Axinite-(Mn)
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Axinite-(Mn)
Formula:
Ca2Mn2+Al2BSi4O15(OH)
Colour:
Brown, golden-yellow
Lustre:
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous
Hardness:
6½ - 7
Specific Gravity:
3.306 - 3.358
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Member of:
Name:
Iron-rich axinite was named in 1797 by Rene Just Haüy from the Greek αξίνα ("axina") for "axe", in allusion to the common habit of its crystals. Manganese-dominant axinite was reported by Frederick A. Genth in 1891, who noted that Franklin, New Jersey axinite had the highest known manganese contents. Robert Mauzelius also found manganese-dominant axinite in 1895. Manganaxinite was formally named by Waldemar T. Schaller in 1909 and manganaxinit was used by J. Fromme in 1909, both mentioning Franklin, New Jersey. Manganoaxinite was used by Schaller in 1911, but Schaller did not provide a species description as his research material was "destroyed by fire." Manganaxinite was used by Gregori Aminoff in 1919 when referring to specimens from Franklin, New Jersey, USA and a complete species description was finally made by Charles Palache in 1929 and was expanded by Palache (1935), both based on Franklin, New Jersey specimens. Renamed with suffix "-(Mn)" by IMA in 2007.
Type Locality:
Axinite Group. Axinite-(Fe)-Axinite-(Mn) Series, and the Axinite-(Mn)-Tinzenite Series. The Mn2+ analogue of Axinite-(Fe) and Axinite-(Mg).
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Axinite-(Mn).
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Axinite-(Mn).Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2502
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2502:3
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
d127d7b8-3097-498c-9ab5-2f4e173ab3b8
IMA Classification of Axinite-(Mn)
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA status notes:
Renamed by the IMA
IMA Formula:
Ca4Mn2+2Al4[B2Si8O30](OH)2
Approval history:
Renamed by the CNMNC IMA in 2007 from manganaxinite to Axinite-(Mn) (IMA 07-C).
Classification of Axinite-(Mn)
9.BD.20
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
B : Sorosilicates
D : Si2O7 groups, with additional anions; cations in tetrahedral [4] and greater coordination
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
B : Sorosilicates
D : Si2O7 groups, with additional anions; cations in tetrahedral [4] and greater coordination
56.2.2.3
56 : SOROSILICATES Si2O7 Groups, With Additional O, OH, F and H2O
2 : Si2O7 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [4] and/or >[4] coordination
56 : SOROSILICATES Si2O7 Groups, With Additional O, OH, F and H2O
2 : Si2O7 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [4] and/or >[4] coordination
17.5.40
17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
5 : Borosilicates
17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
5 : Borosilicates
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Ax-Mn | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Ax | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Ax | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Ax | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Axn | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Axinite-(Mn)
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Brown, golden-yellow
Streak:
White
Hardness:
6½ - 7 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
{100} good, {001}, {110}, and {011} poor
{100} good, {001}, {110}, and {011} poor
Density:
3.306 - 3.358 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.31 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Axinite-(Mn)
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.672 - 1.693 nβ = 1.677 - 1.701 nγ = 1.681 - 1.704
2V:
Measured: 69° to 87°, Calculated: 62° to 82°
Birefringence:
0.01
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.009 - 0.011
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
High
Dispersion:
strong
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
Yellow-colorless to amber-pale yellow.
Chemistry of Axinite-(Mn)
Mindat Formula:
Ca2Mn2+Al2BSi4O15(OH)
Common Impurities:
Ti,Fe,Mg,Na,K,H2O
Crystallography of Axinite-(Mn)
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Class (H-M):
1 - Pinacoidal
Space Group:
P1
Setting:
P1
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.161 Å, b = 9.190 Å, c = 8.978 Å
α = 88.26°, β = 82.8°, γ = 77.26°
α = 88.26°, β = 82.8°, γ = 77.26°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.779 : 1 : 0.977
Unit Cell V:
571.75 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Bladed crystals, also compact granular
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0003659 | Axinite-(Mn) | Andreozzi G B, Lucchesi S, Graziani G, Russo U (2004) Site distribution of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in axinite mineral group: New crystal-chemical formula Sample 47 American Mineralogist 89 1763-1771 |  | 2004 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0012354 | Axinite-(Mn) | Belokoneva E L, Pletnev P A, Spiridonov E M (1997) Crystal structure of low-manganese tinzenite (severginite) Crystallography Reports 42 934-937 | 1997 | Tungatarovskoe manganese deposit, Izhevsk, Udmurt Republic, Russia | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 6.31 Å | (20) |
| 6.16 Å | (5) |
| 5.86 Å | (3) |
| 4.54 Å | (5) |
| 3.69 Å | (14) |
| 3.47 Å | (70) |
| 3.44 Å | (15) |
| 3.28 Å | (9) |
| 3.16 Å | (100) |
| 3.08 Å | (5) |
| 3.02 Å | (9) |
| 2.994 Å | (10) |
| 2.967 Å | (14) |
| 2.937 Å | (8) |
| 2.891 Å | (18) |
| 2.810 Å | (50) |
| 2.793 Å | (4) |
| 2.755 Å | (5) |
| 2.667 Å | (9) |
| 2.652 Å | (5) |
| 2.578 Å | (8) |
| 2.565 Å | (7) |
| 2.476 Å | (6) |
| 2.439 Å | (9) |
| 2.418 Å | (10) |
| 2.400 Å | (3) |
| 2.366 Å | (8) |
| 2.263 Å | (4) |
| 2.206 Å | (7) |
| 2.189 Å | (16) |
| 2.164 Å | (7) |
| 2.159 Å | (6) |
| 2.129 Å | (8) |
| 2.065 Å | (10) |
| 2.061 Å | (8) |
| 2.035 Å | (6) |
| 2.002 Å | (11) |
| 1.993 Å | (9) |
| 1.955 Å | (6) |
| 1.925 Å | (9) |
| 1.789 Å | (4) |
| 1.784 Å | (4) |
| 1.719 Å | (4) |
| 1.702 Å | (7) |
| 1.675 Å | (3) |
| 1.664 Å | (3) |
| 1.653 Å | (4) |
| 1.634 Å | (8) |
| 1.622 Å | (4) |
| 1.597 Å | (4) |
Comments:
ICDD 27-84 (Babbitt, Minnesota, USA)
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits | |
| 33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) |
Type Occurrence of Axinite-(Mn)
General Appearance of Type Material:
Yellow bladed crystals and yellow granular masses
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Zinc-Iron polymetalic metamorphosed deposit hosted by marble
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Axinite-(Mn)
Other Language Names for Axinite-(Mn)
Relationship of Axinite-(Mn) to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Axinite-(Fe) | Ca2Fe2+Al2BSi4O15OH | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Axinite-(Mg) | Ca2MgAl2BSi4O15OH | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Tinzenite | Ca2Mn2+4Al4[B2Si8O30](OH)2 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 94 photos of Axinite-(Mn) associated with Willemite | Zn2SiO4 |
| 74 photos of Axinite-(Mn) associated with Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 73 photos of Axinite-(Mn) associated with Andradite | Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 |
| 55 photos of Axinite-(Mn) associated with Rhodonite | CaMn3Mn[Si5O15] |
| 44 photos of Axinite-(Mn) associated with Hancockite | (CaPb)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 43 photos of Axinite-(Mn) associated with Margarosanite | Pb(Ca,Mn2+)2(Si3O9) |
| 40 photos of Axinite-(Mn) associated with Clinohedrite | CaZn(SiO4) · H2O |
| 36 photos of Axinite-(Mn) associated with Hendricksite | KZn3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 |
| 27 photos of Axinite-(Mn) associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 25 photos of Axinite-(Mn) associated with Johannsenite | CaMn2+Si2O6 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.BD.05 | Bertrandite | Be4(Si2O7)(OH)2 |
| 9.BD.10 | Hemimorphite | Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O |
| 9.BD.15 | Junitoite | CaZn2Si2O7 · H2O |
| 9.BD.20 | Axinite-(Fe) | Ca2Fe2+Al2BSi4O15OH |
| 9.BD.20 | Axinite-(Mg) | Ca2MgAl2BSi4O15OH |
| 9.BD.20 | Tinzenite | Ca2Mn2+4Al4[B2Si8O30](OH)2 |
| 9.BD.25 | Vistepite | SnMn4B2Si4O16(OH)2 |
| 9.BD.30 | Boralsilite | Al16B6O30(Si2O7) |
| 9.BD.35 | Werdingite | (Mg,Fe)2Al14Si4B4O37 |
| 9.BD.40 | Vránaite | Al16B4Si4O38 |
Fluorescence of Axinite-(Mn)
Magenta-red (SW UV) (Franklin, NJ massive material only).
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Axinite-(Mn)
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2502.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Axinite-(Mn)
Reference List:
Sjögren, Hj. (1895) Preliminära meddelanden om några undersökningar på svenska mineral. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 17 (3) 267-318 doi:10.1080/11035899509442303 pp.279-288 - Axinite analyses by Mauzelius of varieties from Nordmark and Dannemora and discussion of composition
Palache, Charles (1929) Paragenetic classification of the minerals of Franklin, New Jersey. American Mineralogist, 14 (1) 1-18
Localities for Axinite-(Mn)
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Worner et al. (et al) |
| Trevor Dart Collection | |
| R Bottrill |
| Henry et al. (2005) |
Canada | |
| Hicken et al. (2013) |
| Dana's New Mineralogy |
Finland | |
| Ilkka Mikkola data. Identified with XRD and microprobe (WDS) |
France | |
| Gautron et al. (2001) |
| Gaines et al. (1997) |
Germany | |
| AM 64 (1979) +1 other reference | |
| Gaines et al. (1997) |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... | |
| Martin et al. (2023) |
Ireland | |
| Ryback et al. (1988) |
Italy | |
| Penco (1964) +1 other reference |
| Redazionale (2005) |
| Balestra (2016) | |
| Antofilli | |
| Redazione (2005) |
| //doi.org/10.57635/MICRO.2023.21.7 +1 other reference |
| Castellaro et al. (2011) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Vanini et al. (2019) |
| Tanca et al. (2007) |
| Orlandi (2011) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| M. Nakagawa et al. (2009) |
| Toyofumi Yoshimura et al. (1969) |
| Momoi (1964) |
| M. Nakagawa et al. (2009) |
| Joe Cilen collection #11 (originally from Ralph Merrill/Minerals Unlimited, 1950s, labelled just "axinite") |
| M. Nakagawa et al. (2009) | |
| Ohe Rikosha specimens +1 other reference | |
| specimens seen in private collections in Japan (Alfredo Petrov) |
| Bernard et al. (2004) |
| Fluorite: The Collector's Choice. Extra ... +1 other reference |
| H. Momoi (1964) |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Akira Kato (2009) |
| Gaines et al. (1997) |
| Tanaka et al. (2016) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Kayupova (1965) |
| Kayupova (1964) | |
| V.V. Kalinin data |
Madagascar | |
| Larsen (2003) |
Mexico | |
| Gaines et al. (1997) |
Morocco | |
| Econ Geol (1989) |
New Zealand | |
| Pringle et al. (1980) |
| Journal of Metamorphic Geology Number 2: 103 - 266 (1996) |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
Norway | |
| Nordrum et al. (2006) |
| Bergstøl (1965) +1 other reference |
| Nordrum et al. (2006) |
| Nordrum et al. (2005) |
| Nordrum et al. (2005) |
| Nordrum et al. (2005) | |
| Goldschmidt (1911) |
| Nordrum et al. (2005) | |
| Nordrum et al. (2005) |
| Nordrum et al. (2005) |
Peru | |
| Mineralogical Record 28 (1997) +1 other reference |
| Hyrsl et al. (2003) +1 other reference | |
| Min.Rec. 28 (1997) |
| Carles Millan Collection |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) +3 other references |
| |
Poland | |
| Jęczmyk B. (1956) |
Romania | |
| Hârtopanu et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
Russia | |
| Brusnitzin +2 other references |
| Pletnev P. (1995) |
| Старикова (2011) |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov |
| Grant et al. (2001) | |
| Grant et al. (2001) | |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| Grant et al. (2001) | |
| Grant et al. (2001) | |
| Zagorsky et al. (2016) |
Slovakia | |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
| Ozdín D. |
Spain | |
| Tanago et al. (2012) |
Sweden | |
| |
| |
Tajikistan | |
| Evseev et al. (2004) |
Tanzania | |
| Tony Nikischer |
Turkey | |
| Oyman et al. (2003) |
USA | |
| Gaines et al. (1997) |
| Reiter (1981) +2 other references |
| Bideaux et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Bideaux et al. (1960) +1 other reference | |
| Schaller (1911b) +2 other references |
| Gaines et al. (1997) |
| Rocks & Min.:61:33-34. |
| Foord et al. (1989) |
| Foord et al. (1989) | |
| Gaines et al. (1997) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Aminoff (1919) |
| King (n.d.) | |
| FOMS Millsite Committee (1986) | |
| Richard Gunter | |
| Palache (1935) +1 other reference | |
| Dunn (1995) |
| Leonard S.Wiener and Sigrid Ballew | |
| Lumpkin et al. (1979) |
| Gaines et al. (1997) |
| Gaines et al. (1997) |
| Smith |
| Montgomery +2 other references | |
| Smith |
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La Combe de la Selle, Saint-Christophe-en-Oisans, Grenoble, Isère, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France