Osumilite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Osumilite
Formula:
K◻2Fe2+2Al3[Al2Si10O30]
some Na reported in the B site (dominated by ◻ in the end-member formula);
some Mg reported in the A site (dominated by Fe in the end-member formula)
some Mg reported in the A site (dominated by Fe in the end-member formula)
Colour:
Black, dark blue, dark brown, pink, gray
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
5 - 6
Specific Gravity:
2.58 - 2.68
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1953 by Akiho Miyashiro for the Osumi Peninsula, Japan, on which the type locality is found.
Type Locality:
Osumilite Group.
Difficult to distinguish from Osumilite-(Mg).
Compare 'UM1984-35-SiO:AlCaFeKMg'.
From Belakovskiy (2013), summarizing Chukanov et al. (2013):
"Chemical data for osumilite in original paper (Miyashiro 1956) show that it is Mg‑dominant. However this analysis shows the sum of cations Si+Al+Fe+Mg+Mn (for O = 30) is 0.78 more then the theoretical value. The study of osumilite type locality material (Armbruster and Oberhänsli 1988; abstracted paper) show the significant Fe2+ prevalence over Mg. Anyway, the name osumilite had been assigned by IMA CNMNC Fe2+-dominant osumilite."
Difficult to distinguish from Osumilite-(Mg).
Compare 'UM1984-35-SiO:AlCaFeKMg'.
From Belakovskiy (2013), summarizing Chukanov et al. (2013):
"Chemical data for osumilite in original paper (Miyashiro 1956) show that it is Mg‑dominant. However this analysis shows the sum of cations Si+Al+Fe+Mg+Mn (for O = 30) is 0.78 more then the theoretical value. The study of osumilite type locality material (Armbruster and Oberhänsli 1988; abstracted paper) show the significant Fe2+ prevalence over Mg. Anyway, the name osumilite had been assigned by IMA CNMNC Fe2+-dominant osumilite."
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3039
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3039:3
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
134ee8fe-98fe-4468-a169-e88e227da07b
IMA Classification of Osumilite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
KFe2(Al5Si10)O30
First published:
1953
Classification of Osumilite
9.CM.05
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
C : Cyclosilicates
M : [Si6O18]12- 6-membered double rings (sechser-Doppelringe)
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
C : Cyclosilicates
M : [Si6O18]12- 6-membered double rings (sechser-Doppelringe)
63.2.1a.6
63 : CYCLOSILICATES Condensed Rings
2 : Condensed Rings (Milarite - Osumilite group)
63 : CYCLOSILICATES Condensed Rings
2 : Condensed Rings (Milarite - Osumilite group)
16.24.16
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
24 : Aluminosilicates of Fe, Mg, Ca and alkalis
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
24 : Aluminosilicates of Fe, Mg, Ca and alkalis
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Osm | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Osu | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
Osm | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Osm | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Osumilite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Black, dark blue, dark brown, pink, gray
Comment:
Strongly pleochroic
Hardness:
5 - 6 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
Indistinct, parallel and perpendicular {0001}
Indistinct, parallel and perpendicular {0001}
Density:
2.58 - 2.68 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.71 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Osumilite
Type:
Uniaxial (+/-)
RI values:
nω = 1.539 - 1.547 nε = 1.545 - 1.551
2V:
Measured: 28° to 45°, Calculated: 0.0° to 0.0°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.006
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Low
Optical Extinction:
Nominally uniaxial(+/-), but may be anomalously biaxial (+/-) with a 2V° from 0 (so true uniaxial) up to ~45°.
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
O = light blue to bluish purple, pale pink, pale yellow-brown; E = colorless to brown.
Comments:
Anomalously biaxial.
Chemistry of Osumilite
Mindat Formula:
K◻2Fe2+2Al3[Al2Si10O30]
some Na reported in the B site (dominated by ◻ in the end-member formula);
some Mg reported in the A site (dominated by Fe in the end-member formula)
some Na reported in the B site (dominated by ◻ in the end-member formula);
some Mg reported in the A site (dominated by Fe in the end-member formula)
Common Impurities:
Ti,Mn,Ba,Na,Mg
Crystallography of Osumilite
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Class (H-M):
6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) - Dihexagonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:
P6/mcc
Setting:
P6/mcc
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.13(4) Å, c = 14.31(5) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 1.413
Unit Cell V:
1,271.71 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Hexagonal, tabular. Well developed {0001}, {1010}, {1120}. Also {2130}, {1011}, {1012}, {1122}.
Twinning:
Rarely, perpendicular to {0001}.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0000078 | Osumilite | Miyashiro A (1956) Osumilite, a new silicate mineral, and its crystal structure American Mineralogist 41 104-116 | 1956 | 0 | 293 | ||
0000188 | Osumilite | Brown G E, Gibbs G V (1969) Refinement of the crystal structure of osumilite American Mineralogist 54 101-116 | 1969 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001149 | Osumilite | Armbruster T, Oberhansli R (1988) Crystal chemistry of double-ring silicates: Structural, chemical, and optical variation in osumilites American Mineralogist 73 585-594 | 1988 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001150 | Osumilite | Armbruster T, Oberhansli R (1988) Crystal chemistry of double-ring silicates: Structural, chemical, and optical variation in osumilites American Mineralogist 73 585-594 | 1988 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001151 | Osumilite | Armbruster T, Oberhansli R (1988) Crystal chemistry of double-ring silicates: Structural, chemical, and optical variation in osumilites American Mineralogist 73 585-594 | 1988 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001152 | Osumilite | Armbruster T, Oberhansli R (1988) Crystal chemistry of double-ring silicates: Structural, chemical, and optical variation in osumilites American Mineralogist 73 585-594 | 1988 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001153 | Osumilite | Armbruster T, Oberhansli R (1988) Crystal chemistry of double-ring silicates: Structural, chemical, and optical variation in osumilites American Mineralogist 73 585-594 | 1988 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001154 | Osumilite | Armbruster T, Oberhansli R (1988) Crystal chemistry of double-ring silicates: Structural, chemical, and optical variation in osumilites Japan-Hayasaki American Mineralogist 73 585-594 | 1988 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001155 | Osumilite | Armbruster T, Oberhansli R (1988) Crystal chemistry of double-ring silicates: Structural, chemical, and optical variation in osumilites American Mineralogist 73 585-594 | 1988 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001156 | Osumilite | Armbruster T, Oberhansli R (1988) Crystal chemistry of double-ring silicates: Structural, chemical, and optical variation in osumilites American Mineralogist 73 585-594 | 1988 | 0 | 293 | ||
0006584 | Osumilite | Winter W, Armbruster T, Lengauer C (1995) Crystal structure refinement of synthetic osumilite-type phases: BaMg2Al6Si9O30, SrMg2Al6Si9O30 and Mg2Al4Si11O30 European Journal of Mineralogy 7 277-286 | 1995 | 0 | 293 | ||
0006585 | Osumilite | Winter W, Armbruster T, Lengauer C (1995) Crystal structure refinement of synthetic osumilite-type phases: BaMg2Al6Si9O30, SrMg2Al6Si9O30 and Mg2Al4Si11O30 European Journal of Mineralogy 7 277-286 | 1995 | 0 | 293 | ||
0006586 | Osumilite | Winter W, Armbruster T, Lengauer C (1995) Crystal structure refinement of synthetic osumilite-type phases: BaMg2Al6Si9O30, SrMg2Al6Si9O30 and Mg2Al4Si11O30 European Journal of Mineralogy 7 277-286 | 1995 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007256 | Osumilite | Seryotkin Y V, Sokol E V, Bakakin V V, Likhacheva A Y (2008) Pyrometamorphic osumilite: occurrence, paragenesis, and crystal structure as compared to cordierite European Journal of Mineralogy 20 191-198 | 2008 | South Urals, Russia | 0 | 293 | |
0007263 | Osumilite | Balassone G, Mormone A, Rossi M, Bernardi A, Fisch M, Armbruster T, Malsy K, Berger A (2008) Crystal chemical and structural characterization of an Mg-rich osumilite from Vesuvius volcano (Italy) European Journal of Mineralogy 20 713-720 | 2008 | Vesuvius volcano, Italy | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
3.24 Å | (very strong) |
7.17 Å | (strong) |
5.08 Å | (strong) |
2.930 Å | (strong) |
4.41 Å | (medium) |
3.74 Å | (medium) |
2.776 Å | (medium) |
Comments:
Nearly identical to merrihueite.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
9 : Lava/xenolith minerals (hornfels, sanidinite facies) | |
10 : Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals | |
Stage 4a: Earth’s earliest continental crust | >4.4-3.0 |
20 : Acidic volcanic rocks | |
Near-surface Processes | |
26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) | |
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) |
Type Occurrence of Osumilite
General Appearance of Type Material:
In crystals, a few millimeters or less in size, black to the unaided eye, and prismatic or tabular in habit. Previously mistaken for cordierite.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 104744.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Biotite-bearing hypersthene-plagioliparite (rhyodacite).
Reference:
Miyashiro, A. (1953) Osumilite, a new mineral, and cordierite in volcanic rocks. Proceedings of the Japan Academy: 29(7): 321-323.
Synonyms of Osumilite
Other Language Names for Osumilite
Relationship of Osumilite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Agakhanovite-(Y) | K◻2(YCa)Be3[Si12O30] | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6/mcc |
Almarudite | K◻2Mn2+2(Be2Al)[Si12O30] | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6/mmm |
Aluminosugilite | KNa2Al2Li3[Si12O30] | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6/mcc |
Armenite | Ba(H2O)2Ca2Al3[Al3Si9O30] | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnna |
Berezanskite | K◻2Ti2Li3[Si12O30] | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6/mcc |
Brannockite | K◻2Sn2Li3[Si12O30] | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6/mcc |
Chayesite | K◻2Mg2(Mg2Fe3+)[Si12O30] | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6/mcc |
Darapiosite | KNa2Mn2(Zn2Li)[Si12O30] | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6/mcc |
Dusmatovite | K(K◻)Mn2+2Zn3[Si12O30] | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6/mcc |
Eifelite | KNa2(MgNa)Mg3[Si12O30] | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6/mcc |
Friedrichbeckeite | K(◻Na)Mg2(Be2Mg)[Si12O30] | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6/mcc |
Klöchite | K◻2(Fe2+Fe3+)Zn3[Si12O30] | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mmc |
Laurentthomasite | K◻2Mg2(Be2Al)[Si12O30] | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6/mcc |
Merrihueite | K(◻Na)Fe2+2Fe2+3[Si12O30] | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6/mcc |
Milarite | K(◻H2O)Ca2(Be2Al)[Si12O30] | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6/mcc |
Oftedalite | K◻2(ScCa)Be3[Si12O30] | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6/mcc |
Osumilite-(Mg) | K◻2Mg2Al3[Al2Si10O30] | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6/mcc |
Poudretteite | K◻2Na2B3[Si12O30] | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6/mcc |
Roedderite | K(◻Na)Mg2Mg3[Si12O30] | Hex. 6 m2 : P62c |
Shibkovite | K(◻K)Ca2Zn3[Si12O30] | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6/mcc |
Sogdianite | K◻2Zr2Li3[Si12O30] | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6/mcc |
Sugilite | KNa2Fe3+2Li3[Si12O30] | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6/mcc |
Trattnerite | ◻(◻)2Fe3+2Mg3[Si12O30] | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6/mcc |
UM1990-73-SiO:KMnNaZn | K(KNa0.5◻0.5)(Mn1.5Na0.5)Zn3[Si12O30] | Hex. |
Unnamed (Mn3+-dominant analog of Sugilite) | KNa2Mn3+2Li3[Si12O30] | |
Yagiite | Na◻2Mg2Al3[Al2Si10O30] | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6/mcc |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
30 photos of Osumilite associated with Tridymite | SiO2 |
11 photos of Osumilite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
9 photos of Osumilite associated with Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
8 photos of Osumilite associated with Pseudobrookite | Fe2TiO5 |
6 photos of Osumilite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
6 photos of Osumilite associated with Mullite | Al4+2xSi2-2xO10-x |
3 photos of Osumilite associated with Cordierite | (Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18) |
3 photos of Osumilite associated with Sanidine | K(AlSi3O8) |
2 photos of Osumilite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
1 photo of Osumilite associated with Osumilite Group | (XIIC)(IXB)2(VIA)2(IVT2)3[(IVT1)12O30] |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
9.CM. | Agakhanovite-(Y) | K◻2(YCa)Be3[Si12O30] |
9.CM.05 | Armenite | Ba(H2O)2Ca2Al3[Al3Si9O30] |
9.CM.05 | Brannockite | K◻2Sn2Li3[Si12O30] |
9.CM.05 | Chayesite | K◻2Mg2(Mg2Fe3+)[Si12O30] |
9.CM.05 | Darapiosite | KNa2Mn2(Zn2Li)[Si12O30] |
9.CM.05 | Eifelite | KNa2(MgNa)Mg3[Si12O30] |
9.CM.05 | Merrihueite | K(◻Na)Fe2+2Fe2+3[Si12O30] |
9.CM.05 | Milarite | K(◻H2O)Ca2(Be2Al)[Si12O30] |
9.CM.05 | Osumilite-(Mg) | K◻2Mg2Al3[Al2Si10O30] |
9.CM.05 | Poudretteite | K◻2Na2B3[Si12O30] |
9.CM.05 | Roedderite | K(◻Na)Mg2Mg3[Si12O30] |
9.CM.05 | Sogdianite | K◻2Zr2Li3[Si12O30] |
9.CM.05 | Sugilite | KNa2Fe3+2Li3[Si12O30] |
9.CM.05 | Yagiite | Na◻2Mg2Al3[Al2Si10O30] |
9.CM.05 | Berezanskite | K◻2Ti2Li3[Si12O30] |
9.CM.05 | Dusmatovite | K(K◻)Mn2+2Zn3[Si12O30] |
9.CM.05 | Shibkovite | K(◻K)Ca2Zn3[Si12O30] |
9.CM.05 | Almarudite | K◻2Mn2+2(Be2Al)[Si12O30] |
9.CM.05 | Trattnerite | ◻(◻)2Fe3+2Mg3[Si12O30] |
9.CM.05 | Oftedalite | K◻2(ScCa)Be3[Si12O30] |
9.CM.05 | Klöchite | K◻2(Fe2+Fe3+)Zn3[Si12O30] |
9.CM.05 | Friedrichbeckeite | K(◻Na)Mg2(Be2Mg)[Si12O30] |
9.CM.05 | UM1990-73-SiO:KMnNaZn | K(KNa0.5◻0.5)(Mn1.5Na0.5)Zn3[Si12O30] |
9.CM.05 | Laurentthomasite | K◻2Mg2(Be2Al)[Si12O30] |
9.CM.9.CM. | Aluminosugilite | KNa2Al2Li3[Si12O30] |
9.CM.10 | Faizievite | K2Na(Ca6Na)Ti4Li6[Si6O18]2[Si12O30]F2 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Osumilite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3039.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Osumilite
Reference List:
Miyashiro, A (1953) Osumilite, a New Mineral, and Cordierite in Volcanic Rocks. Proceedings of the Japan Academy, 29 (7) 321-323 doi:10.2183/pjab1945.29.321
Miyashiro, Akiho (1956) Osumilite, a new silicate mineral and its crystal structure. American Mineralogist, 41 (1-2) 104-116
Brown, G. E., Gibbs, G. V. (1969) Refinement of the crystal structure of osumilite. American Mineralogist, 54 (1-2) 101-116
Olsen, Edward, Bunch, T. E. (1970) Compositions of natural osumilites. American Mineralogist, 55 (5-6) 875-879
Chinner, G. A., Dixon, P. D. (1973) Irish osumilite. Mineralogical Magazine, 39 (302) 189-192 doi:10.1180/minmag.1973.039.302.06
Berg, Jonathan H., Wheeler, E. P. (1976) Osumilite of deep-seated origin in the contact aureole of the anorthositic Nain Complex, Labrador. American Mineralogist, 61 (1-2) 29-37
Goldman, Don S., Rossman, George R. (1978) The site distribution of iron and anomalous biaxiality in osumilite. American Mineralogist, 63 (5-6) 490-498
Schreyer, W., Hentschel, G., Abraham, K. (1983) Osumilith in der Eifel und die Verwendung dieses Minerals als petrogenetischer Indikator. TMPM Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 31 (3). 215-234 doi:10.1007/bf01081370
Armbruster, Thomas, Oberhänsli, Roland (1988) Crystal chemistry of double-ring silicates: Structural, chemical, and optical variation in osumilites. American Mineralogist, 73 (5-6) 585-594
Parodi, Gian Carlo, Ventura, Giancarlo Della, Lorand, Jean-pierre (1989) Mineralogy and petrology of an unusual osumilite + vanadium-rich pseudobrookite assemblage in an ejectum from the Vico Volcanic Complex (Latium, Italy) American Mineralogist, 74 (11-12) 1278-1284
Balassone, Giuseppina, Mormone, Angela, Rossi, Manuela, Bernardi, Alessandro, Fisch, Martin, Armbruster, Thomas, Malsy, Anna, Kathrin Berger, Alfons (2008) Crystal chemical and structural characterization of an Mg-rich osumilite from Vesuvius volcano (Italy) European Journal of Mineralogy, 20 (5) 713-720 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2008/0020-1839
Chukanov, N. V., Pekov, I. V., Rastsvetaeva, R. K., Aksenov, S. M., Belakovskiy, D. I., Van, K. V., Schüller, W., Ternes, B. (2013) Osumilite-(Mg): Validation as a mineral species and new data. Geology of Ore Deposits, 55 (7) 587-593 doi:10.1134/s1075701513070064
Localities for Osumilite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Ellis et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
| granulite-facies rocks of Casey Bay +1 other reference |
Austria | |
| U. Kolitsch et al. (2009) |
Georgia | |
| Станкевич Е.К. ... |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Betz (2019) |
| Schreyer et al. (1983) |
| Borghini et al. (2023) |
Hungary | |
| Koch: Minerals of Hungary |
India | |
| Divya Prakash et al. (2015) |
Italy | |
| Balassone et al. (2004) |
Balassone et al. (2013) | |
| Olsen et al. (1970) +3 other references |
Japan | |
| - (mistaken locality attribution occasionally seen on labels because osumilite's type locality is nearby, but not on Sakurajima) |
| Kobayashi (1978) |
Miyashiro (1953) +1 other reference | |
| photo in: Koubutsu Doshikai (2017) |
| Miura (2011) |
Madagascar | |
| Holder et al. (2018) |
| Holder et al. (2018) |
Holder et al. (2018) | |
| Holder et al. (2018) |
| Holder et al. (2018) |
Holder et al. (2018) | |
New Zealand | |
| Personal collection of Rod Martin |
Norway | |
| Laurent (2016) |
Russia | |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
[World of Stones 12:49] | |
Tajikistan | |
| Belakowski (1991) |
USA | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Olsen et al. (1970) +1 other reference |
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Funtanafigu Quarry, Marrubiu, Oristano Province, Sardinia, Italy