Schwartzembergite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Schwartzembergite
Formula:
Pb5H2(IO2)O4Cl3
Colour:
Yellow to yellow-brown, reddish brown
Lustre:
Adamantine
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
7.39
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Name:
Named after a "Dr. Schwartzemberg", a misspelling of Dr. Adolf Emilio Schwarzenberg (2 December 1826, Kassel, Germany - 7 January 1907, Osorno, Chile), assayer at Copiapó, Chile.
Type Locality:
A secondary lead mineral found in oxidized zones of lead-bearing deposits in arid regions.
Schwartzembergite is a highly unusual mineral since it contains trivalent iodine.
Schwartzembergite is a highly unusual mineral since it contains trivalent iodine.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3592
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3592:3
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
8e71e5e5-e24a-4927-b20f-c0f7a1b4e867
IMA Classification of Schwartzembergite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Pb2+5H2I3+O6Cl3
First published:
1864
Classification of Schwartzembergite
4.KB.10
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
K : Iodates: Trigonal [IO3] pyramids (mostly).
B : Iodates with additional anions, without H2O
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
K : Iodates: Trigonal [IO3] pyramids (mostly).
B : Iodates with additional anions, without H2O
Dana 7th ed.:
22.1.3.1
22.1.3.1
22 : IODATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
1 : Miscellaneous
22 : IODATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
1 : Miscellaneous
29.7
29 : Iodates
29 : Iodates
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Swb | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Schwartzembergite
Adamantine
Colour:
Yellow to yellow-brown, reddish brown
Streak:
Light yellow
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
On {001}.
On {001}.
Density:
7.39 g/cm3 (Measured)
Optical Data of Schwartzembergite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 2.250 nβ = 2.350 nγ = 2.360
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.110
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Dispersion:
r > v extreme
Comments:
Crystals are divided into variously oriented biaxial sectors with variable 2V.
Chemistry of Schwartzembergite
Mindat Formula:
Pb5H2(IO2)O4Cl3
Crystallography of Schwartzembergite
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Class (H-M):
4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) - Ditetragonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:
I4/mmm
Cell Parameters:
a = 3.977(1) Å, c = 12.566(4) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 3.16
Unit Cell V:
198.75 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:
Crystals flat-pyramidal, rounded. Compact to earthy crusts and masses.
Comment:
Electron diffraction suggests a C- or I-centered orthorhombic supercell with a = 2as, b = 6bs, c = cs (s = subcell), i.e., an 8 x 24 A supercell (Welch, 2001).
Crystal Structure
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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0005721 | Schwartzembergite | Welch M D, Hawthorne F C, Cooper M A, Kyser T K (2001) Trivalent iodine in the crystal structure of schwartzembergite, Pb5IO6H2Cl3 The Canadian Mineralogist 39 785-795 | 2001 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
2.880 Å | (100) |
1.633 Å | (90) |
2.806 Å | (80) |
2.091 Å | (70) |
3.782 Å | (60) |
1.986 Å | (60) |
1.262 Å | (60) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
47g : [Halogen-bearing surface weathering minerals] | |
47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] |
Type Occurrence of Schwartzembergite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Crust on galena.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
n.d.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Schwartzembergite
Other Language Names for Schwartzembergite
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
27 photos of Schwartzembergite associated with Phoenicochroite | Pb2(CrO4)O |
16 photos of Schwartzembergite associated with Seeligerite | Pb3(IO3)OCl3 |
16 photos of Schwartzembergite associated with Wulfenite | Pb(MoO4) |
3 photos of Schwartzembergite associated with Pseudoboleite | Pb31Cu24Cl62(OH)48 |
2 photos of Schwartzembergite associated with Anhydrite | CaSO4 |
2 photos of Schwartzembergite associated with Diaboleite | Pb2CuCl2(OH)4 |
2 photos of Schwartzembergite associated with Boleite | KPb26Ag9Cu24(OH)48Cl62 |
1 photo of Schwartzembergite associated with Percylite | |
1 photo of Schwartzembergite associated with Chromium-bearing Wulfenite | Pb(Mo,Cr)O4 |
1 photo of Schwartzembergite associated with Crocoite | PbCr6+O4 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
4.KB. | Bluebellite | Cu6[(I5+O3)(OH)3](OH)7Cl |
4.KB. | Pohlite | Pb7(IO3)(OH)4Cl9 |
4.KB.05 | Salesite | Cu(IO3)(OH) |
4.KB.15 | Seeligerite | Pb3(IO3)OCl3 |
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in HCl with evolution of Cl.
Health Risks:
Emits toxic chlorine gas when contacted by hydrochloric acid.
Internet Links for Schwartzembergite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3592.html
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References for Schwartzembergite
Reference List:
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin Vol. 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.132
Localities for Schwartzembergite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
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Unión Minera mine, Caracoles, Caracoles mining district, Sierra Gorda, Antofagasta Province, Antofagasta, Chile