Senaite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Senaite
Joaquim Cândido da Costa Sena
Formula:
Pb(Mn,Y,U)(Fe,Zn)2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH)38
Colour:
Black; oil-green to greenish black in transmitted light
Lustre:
Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
6 - 6½
Specific Gravity:
5.204 - 5.301
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Named by Eugen Hussak and George Thurland Prior in 1898 in honor of Joaquim Candido da Costa Sena [13 August 1852 Conceição do Serro, Minas Gerais, Brazil - June 26, 1919 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil], Professor of Mineralogy, at the School of Mines in Ouro Preto, Brazil. Sena was Director of the School of Mines, as well as President of the State of Minas Gerais, but he is most well-known for his prodigious out-put in the geological, mining, and mineralogical literature. He was recognized internationally by significant honors including: Knight of the Order of the Rose, Official of the Legion of Honor, Commander of the Crown of Italy, Official of the French Academy. He belonged to international organizations including: Mineralogical Society of Paris, Mineralogy Imperial Society of St. Petersburg, Geological Society of Paris, Berlin Geological Society, Member of the Latin American Scientific Congress, and Member of the Mining Academy of Letters.
Type Locality:
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3617
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3617:3
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
8d7694bd-700f-49fc-878f-47d169437f06
IMA Classification of Senaite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1898
Classification of Senaite
4.CC.40
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
C : With large and medium-sized cations
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
C : With large and medium-sized cations
8.5.1.4
8 : MULTIPLE OXIDES CONTAINING NIOBIUM,TANTALUM OR TITANIUM
5 : AB21O38
8 : MULTIPLE OXIDES CONTAINING NIOBIUM,TANTALUM OR TITANIUM
5 : AB21O38
7.11.32
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
11 : Oxides of Sn and Pb
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
11 : Oxides of Sn and Pb
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Sna | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Senaite
Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Black; oil-green to greenish black in transmitted light
Streak:
Brownish-black
Hardness:
6 - 6½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
5.204 - 5.301 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.23 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Senaite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nε = 2.500
Birefringence:
Low to moderate
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.000
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Chemistry of Senaite
Mindat Formula:
Pb(Mn,Y,U)(Fe,Zn)2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH)38
Crystallography of Senaite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3 - Rhombohedral
Space Group:
R3
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.393(2) Å, c = 20.811(5) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 2.002
Unit Cell V:
1,946.73 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
3
Twinning:
By rotation around [0001], forming cyclic interpenetrant trillings; on {5270}.
Comment:
may be metamict
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0006379 | Senaite | Armbruster T, Kunz M (1990) Cation arrangement in a unusual uranium-rich senaite: crystal structure study at 130 K European Journal of Mineralogy 2 163-170 | 1990 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0009559 | Senaite | Grey I E, Lloyd D J (1976) The crystal structure of senaite Acta Crystallographica B32 1509-1513 |  | 1976 | Diamantina region, Brazil | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.894 Å | (100) |
| 3.43 Å | (90) |
| 1.981 Å | (75) |
| 1.603 Å | (70) |
| 1.447 Å | (70) |
| 2.468 Å | (50) |
| 2.265 Å | (50) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 4a: Earth’s earliest continental crust | >4.4-3.0 |
| 19 : Granitic intrusive rocks | |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks | |
| 36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks |
Type Occurrence of Senaite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
The Natural History Museum, London, England, 83656, 86037; National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, R7241.
Reference:
Hussak, E., Prior, G.T. (1898) On senaite, a new mineral belonging to the ilmenite group, from Brazil. Mineralogical Magazine: 12: 30-32.
Other Language Names for Senaite
Relationship of Senaite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Almeidaite | PbZn2(Mn,Y)(Ti,Fe3+)18O37(OH,O) | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Botuobinskite | SrFe2+Mg2(Cr3+6Ti4+12)[O36(OH)2] | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Cleusonite | (Pb,Sr)(U4+,U6+)(Fe2+,Zn)2(Ti,Fe2+,Fe3+)18(O,OH)38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Crichtonite | Sr(Mn,Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH)38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Davidite-(Ce) | Ce(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Davidite-(La) | La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Davidite-(Y) | (La,Ce,Na,Ca,Pb)(Y,Fe2+,◻)(Fe2+,Mn2+)2(Ti,Fe3+,Nb,Zr)18O38 (hypothetical) | Trig. |
| Dessauite-(Y) | (Sr,Pb)(Y,U)(Ti,Fe3+)20O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Gramaccioliite-(Y) | (Pb,Sr)(Y,Mn)Fe3+2(Ti,Fe3+)18O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Haitaite-(La) | LaU4+Fe3+2(Ti13Fe2+4Fe3+)O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Landauite | NaMnZn2(Ti,Fe)6Ti12O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Lindsleyite | (Ba,Sr)(Zr,Ca)(Fe,Mg)2(Ti,Cr,Fe)18O38 | Trig. |
| Loveringite | (Ca,Ce,La)(Zr,Fe)(Mg,Fe)2(Ti,Fe,Cr,Al)18O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Mapiquiroite | (Sr,Pb)(U,Y)Fe2(Ti,Fe3+,Cr3+)18O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Mathiasite | (Mg,Cr,Fe,Ca,K)2(Ti,Zr,Cr,Fe)5O12 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Mianningite | (◻,Pb,Ce,Na)(U4+,Mn,U6+)Fe3+2 (Ti,Fe3+)18O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Mirnyite | SrZr4+Mg2(Cr3+6Ti4+12)O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Paseroite | PbMn2+(Mn2+,Fe3+)2(V5+,Ti,◻)18O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Saranovskite | SrCaFe2+2(Cr4Ti2)Ti12O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| UM1987-03-O:FePbTiU | ~(U,Pb)(Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+,Mn)21O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| UM2003-08-O:AlCaFeREEScTiV | (Ca,Ce)Sc(Ti,V,Fe,Al)20O38 | |
| UM2006-05-O:CaFeKMnNaREESrTiZr | (Sr,Na,K,REE)(Ca,Zr,Mn)(Ti,Fe)18Fe2O38 | |
| UM2006-06-O:CaFeKMnNaREESrTiZr | (Sr,Na,K,REE)(Zr,Ca,Mn)(Ti,Fe)18Fe2O38 | |
| UM2006-07-O:CaFeKMnNaREESrTiZr | (Na,Sr,K,REE)(Ca,Zr,Mn)(Ti,Fe)18Fe2O38 | |
| UM2006-08-O:CaFeKMnNaREESrTiZr | (Na,Sr,K,REE)(Zr,Ca,Mn)(Ti,Fe)18Fe2O38 | |
| UM2006-09-O:CaFeMnREESrTiZr | (Ce,Sr,REE)(Ca,Mn,Zr)Fe2(Ti,Fe)18O38 | |
| Unnamed (HBU UK-4) | NaFe2+Zn2(Ti,Fe3+,Nb)6Ti12O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 5 photos of Senaite associated with Richterite | Na(NaCa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 3 photos of Senaite associated with Cafarsite | Ca5.9Mn1.7Fe3Ti3(AsO3)12 · 4-5H2O |
| 3 photos of Senaite associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 3 photos of Senaite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 2 photos of Senaite associated with Rutile | TiO2 |
| 2 photos of Senaite associated with Smoky Quartz | SiO2 |
| 2 photos of Senaite associated with Dessauite-(Y) | (Sr,Pb)(Y,U)(Ti,Fe3+)20O38 |
| 2 photos of Senaite associated with Crichtonite | Sr(Mn,Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH)38 |
| 2 photos of Senaite associated with Rutilated Quartz | SiO2 |
| 1 photo of Senaite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.CC. | Xuite | Ca3Fe3+2[(AlO3(OH)]3 |
| 4.CC. | Allendeite | Sc4Zr3O12 |
| 4.CC. | Bitikleite | Ca3(Sb5+Sn4+)[AlO4]3 |
| 4.CC. | Yttriaite-(Y) | Y2O3 |
| 4.CC. | Chlorkyuygenite | Ca12Al14O32[(H2O)4Cl2] |
| 4.CC. | Anzaite-(Ce) | Ce3+ 4Fe2+Ti6O18 (OH)2 |
| 4.CC. | Heamanite-(Ce) | (K0.5Ce0.5)TiO3 |
| 4.CC. | Priscillagrewite-(Y) | (Ca2Y)Zr2(AlO4)3 |
| 4.CC. | Saranovskite | SrCaFe2+2(Cr4Ti2)Ti12O38 |
| 4.CC. | Botuobinskite | SrFe2+Mg2(Cr3+6Ti4+12)[O36(OH)2] |
| 4.CC. | Mirnyite | SrZr4+Mg2(Cr3+6Ti4+12)O38 |
| 4.CC. | Haitaite-(La) | LaU4+Fe3+2(Ti13Fe2+4Fe3+)O38 |
| 4.CC. | Shagamite | KFe11O17 |
| 4.CC.05 | Chrombismite | Bi3+16Cr6+O27 |
| 4.CC.10 | Freudenbergite | Na2(Ti,Fe)8O16 |
| 4.CC.10 | Fluormayenite | Ca12Al14O32F2 |
| 4.CC.10 | Fluorkyuygenite | Ca12Al14O32[(H2O)4F2] |
| 4.CC.15 | Grossite | CaAl4O7 |
| 4.CC.17 | Goldschmidtite | KNbO3 |
| 4.CC.20 | Chlormayenite | Ca12Al14O32[◻4Cl2] |
| 4.CC.20 | Unnamed (HBU UK-4) | NaFe2+Zn2(Ti,Fe3+,Nb)6Ti12O38 |
| 4.CC.20 | Paseroite | PbMn2+(Mn2+,Fe3+)2(V5+,Ti,◻)18O38 |
| 4.CC.20 | Mianningite | (◻,Pb,Ce,Na)(U4+,Mn,U6+)Fe3+2 (Ti,Fe3+)18O38 |
| 4.CC.20 | UM1987-03-O:FePbTiU | ~(U,Pb)(Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+,Mn)21O38 |
| 4.CC.22 | Kahlenbergite | KAl11O17 |
| 4.CC.22 | Gorerite | CaAlFe3+11O19 |
| 4.CC.25 | Yafsoanite | Ca3Te6+2(ZnO4)3 |
| 4.CC.25 | Nixonite | Na2Ti6O13 |
| 4.CC.30 | Latrappite | Ca2NbFe3+O6 |
| 4.CC.30 | Lueshite | NaNbO3 |
| 4.CC.30 | Natroniobite | NaNbO3 |
| 4.CC.30 | Perovskite | CaTiO3 |
| 4.CC.30 | Barioperovskite | BaTiO3 |
| 4.CC.30 | Lakargiite | Ca(Zr,Sn,Ti)O3 |
| 4.CC.30 | Megawite | CaSnO3 |
| 4.CC.32 | Usturite | Ca3(Sb5+Zr)[Fe3+O4]3 |
| 4.CC.32 | Elbrusite | Ca3(U6+0.5Zr1.5)[Fe3+O4]3 |
| 4.CC.32 | Dzhuluite | Ca3(Sb5+Sn4+)[Fe3+O4]3 |
| 4.CC.32 | Monteneveite | Ca3Sb5+2(Fe3+2Fe2+)O12 |
| 4.CC.35 | Loparite-(Ce) | (Na,REE)2Ti2O6 |
| 4.CC.35 | Macedonite | PbTiO3 |
| 4.CC.35 | Tausonite | SrTiO3 |
| 4.CC.35 | Isolueshite | (Na,La)NbO3 |
| 4.CC.35 | Panguite | (Ti,Al,Sc,Mg,Zr,Ca)1.8O3 |
| 4.CC.37 | Pauloabibite | NaNbO3 |
| 4.CC.40 | Crichtonite | Sr(Mn,Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH)38 |
| 4.CC.40 | Davidite-(Ce) | Ce(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38 |
| 4.CC.40 | Davidite-(La) | La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38 |
| 4.CC.40 | Davidite-(Y) | (La,Ce,Na,Ca,Pb)(Y,Fe2+,◻)(Fe2+,Mn2+)2(Ti,Fe3+,Nb,Zr)18O38 (hypothetical) |
| 4.CC.40 | Landauite | NaMnZn2(Ti,Fe)6Ti12O38 |
| 4.CC.40 | Lindsleyite | (Ba,Sr)(Zr,Ca)(Fe,Mg)2(Ti,Cr,Fe)18O38 |
| 4.CC.40 | Loveringite | (Ca,Ce,La)(Zr,Fe)(Mg,Fe)2(Ti,Fe,Cr,Al)18O38 |
| 4.CC.40 | Mathiasite | (Mg,Cr,Fe,Ca,K)2(Ti,Zr,Cr,Fe)5O12 |
| 4.CC.40 | Uhligite | Ca3(Ti,Al,Zr)9O20 ? |
| 4.CC.40 | Dessauite-(Y) | (Sr,Pb)(Y,U)(Ti,Fe3+)20O38 |
| 4.CC.40 | Cleusonite | (Pb,Sr)(U4+,U6+)(Fe2+,Zn)2(Ti,Fe2+,Fe3+)18(O,OH)38 |
| 4.CC.40 | Gramaccioliite-(Y) | (Pb,Sr)(Y,Mn)Fe3+2(Ti,Fe3+)18O38 |
| 4.CC.45 | Diaoyudaoite | NaAl11O17 |
| 4.CC.45 | Hawthorneite | BaMgTi3Cr4Fe2+2Fe3+2O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Hibonite | CaAl12O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Lindqvistite | Pb2Mn2+Fe16O27 |
| 4.CC.45 | Magnetoplumbite | (Pb,Mn)(Fe,Mn)12O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Plumboferrite | Pb2(Fe3+,Mn2+,Mg)11O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Yimengite | K(Cr,Ti,Fe,Mg)12O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Haggertyite | BaFe2+4Fe3+2Ti5MgO19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Nežilovite | PbZn2Mn4+2Fe3+8O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Batiferrite | BaTi2Fe3+8Fe2+2O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Chihuahuaite | FeAl12O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Barioferrite | BaFe3+12O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Kangite | (Sc,Ti,Al,Zr,Mg,Ca,◻)2O3 |
| 4.CC.45 | Mizraite-(Ce) | Ce(Al11Mg)O19 |
| 4.CC.50 | Jeppeite | (K,Ba)2(Ti,Fe)6O13 |
| 4.CC.55 | Zenzénite | Pb3Fe3+4Mn4+3O15 |
| 4.CC.60 | Mengxianminite (of Huang et al.) | (Ca,Na)3(Fe,Mn)2Mg2(Sn,Zn)5Al8O29 |
Other Information
Notes:
may be radioactive
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Senaite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3617.html
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References for Senaite
Localities for Senaite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Austria | |
| Niedermayr (2007) |
| abstract in Mitt. Österr. Mineral. ... +1 other reference |
Brazil (TL) | |
| Rocks&Min. (Jan.2000) +1 other reference |
| Diamond News +1 other reference |
| Foord +4 other references |
Canada | |
| 166-175. +2 other references |
China | |
| Dianxin Shao and Nicheng Shi (1987) | |
France | |
| De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
Greece | |
| Rieck et al. (1999) |
Italy | |
| Balestra et al. (2011) |
| P. Orlandi (1) |
| Brizio et al. (2010) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Cuchet et al. (2017) | |
| Piccoli G.C. et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
Mongolia | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Kempe et al. (2015) | |
| Kempe et al. (2015) |
North Macedonia | |
| Bermanec et al. (1992) |
| Ilijevski (2012) |
Norway | |
| Larsen (1989) |
Romania | |
| Hirtopanu (2006) |
Russia | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2013) |
| Компанченко А.А. +1 other reference |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Staatz H.M. and Brownfield I.K. 1986 |
Sweden | |
| |
| Holtstam (1994) +1 other reference | |
| Kjell Gatedal collection and ... |
Switzerland | |
| |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data 2019 |
| |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| |
| See references at locality description ... |
| Ansermet (2012) |
USA | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
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