550820017058931447846.jpg
Alexander F. Volborth
Formula:
Cu3(V2O7)(OH)2 · 2H2O
Colour:
Olive-green, yellow-green; green to yellow-green in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Waxy, Greasy, Pearly
Hardness:
Specific Gravity:
3.5 - 3.8
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named in honor of Alexander Fedorovich Volborth (Александр Федорович Фольборт) (1800, Mogilev, Russian Empire - 1876, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire), paleontologist, who first noted the mineral. At least ten fossil species are also named after him.
A secondary mineral found in the oxidized zones of vanadium-bearing hydrothermal deposits.

At least two different monoclinic space-group variants (C2/m, C2/c) seem to be stable at ambient temperature.

Visually similar to vésigniéite.
Structurally related to engelhauptite.


Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
4200
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4200:6
GUID
(UUID V4):
adc3b96a-7d7d-4e21-9687-ecc843d1af65

IMA Classification of VolborthiteHide

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Cu3V2O7(OH)2 · 2H2O
First published:
1838

Classification of VolborthiteHide

8.FD.05

8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
F : Polyphosphates, Polyarsenates, [4]-Polyvanadates
D : Polyphosphates, etc., with OH and H2O
40.3.10.1

40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
3 : A3(XO4)2·xH2O
21.1.12

21 : Vanadates (and vanadates with arsenate or phosphate)
1 : Vanadates of the alkalis and Cu

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

SymbolSourceReference
VboIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43

Pronunciation of VolborthiteHide

Pronunciation:
PlayRecorded byCountry
Jolyon RalphUnited Kingdom

Physical Properties of VolborthiteHide

Vitreous, Waxy, Greasy, Pearly
Transparency:
Translucent
Comment:
Lustre pearly on the cleavage surfaces.
Colour:
Olive-green, yellow-green; green to yellow-green in transmitted light.
Hardness:
3½ on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
One perfect.
Density:
3.5 - 3.8 g/cm3 (Measured)    3.52 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of VolborthiteHide

Type:
Biaxial (+/-)
RI values:
nα = 1.793 nβ = 1.801 nγ = 1.816
2V:
Measured: 63° to 83°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.023
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Dispersion:
r > v or r < v
Pleochroism:
Weak

Chemistry of VolborthiteHide

Mindat Formula:
Cu3(V2O7)(OH)2 · 2H2O

Crystallography of VolborthiteHide

Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/m
Setting:
C2/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.610(2) Å, b = 5.866(1) Å, c = 7.208(1) Å
β = 95.04(2)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.809 : 1 : 1.229
Unit Cell V:
446.88 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Pseudohexagonal. Scaly, fibrous or spongy crusts and rosette-like aggregates; also reticulated. Scales may have a triangular or hexagonal outline.

Crystal StructureHide

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IDSpeciesReferenceLinkYearLocalityPressure (GPa)Temp (K)
0019133VolborthiteIshikawa H, Yamaura J, Okamoto Y, Yoshida H, Nilsen G J, Hiroi Z (2012) A novel crystal polymorph of volborthite, Cu3V2O7(OH)2*2H2O Acta Crystallographica C68 i41-i442012synthetic0293
0018666VolborthiteKashaev A A, Bakakin V V (1968) Crystal structure of volborthite Cu3(OH)2V2O7*2H2O Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 181 967-96919680293
0013677VolborthiteLafontaine M A, LeBail A, Ferey G (1990) Copper-containing minerals - I. Cu3V2O7(OH)2,2H2O: The synthetic homolog of volborthite; crystal structure determination from X-ray and neutron data; structural correlations Journal of Solid State Chemistry 85 220-22719900293
0013678VolborthiteLafontaine M A, LeBail A, Ferey G (1990) Copper-containing minerals - I. Cu3V2O7(OH)2,2H2O: The synthetic homolog of volborthite; crystal structure determination from X-ray and neutron data; structural correlations Journal of Solid State Chemistry 85 220-22719900293
0018692VolborthiteKashaev A A, Rozhdestvenskaya I V, Bannova I I, Sapozhnikov A N, Glebova O D (2008) Balance, uniformity, and asymmetry of the structure of volborthite Cu3(OH)2(V2O7)*2H2O Journal of Structural Chemistry 49 708-7112008not given0293
0019037VolborthiteYoshida H, Yamaura J, Isobe M, Nilsen G J, Hiroi Z (2012) Orbital switching in a frustrated magnet Nature Communications 3 8601-86052012synthetic0150
0019038VolborthiteYoshida H, Yamaura J, Isobe M, Nilsen G J, Hiroi Z (2012) T = 323 K Nature Communications 3 8601-86052012synthetic0293
0018693VolborthiteBasso R, Palenzona A, Zefiro L (1988) Crystal structure refinement of volborthite from Scrava mine (Eastern Liguria, Italy) Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1988 385-3941988Scrava mine, Eastern Liguria, Italy0293
CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
7.16 Å(10)
4.103 Å(5)
3.090 Å(5)
2.998 Å(5)
2.643 Å(7)
2.571 Å(7)
2.389 Å(7)

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic ModeEarliest Age (Ga)
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event<2.4
47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals]
47e : [Vanadates, chromates, manganates]
47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals]
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere<0.6
53 : Other minerals with taphonomic origins<0.4
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals<10 Ka
55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals
Geological Setting:
Oxidized zones of vanadium-bearing hydrothermal deposits.

Type Occurrence of VolborthiteHide

Place of Conservation of Type Material:
No designated type material.
Reference:
Hess, H., Volborth, A. (1838) Ueber (das Volborthit), ein neues Vanadhaltiges Mineral. Bulletin Scientifique publié par L'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg: 4: 21-23.

Synonyms of VolborthiteHide

Other Language Names for VolborthiteHide

Varieties of VolborthiteHide

Barium-bearing VolborthiteA barium-bearing variety of volborthite.

Relationship of Volborthite to other SpeciesHide

Other Members of this group:
KarpenkoiteCo3(V2O7)(OH)2 · 2H2OTrig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1
MartyiteZn3(V2O7)(OH)2 · 2H2OTrig. 3m : P3m1

Common AssociatesHide

Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
39 photos of Volborthite associated with MalachiteCu2(CO3)(OH)2
37 photos of Volborthite associated with TyuyamuniteCa(UO2)2(VO4)2 · 5-8H2O
30 photos of Volborthite associated with ChrysocollaCu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1
24 photos of Volborthite associated with BrochantiteCu4(SO4)(OH)6
16 photos of Volborthite associated with QuartzSiO2
11 photos of Volborthite associated with AzuriteCu3(CO3)2(OH)2
11 photos of Volborthite associated with TangeiteCaCu(VO4)(OH)
11 photos of Volborthite associated with CyanotrichiteCu4Al2(SO4)(OH)12 · 2H2O
8 photos of Volborthite associated with SulvaniteCu3VS4
7 photos of Volborthite associated with VashegyiteAl11(PO4)9(OH)6 · 38H2O

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

8.FD.05MartyiteZn3(V2O7)(OH)2 · 2H2OTrig. 3m : P3m1
8.FD.05KarpenkoiteCo3(V2O7)(OH)2 · 2H2OTrig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1
8.FD.10VanarsiteNaCa12(As3+V5+8.5V4+3.5As5+6O51)2 · 78H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
8.FD.10PackratiteCa11(As3+V5+10V4+2As5+6O51)2 · 83H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.FD.10MorrisoniteCa11(As3+V4+2V5+10As5+6O51)2 · 78H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
8.FD.10GatewayiteCa6(As3+V4+3 V5+9As5+6O51) · 31H2OMon. 2 : P21
8.FD.10KegginitePb3Ca3[AsV12O40(VO)] · 20H2OTrig. 3 : P3
8.FD.10Bicapite[KNa2Mg2(H2O)25][H2PV5+12O40(V5+O)2]Tet. 4/m : I4/m
8.FD.10LumsdeniteNaCa3Mg2(As3+V4+2V5+10As5+6O51) · 45H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.FD.15ChinchorroiteNa2Mg5(As2O7)2(AsO3OH)2(H2O)10Tric. 1 : P1

Other InformationHide

Thermal Behaviour:
The evolution of Cu-V minerals during in situ heating is as follows: volborthite Cu3(V2O7)(OH)2·2H2O (30–230 °C) → X-ray amorphous phase (230–290 °C )→ ziesite β-Cu2(V2O7) (290–430 °C) → ziesite + pseudolyonsite α-Cu3(VO4)2 + mcbirneyite β-Cu3(VO4)2 (430–510 °C) → mcbirneyite (510–750 °C).
Notes:
Soluble in acids.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for VolborthiteHide

References for VolborthiteHide

Reference List:

Localities for VolborthiteHide

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina
 
  • Neuquén Province
    • Añelo Department
      • Los Chihuidos
Friz
    • Confluencia department
      • Plaza Huincul
PONS
Australia
 
  • South Australia
    • Flinders Ranges
      • North Flinders Ranges
        • Arkaroola Region (Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary; Arkaroola Station)
          • Yudnamutana District
Noble et al. (1983)
        • Leigh Creek
          • Copley
          • Mount Coffin
Ben Grguric collection
        • Mount Lyndhurst station
Noble
          • Nichol Nob
Noble R.J. +1 other reference
Ben Grguric
Zahn Gotch collection
      • South Flinders Ranges
        • Wilmington
Australian Journal of Mineralogy. Vol ...
    • Ironstone Lagoon
Personal Collection of Mark Willoughby
    • Mt Lofty Ranges
      • North Mt Lofty Ranges
        • Burra
Austria
 
  • Carinthia
    • Villach-Land District
      • Bad Bleiberg
Brandstätter et al. (2011)
  • Salzburg
    • Zell am See District
      • Rauris
        • Alteck - Hoher Sonnblick area
          • Kolm-Saigurn
Strasser (1989)
Niedermayr et al. (2009)
  • Styria
    • Bruck-Mürzzuschlag District
      • Breitenau am Hochlantsch
        • Hochlantsch
C.Auer (2014)
Belgium
 
  • Wallonia
    • Luxembourg
      • Vielsalm
        • Cahay
BLONDIEAU M. et al. (2017)
Canada
 
  • British Columbia
    • Vancouver Island
      • Nanaimo Mining Division
        • Menzies Bay
Jambor (1960) +1 other reference
        • Quadra Island
Jambor (1960) +1 other reference
Chile
 
  • Atacama
    • Copiapó Province
      • Copiapó
Sorrell (n.d.)
- (n.d.)
      • Tierra Amarilla
Sullivan (1978)
Czech Republic
 
  • Central Bohemian Region
    • Příbram District
      • Vrančice
[Lapis 1995
J.Hyrsl (1992)
  • Hradec Králové Region
    • Jičín District
      • Železnice
        • Doubravice
Pauliš +3 other references
    • Trutnov District
      • Dolní Kalná
Johan et al. (1987)
  • Liberec Region
    • Semily District
DR Congo
 
  • Haut-Katanga
    • Kambove Territory
      • Shinkolobwe
Mineralogical Record: 20: 287-288.
    • Kipushi Territory
      • Kawama
Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference
  • Lualaba
    • Mutshatsha
      • Kolwezi
Wilson (2018)
Deliens (1989) +1 other reference
France
 
  • Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
    • Savoie
      • Albertville
        • Tignes
Guichon (2017) +1 other reference
Germany
 
  • Baden-Württemberg
    • Freiburg Region
      • Lörrach
        • Fröhnd
Markl (2017)
      • Ortenaukreis
        • Oberwolfach
Kolitsch et al. (2000)
  • Lower Saxony
    • Göttingen District
      • Bad Lauterberg
J. Gröbner: Neufunde aus den Bergbaurevieren St. Andreasberg et al. (2007)
      • Harz (Landkreis Göttingen)
Wittern (2001)
  • Rhineland-Palatinate
    • Birkenfeld
      • Baumholder
Rahm (2014)
www.mineralienfreunde-der-pfalz.de (n.d.)
    • Mayen-Koblenz
      • Maifeld
        • Ochtendung
Blass
      • Mendig
        • Bell
Hentschel (1987)
      • Pellenz
        • Kruft
Leu (2017)
        • Nickenich
Hentschel (1983)
Hentschel (1983)
      • Vordereifel
        • Ettringen
Lapis (5)
    • Neuwied
      • Linz am Rhein
        • Kasbach-Ohlenberg
Markl (1990)
    • Vulkaneifel
      • Daun
        • Daun
          • Neunkirchen
www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.)
        • Oberstadtfeld
Blass et al. (1996)
        • Strohn
Jürgen Greiner collection (EDS-analysed by U. Kolitsch)
        • Üdersdorf
in the collection Ch.&H. Schäfer
Hentschel
      • Gerolstein
        • Hillesheim
Blass et al. (X)
        • Walsdorf
Hohn et al. (2015)
  • Saxony
    • Görlitz District
      • Neißeaue
Witzke et al. (2013)
  • Thuringia
    • Gotha District
      • Friedrichroda
        • Gottlob Hill
Wittern (2001)
    • Greiz District
      • Kauern
T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8)
      • Ronneburg
T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8)
    • Saalfeld-Rudolstadt District
      • Saalfeld
        • Garnsdorf
F. Rüger (1) +1 other reference
Greece
 
  • Attica
    • East Attica
      • Lavreotiki
42. +2 other references
Hungary
 
  • Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County
    • Kazincbarcika District
      • Dédestapolcsány
Italy
 
  • Campania
    • Naples
      • Somma-Vesuvius Complex
Russo et al. (2004) +1 other reference
          • Torre del Greco
Scacchi (1879) +1 other reference
Scacchi (1879) +7 other references
Pelloux (1927) +1 other reference
  • Liguria
    • Genoa
      • Ne
Redazionale (2005)
M.E. Ciriotti (2005) +1 other reference
        • Reppia
Antofilli et al. (1985)
Pipino (1984)
Camarda et al. (2013)
        • Statale
//doi.org/10.57635/MICRO.2023.21.7 +3 other references
    • La Spezia Province
      • Maissana
        • Lagorara Valley
Antofilli
Castellaro et al. (2011)
      • Rocchetta di Vara
Bracco et al. (2014)
    • Savona Province
      • Castelvecchio di Rocca Barbena
Antofilli et al. (1985)
  • Tuscany
    • Livorno Province
      • Livorno
        • Valle Benedetta
Bonifazi (2021)
    • Lucca Province
      • Bagni di Lucca
Biagioni (2009)
    • Massa-Carrara Province
Orlandi et al. (1980) +2 other references
        • Colonnata quarrying basin
Orlandi et al. (1980) +2 other references
          • Colonnata
Orlandi (2004) +1 other reference
        • Miseglia quarrying basin (Miseglia-Fantiscritti quarrying basin; Fantiscritti quarrying basin)
Matteo Chinellato collection
Orlandi et al. (2009)
        • Torano quarrying basin
Brizzi (1986) +4 other references
      • Massa
        • Casette
Orlandi et al. (2002) +2 other references
Japan
 
  • Aichi Prefecture
    • Inuyama
Alfredo Petrov collection
  • Gifu Prefecture
    • Kakamigahara City (Kagamigahara City)
Matsubara et al. (1990)
  • Tokyo Metropolis
    • Hachijō Subprefecture
      • Aogashima
PXRD by John Attard
Kazakhstan
 
  • Kyzylorda Region
    • Shieli District
Pekov (1998)
  • Turkistan Region
    • Aksumbe
Evseev (1995) +1 other reference
Kyrgyzstan
 
  • Batken Region
    • Kadamjay District
Karpenko et al. (2004)
  • Issyk-Kul Region
Pautov L.A.
  • Osh Region
    • Aravan District
      • Tyuya-Muyun Massif
Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference
Mexico
 
  • Sonora
    • Santa Cruz Municipality
      • Milpillas
Jordi Fabre +1 other reference
Namibia
 
  • Erongo Region
    • Walvis Bay Rural
... +1 other reference
  • ǁKaras Region
    • ǃNamiǂNûs Constituency
Jean-Pierre specimens photo ID 1182191 ...
Poland
 
  • Lower Silesian Voivodeship
Mochnacka et al. (2012)
      • Gmina Janowice Wielkie
Schneider G. 1894: Die Minerale des ...
          • Miedzianka field (Western field)
Lis et al. (1986)
Portugal
 
  • Beja
    • Barrancos
      • Barrancos
Rui Nunes collection
Russia
 
  • Kamchatka Krai
    • Milkovsky District
      • Tolbachik Volcanic field
Pekov et al. (2022)
  • Khakassia (Republic of Khakassia)
    • Sorsk
Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference
  • Komi Republic
    • Pay Khoy Mountains
Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)
Joan Rosell
  • Perm Krai
    • Kungursky District
      • Kalinino (Yugovskii Zavod)
Pekov (1998)
    • Motovilikhinsky City District
Dana 6:839.
Palache et al. (1951)
  • Republic of Karelia
    • Medvezhyegorsky District
      • Zaonezhie peninsula
Pavel M/ Kartashov analytical data (2013)
  • Sakhalin Oblast
    • Kuril Islands (Kurile Islands)
      • Severo-Kurilsky District
        • Atlasov Island
Zhitova et al. (2020) +1 other reference
Slovakia
 
  • Banská Bystrica Region
    • Revúca District
      • Sirk
Grecula
    • Rimavská Sobota District
      • Vyšný Skálnik
lení Národního muzea v Praze +2 other references
Spain
 
  • Catalonia
    • Lleida
      • El Pallars Jussà
        • La Vall Fosca
          • La Torre de Cabdella
            • Castell-estaó
Joan Rosell (PLA1 ?) +1 other reference
Switzerland
 
  • Grisons
    • Viamala Region
      • Ferrera
        • Ausserferrera
EDXS analyses by P. Roth +1 other reference
UK
 
  • England
    • Cornwall
      • St Just
        • Botallack
Green et al. (2008)
      • St Keverne
Green et al. (2008)
    • Devon
      • East Devon
        • Budleigh Salterton
from XRD and EPMA results - B. Smith. +1 other reference
    • Leicestershire
      • Charnwood
        • Shepshed
Peter Lord collection +1 other reference
      • Hinckley and Bosworth
        • Stanton under Bardon
          • Cliffe Hill Quarry
Hubbard et al. (2005) +2 other references
      • Leicester
King et al. (1971) +2 other references
King et al. (1971) +1 other reference
      • North West Leicestershire
        • Bardon
Specimen L1436 in the Leicester ... +2 other references
USA
 
  • Arizona
    • Apache County
      • Cane Valley Mining District
        • Yazzie Mesa
          • Monument No. 2 channel
Anthony et al. (1995)
      • Carrizo Range
        • Black Rock Point Mining District
          • Black Rock Point
Scarborough (1981) +1 other reference
      • Dinnehotso
        • Garnet Ridge
Chenoweth (1991)
    • Coconino County
      • Prospect Canyon Mining District
Testing at University of Arizona. Most ...
    • Gila County
      • Globe-Miami Mining District
        • Globe Hills Mining District
          • Globe
Anthony et al. (1995)
    • Navajo County
      • Mineral Mining District
        • Mystery Valley
          • Monument No. 1 channel (Channel No. 36)
Witkind (1963) +1 other reference
Holland et al. (1958) +2 other references
  • California
    • Inyo County
      • Inyo Mts (Inyo Range)
        • Kearsarge Mining District [2]
          • Kearsarge
Paul M. Adams (2003)
    • San Benito County
      • Panoche
www.mineralsocal.org +1 other reference
  • Colorado
    • Costilla County
      • McCarty Park Area
Eckel et al. (1997)
    • Custer County
Eckel et al. (1997)
    • Huerfano County
Eckel et al. (1997)
      • La Veta Pass Area
Eckel et al. (1997)
    • La Plata County
      • La Plata Mining District (California Mining District)
        • La Plata
Eckel et al. (1997)
    • Moffat County
      • Skull Creek Mining District (Blue Mountain Mining District)
Beroni +2 other references
    • Montrose County
      • Uravan Mining District
Eckel et al. (1997)
Eckel et al. (1997)
    • Park County
      • Garo Area
Eckel et al. (1997)
    • San Miguel County
      • Bull Pen Canyon
Rocks & Minerals 80:5 pp358-359
      • Klondike Mining District
Eckel et al. (1997)
      • Slick Rock Mining District
Travis Olds collection +1 other reference
Eckel et al. (1997) +1 other reference
Eckel et al. (1997)
Collected by and in the collection of ...
Collected by and in the collection of ...
Eckel et al. (1997)
Eckel et al. (1997)
Collected by and in the collection of ...
  • Idaho
    • Adams County
      • Seven Devils Mining District
Ream (2004)
    • Lemhi County
      • Junction Mining District (Little Eightmile Mining District)
Ream (2004)
  • Michigan
    • Baraga County
      • Huron River
Heinrich et al. (2004)
    • Keweenaw County
      • Grant Township
        • Copper Harbor
Carlson et al. (2014)
  • Minnesota
    • St. Louis County
Michigan tech. +1 other reference
  • Nevada
    • Elko County
Mineralogical Society of America - ...
    • Eureka County
      • Carlin Trend
        • Maggie Creek Mining Subdistrict
Jensen et al. (1995)
      • Gibellini Mining District
Castor et al. (2004)
      • Lynn Mining District
        • Elko
Mineralogical Record 26:467
    • Lyon County
      • Singatse Range
        • Yerington Mining District
          • Ludwig
Castor et al. (2004)
    • Nye County
      • Toquima Range
        • Manhattan Mining District
Castor et al. (2004)
  • New Mexico
    • Mora County
Northrop et al. (1996)
    • Taos County
Northrop et al. (1996)
Northrop et al. (1996)
  • Oregon
    • Klamath County
Micro Probe Vol. 10 No. 6
Barton et al. (2018)
  • Utah
    • Daggett County
      • Red Creek (Browns Park)
USGS: Geological Survey Circular 312 +1 other reference
    • Emery County
      • San Rafael Swell Mining District
Page et al. (1956) +3 other references
    • Garfield County
Collection of Alex Earl
    • Grand County
      • Gateway Mining District
Collected by and in the collection of ...
Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference
    • Juab County
      • Tintic Mining District
        • Mammoth
SEM EDAX verified by Excalibur ...
Collected by and in the collection of ...
Collected by and in the collection of ...
    • San Juan County
      • Elk Ridge Mining District
Page et al. (1956) +2 other references
Bullock (1981)
Bullock (1981)
      • Monument Valley Mining District
Page et al. (1956) +2 other references
    • Tooele County
      • Greeley Mining District
Schempp et al. (1931) +17 other references
    • Washington County
Carl L. Ege (2005)
Bullock (1981)
Bullock (1981)
Bullock (1981)
Uzbekistan
 
  • Navoiy
    • Uchkuduk area
rruff.geo.arizona.edu (2006)
 
矿物 and/or 产地  
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