Anhydrite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Anhydrite
Formula:
CaSO4
Colour:
Colourless, bluish, blue-grey, violet, burgundy-red, white, rose-pink, brownish, reddish, grey, dark grey; colourless in transmitted light
Lustre:
Vitreous, Greasy, Pearly
Hardness:
3 - 3½
Specific Gravity:
2.98
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
Named in 1804 by Abraham Gottlob Werner from the Greek άνυδρος ("anhydros") meaning "without water", in allusion to the lack of water in its composition, in contrast to gypsum, which contains water.
Isostructural with Ferruccite; isostructural and isomorphous with α-BaSO4 and α-SrSO4.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Anhydrite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
234
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:234:1
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
902c2aab-6070-42bb-842d-59e6f4eebbcd
IMA Classification of Anhydrite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Ca(SO4)
Classification of Anhydrite
7.AD.30
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
A : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, without H2O
D : With only large cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
A : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, without H2O
D : With only large cations
28.3.2.1
28 : ANHYDROUS ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
3 : AXO4
28 : ANHYDROUS ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
3 : AXO4
25.4.1
25 : Sulphates
4 : Sulphates of Ca, Sr and Ba
25 : Sulphates
4 : Sulphates of Ca, Sr and Ba
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Anh | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Anh | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
Anh | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
Anh | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Anh | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Anhydrite
Pronunciation:
Play | Recorded by | Country |
---|---|---|
Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Anhydrite
Vitreous, Greasy, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Pearly on {010}
Colour:
Colourless, bluish, blue-grey, violet, burgundy-red, white, rose-pink, brownish, reddish, grey, dark grey; colourless in transmitted light
Streak:
White, off-white, greyish
Hardness:
3 - 3½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {010} perfect; on {100} nearly perfect; on {001} good to imperfect.
On {010} perfect; on {100} nearly perfect; on {001} good to imperfect.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Splintery
Density:
2.98(1) g/cm3 (Measured) 2.95 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Anhydrite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.567 - 1.574 nβ = 1.574 - 1.579 nγ = 1.609 - 1.618
2V:
Measured: 36° to 45°, Calculated: 44°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.042 - 0.044
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Low
Dispersion:
Strong, r < v.
Optical Extinction:
X = b; Y = a; Z = c.
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
Violet coloured material: X = colourless to very light yellow or rose; Y = light violet or rose; Z = violet.
Comments:
Absorption: Z > Y > X.
Chemistry of Anhydrite
Mindat Formula:
CaSO4
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Sr,Ba,H2O
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
1 | 2 | |
---|---|---|
H2O | 0.03 % | % |
FeO | 0.12 % | % |
CaO | 40.14 % | 41.13 % |
SO3 | 56.56 % | 58.61 % |
CO2 | 1.10 % | % |
Insolubles | 2.11 % | 1.08 % |
Total: | 100.06 % | 100.82 % |
Sample references:
ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Tournai borehole, Tournai, Tournai, Hainaut, Wallonia, Belgium | Sample taken at 821 m depth | |
2 | " " | Sample taken at 1062.5 m depth |
Crystallography of Anhydrite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 6.245(1) Å, b = 6.995(2) Å, c = 6.993(2) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.893 : 1 : 1
Unit Cell V:
305.48 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals equant, or nearly so, with large pinacoidal faces. Also thick tabular on {010}, {100}, or {001}; elongated [100] or [001]. Massive. Fine granular to scaly; fibrous (either parallel, radiated or plumose) and frequently curved. Contorted concretionary forms (bowel stone).
Twinning:
1.) On {011} as contact twins and polysynthetic lamellae (may be produced by heating or pressure); 2.) On {120} as contact twins, rare.
Comment:
Space Group: Amma
Crystallographic forms of Anhydrite
Crystal Atlas:
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0019837 | Anhydrite | Lager G A, Armbruster T, Rotella F J, Jorgensen J D, Hinks D G (1984) A crystallographic study of the low-temperature dehydration products of gypsum CaSO4*2H2O: hemihydrate CaSO4*0.50H2O, and gamma-CaSO4 American Mineralogist 69 910-918 | 1984 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0005117 | Anhydrite | Hawthorne F C, Ferguson R B (1975) Anhydrous sulphates. II. Refinement of the crystal structure of anhydrite The Canadian Mineralogist 13 289-292 | 1975 | Leopoldshall, East Germany | 0 | 293 | |
0020859 | Anhydrite | Hartman P (1989) On the unit cell dimensions and bond lengths of anhydrite European Journal of Mineralogy 1 721-722 | 1989 | Leopoldshall, East Germany | 0 | 293 | |
0020860 | Anhydrite | Xu H, Guo X, Bai J (2017) Thermal behavior of polyhalite: a high-temperature synchrotron XRD study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 44 125-135 | 2017 | Salado formation at the WIPP site, Carlsbad, New Mexico, USA | 0 | 648 | |
0020853 | Anhydrite | Cheng G, Zussman J (1963) The crystal structure of anhydrite (CaSO4) Acta Crystallographica 16 767-769 | 1963 | Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
0020852 | Anhydrite | Morikawa H, Tomita T, Minato I, Iwai S (1975) Anhydrite: a refinement Acta Crystallographica B31 2164-2165 | 1975 | Berchtesgaden, Germany | 0 | 293 | |
0020854 | Anhydrite | Kirfel A, Will G (1980) Charge density in anhydrite, CaSO4, from X-ray and neutron diffraction measurements Acta Crystallographica B36 2881-2890 | 1980 | Stassfurt, Germany | 0 | 293 | |
0020851 | Anhydrite | Christensen A, Olesen M, Cerenius Y, Jensen T (2008) Formation and transformation of five different phases in the CaSO4-H2O system: crystal structure of the subhydrate beta-CaSO4*0.5H2O and soluble anhydrite CaSO4 Chemistry of Materials 20 2124-2132 | 2008 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0020855 | Anhydrite | Wasastjerna J (1927) The crystal structure of anhydrite, CaSO4 Commentationes Physico-Mathematicae 2 1-46 | 1927 | 0 | 293 | ||
0013866 | Anhydrite | Bezou C, Nonat A, Mutin J C, Christensen A N, Lehmann M S (1995) Of the crystal structure of gamma-CaSO4, CaSO4*0.5(H2O), and CaSO4*0.6(H2O) by powder diffraction methods Journal of Solid State Chemistry 117 165-176 | 1995 | Maurienne, France | 0 | 293 | |
0020856 | Anhydrite | Antao S (2011) Crystal-structure analysis of four mineral samples of anhydrite, Ca(SO4), using synchrotron high-resolution powder X-ray diffraction data Powder Diffraction 26 326-330 | 2011 | Hants County, Nova Scotia, Canada | 0 | 293 | |
0020857 | Anhydrite | Antao S (2011) Crystal-structure analysis of four mineral samples of anhydrite, Ca(SO4), using synchrotron high-resolution powder X-ray diffraction data Powder Diffraction 26 326-330 | 2011 | 0 | 293 | ||
0020858 | Anhydrite | Antao S (2011) Crystal-structure analysis of four mineral samples of anhydrite, Ca(SO4), using synchrotron high-resolution powder X-ray diffraction data Powder Diffraction 26 326-330 | 2011 | 0 | 293 | ||
0019829 | Anhydrite | Hohne E (1962) A more accurate determination of the crystal structure of anhydrite, CaSO4 Soviet Physics Crystallography 7 559-569 | 1962 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
3.499 Å | (100) |
2.849 Å | (29) |
2.3282 Å | (20) |
2.2090 Å | (20) |
1.8692 Å | (16) |
1.7500 Å | (11) |
1.6483 Å | (15) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
14 : Hot springs, geysers, and other subaerial geothermal minerals | |
Stage 4a: Earth’s earliest continental crust | >4.4-3.0 |
20 : Acidic volcanic rocks | |
Near-surface Processes | |
25 : Evaporites (prebiotic) | |
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) | |
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates] | |
46 : Near-surface hydrothermal alteration of minerals (see also #22) | |
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) |
Geological Setting:
Sedimentary evaporite deposits, cap rock of salt domes.
Type Occurrence of Anhydrite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Mining Academy, Freiberg, Germany 16538
Reference:
Ludwig, C.F. (1804) A. G. Werners Mineral - System, Erste Klasse Erdige Fossilien, VI. Kalk - Geschlecht. Handbuch der Mineralogie nach A.G. Werner. 2 volumes, Leipzig: 2: 169,170. [as Kieselgyps; Vulpinit, Würfelgyps].
Synonyms of Anhydrite
Other Language Names for Anhydrite
Basque:Anhidrita
Catalan:Anhidrita
Czech:Anhydrit
Dutch:Anhydriet
Esperanto:Anhidrito
German:Anhydrit
Anchydrit
Anidrit
Gekrösstein
Karstenit
Metanhydrit
Muriacit
Muriazit
Salzsaurer Kalk
Würfelgips
Würfelgyps
Würfelspat
Anchydrit
Anidrit
Gekrösstein
Karstenit
Metanhydrit
Muriacit
Muriazit
Salzsaurer Kalk
Würfelgips
Würfelgyps
Würfelspat
Hebrew:אנהידריט
Hungarian:Anhidrit
Japanese:硬石膏
Lithuanian:Anhidritas
Polish:Anhydryt
Portuguese:Anidrita
Russian:Ангидрит
Serbian:Анхидрит
Simplified Chinese:硬石膏
Slovak:Anhydrit
Slovenian:Anhidrit
Swedish:Anhydrit
Ukrainian:Ангідрит
Varieties of Anhydrite
Angelite | A trade name for a semi-transparent light blue-grey fine-grained anhydrite marketed as a gem material from Peru. The local little lapidary factories in Lima made it into balls, eggs, "wands", animal carvings etc. The name first appeared as a new age/metap... |
Bowel Stone | A variety of anhydrite distinguished by the pattern of formation, which resembles the recurring folds of a bowel. |
Vulpinite | A granular variety of Anhydrite. [Clark, 1993 - "Hey's Mineral Index"'] Originally reported from Costa Volpino, Camonica Valley, Lombardy, Italy. |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
171 photos of Anhydrite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
154 photos of Anhydrite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
46 photos of Anhydrite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
44 photos of Anhydrite associated with Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
39 photos of Anhydrite associated with Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
38 photos of Anhydrite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
28 photos of Anhydrite associated with Boracite | Mg3(B7O13)Cl |
25 photos of Anhydrite associated with Datolite | CaB(SiO4)(OH) |
23 photos of Anhydrite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
19 photos of Anhydrite associated with Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
7.AD. | Calciolangbeinite | K2Ca2(SO4)3 |
7.AD. | Bubnovaite | K2Na8Ca(SO4)6 |
7.AD. | Dobrovolskyite | Na4Ca(SO4)3 |
7.AD. | Murphyite | Pb(Te6+O4) |
7.AD. | Cuprodobrovolskyite | Na4Cu(SO4)3 |
7.AD.05 | Arcanite | K2SO4 |
7.AD.05 | Mascagnite | (NH4)2SO4 |
7.AD.10 | Mercallite | KHSO4 |
7.AD.15 | Misenite | K8H6(SO4)7 |
7.AD.20 | Letovicite | (NH4)3H(SO4)2 |
7.AD.25 | Glauberite | Na2Ca(SO4)2 |
7.AD.25 | Thénardite | Na2SO4 |
7.AD.30 | Metathénardite | Na2SO4 |
7.AD.35 | Anglesite | PbSO4 |
7.AD.35 | Baryte | BaSO4 |
7.AD.35 | Celestine | SrSO4 |
7.AD.35 | Olsacherite | Pb2(Se6+O4)(SO4) |
7.AD.40 | Kalistrontite | K2Sr(SO4)2 |
7.AD.40 | Palmierite | K2Pb(SO4)2 |
7.AD.45 | Ivsite | Na3H(SO4)2 |
7.AD.55 | Markhininite | TlBi(SO4)2 |
Fluorescence of Anhydrite
Can show fluorescence under LW and/or SW.
For example: bluish white response to SW: https://www.mindat.org/photo-1254482.html
For example: bluish white response to SW: https://www.mindat.org/photo-1254482.html
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Inverts to α-CaSO4 at 1193°C. Melting Point = ~ 1450°C.
Before the blowpipe, fuses at 3, coloring the flame reddish yellow, giving an enamel-like bead which reacts alkaline.
Before the blowpipe, fuses at 3, coloring the flame reddish yellow, giving an enamel-like bead which reacts alkaline.
Notes:
Soluble in HCl. Soluble in ~500 parts water.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Anhydrite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Anhydrite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-234.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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Mineral Dealers:
References for Anhydrite
Reference List:
Poda, A.N. (1794) Vom Lilalith. in: Mineralogische Aufsätze, Mathias Andreas Schmidt (Wein) 226-236.
Majzlan, J., Navrotsky, A., Neil, J.M. (2002) Energetics of anhydrite, barite, celestine, and anglesite: a high-temperature and differential scanning calorimetry study. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 66 (10) 1839-1850 doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(01)00881-x
Localities for Anhydrite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| RWMW Collection |
Moore et al. (2014) | |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
Algeria | |
| Tortochaux F. (1962) |
| Bouzenoune et al. (1997) |
Angola | |
| Milesi et al. (2006) |
| Castellano Calvo A et al. (2014) |
Antarctica | |
| Harries et al. (2013) |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| Berkley J. L. 1982. Mars weathering ... |
| Hawkes |
Arabian Peninsula | |
Smith (1981) | |
Arctic Ocean | |
| Marques et al. (2020) |
| Sahlström et al. (2022) |
Mineralogical Magazine 75:708 +6 other references | |
Argentina | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
GUTIERREZ +3 other references | |
| Voss (2002) |
Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry | |
| Alonso (1999) |
A Summary and Geological Comparison. ... +2 other references | |
| Brotkorb (2002) +1 other reference |
DE BRODTKORB | |
| Aguirre-Urreta (1) |
| ... |
Silvia Barredo (1) | |
Silvia Barredo (1) | |
Silvia Barredo (1) | |
Silvia Barredo (1) | |
Silvia Barredo (1) | |
| Silvia Barredo (1) |
Informacion Tecnologica (3-4) | |
| Dr Jorge Dascal specimens |
Silvia Barredo (1) | |
Silvia Barredo (1) | |
Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry | |
| www.aldebaranresources.com (n.d.) |
| Zwahlen et al. (2014) |
| Sillitoe et al. (2019) |
Armenia | |
| Rózsa et al. (2003) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Gablina et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
Earth and Planetary Science Letters 48 (1997) | |
Wheeler et al. (2013) | |
Gablina et al. (2018) +1 other reference | |
| Bortnikov et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
Canadian Mineralogist Vol.26 (1988) +1 other reference | |
Lalou et al. (1993) | |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol.26 (1988) +3 other references |
| Wang et al. (2021) |
Pašava et al. (2007) | |
Haase et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
Australia | |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
Lye | |
| Wilde +5 other references |
| Marshall et al. (2006) |
Rotherham (1997) | |
| Hurtig et al. (2014) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Sahlström et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Nicolson et al. (2017) |
| Job (2011) |
| Noble R.J. +1 other reference |
| Econ Geol. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Bottrill & Taheri |
| Ralph Bottrill et al in prep. +1 other reference |
Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Awid-Pascual et al. (2015) |
| Singer et al. (2009) |
| Simon (2019) |
| Xue et al. (2014) |
Bath (2013) | |
| John Keith Warren Richard Kempton (2012) |
Le Maitre (1975) | |
| ASGO (1993) |
Econ Geol (1987) | |
| Simpson (1948) |
Simpson (1948) | |
| Mueller et al. (2008) |
| D. J. Barber & R. Hutchinson (1991) |
| Wilson et al. (2014) |
Austria | |
| Koritnig (1967) |
| A.Csaplovics (2014) |
A.Csaplovics (2014) | |
A.Csaplovics (2014) | |
| A.Csaplovics (2014) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| J. Taucher: Carinthia II 187./107.:173 (1997) |
| Walter et al. (2005) |
Walter et al. (2005) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Walter et al. (2005) |
| Walter et al. (2005) |
| H. Meixner (1950) |
Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| gisgba.geologie.ac.at (n.d.) |
| ERKAN (1977) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2021) |
| Gerard Gesselbauer observation 2011. +1 other reference |
| Hackenberg 2003 +1 other reference |
| Huber et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
Neuner (1956) | |
Neuner (1956) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Walter et al. (2005) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (2010) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
Strasser (1989) | |
| Bauer (1967) |
| Redlich (1931) |
| Natural History Museum Vienna collection |
| Postl et al. (1999) |
Gerald Gesselbauer (2010) | |
| Gerald Gesselbauer |
| Taucher (1993) |
| A.Weiss (1974) |
Exel (1993) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| Collection of H.Eck (Voitsberg) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Niedermayr (1988) +1 other reference |
| Ebner et al. (2001) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Vohryzka (1968) |
| Lapis 19 (7/8) |
Econ Geol (1990) | |
Exel (1993) | |
| Lapis 19 (7/8) |
| Arlt et al. (1994) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| WALLENTA (1985) |
Leikauf (2011) +2 other references | |
Collected by Gerhard Brandstetter | |
| Polz (1989) |
| WEBER (Hrsg.) |
Bangladesh | |
| Rahman et al. (2022) |
Belgium | |
| Stainier (1943) +2 other references |
| Van Tassel (1960) +1 other reference |
| Dejonghe et al. (1976) +3 other references |
| Van Tassel (1960) +3 other references |
| Demaiffe et al. (1991) |
Bolivia | |
| Federico Ahlfeld y Jorge Muñoz Reyes (1955) |
| GEOBOL-PNUD |
| - (unpublished thesis) |
| Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) +1 other reference |
Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) | |
| Alfredo Petrov |
| Geology and Mineral Resources of the Altiplano and Cordillera Occidental (USGS Bulletin no. 1975) |
| Jiménez-Franco et al. (2018) |
Jiménez-Franco et al. (2018) | |
| Wilson (2001) |
| [www.hedegaard.com] |
| Federico Ahlfeld y Jorge Muñoz Reyes (1955) |
Brazil | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Augustin et al. (2022) |
| Kaminsky et al. (2015) |
| Poggi et al. (2022) |
| Bridges et al. (2000) |
| Berni et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Don Windeler collection |
Martins da Pedra collection | |
da Silva et al. (2000) | |
Bulgaria | |
| Elena Shcherbakova (2010) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Dimitrova +2 other references |
| Bogdanov et al. (1997) +2 other references |
| Bogdanov et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Moritz et al. (2004) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Stamatova et al. (2004) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Bonev +3 other references |
| I. Kostov et al. (1964) |
| ATANASSOVA +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Burkina Faso | |
| Mignot et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| BC Minfile data |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Traill (1980) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
Econ Geol (1985) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Dill et al. (2014) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Paradis et al. (2015) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Duuring et al. (2009) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
Mineralium Deposita 44 (2009) | |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
MINFILE No 092L 343 +1 other reference | |
| B.C. Dept of Mines Reports 1970 +2 other references |
| B.B. Bannatyne (1983) |
| Barrie et al. (2001) |
| Robert Lavinsky specimen +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Minerals 83:6 pp520-526 |
| Museum of Natural History |
| Grice et al. (2002) |
| Burns et al. (1992) |
| Grice et al. (2005) |
| Papezik et al. (1975) |
Papezik et al. (1975) | |
| Battler et al. (2013) |
| Econ Geol (1985) |
Rocks & Min 81:1 pp 24-32 | |
| Adams (1991) |
| Ronnie Van Dommelen collection |
| Ronnie Van Dommelen collection |
Rickaby (1923) | |
Goodman (1957) | |
| Boehner (1986) |
| J. Dyer collection |
| Papezik et al. (1975) |
| Goodman (1952) |
Ronnie Van Dommelen collection | |
| Econ Geol (1986) |
Papezik et al. (1975) | |
| |
How (1857) | |
| Eric Quinter collection |
| Sabina (1965) +1 other reference |
| Joyce et al. (1993) |
| Osinski et al. (2003) |
Newman (2020) | |
| Schwerdtner (saltinstitute.org/symposia/symposium1/schwerdtner2.pdf) |
Dewing et al. (2016) | |
Schwerdtner (saltinstitute.org/symposia/symposium1/schwerdtner2.pdf) | |
| Ann P.Sabina (1991) |
Ann P.Sabina (1991) | |
Ann P.Sabina (1991) | |
162-165. +1 other reference | |
| Reiner Mielke 2014 |
| Geological Survey of Canada +1 other reference |
| Sabina (2000) |
Economic Geology September 1936 v. 31 ... +1 other reference | |
| Hewitt D. F. (1963) |
| Richard Gunter and Falconbridge ... |
| Ontario Ministry of Northern ... |
| Robert Land 2016 |
| Peck et al. (2022) |
| Rocks and Minerals For the Collector (Geological Survey of Canada Misc Report 39) +2 other references |
| |
| |
| Reiner Mielke |
| Reiner Mielke |
| Reiner Mielke 2014 |
Sabina (1986) | |
Reiner Mielke 2015 | |
| Gatineau (Hull) +2 other references |
| Geological Survey of Canada Paper 70-50 |
| Harris (1989) |
Sabina (1991) | |
Franklin et al. (1991) | |
Ann P. Sabina (1991) | |
| Sabina (1974) +1 other reference |
| Kirkland Lake - Rouyn-Noranda - Val d'Or +1 other reference |
| Kirkland Lake - Rouyn-Noranda - Val d'Or +1 other reference |
| GAUDARD (1993) |
| Allcock (1982) +1 other reference |
| Îles de la Madeleine +1 other reference |
| Martin +1 other reference |
| Osborn (1941) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Osborn (1941) | |
BELLEY et al. (2014) | |
| Last (1990) |
Joel Grice (1989) | |
152. +2 other references | |
Shang (2000) | |
| Literature references cited |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
McDonald et al. (NTS 105 D/3, 6) | |
Cape Verde | |
| Universidade de Evora +1 other reference |
Cayman Islands | |
| Webber et al. (2015) |
Hodgkinson (2015) | |
Chile | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
Gibbons (2018) | |
Campos et al. (2002) | |
Cameron et al. (2007) | |
| Konnert et al. (1994) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| XRD by Joachim Lorenz |
Raman spectroscopy by Joy Desor | |
| SEM-EDS and Raman Spectroscopy by Joy ... |
| Paar et al. (1980) |
Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University) | |
Demetrius Pohl identified AMNH 1985 +2 other references | |
samples analysed by Gerhard Mohn and ... | |
Kampf et al. (2012) | |
| Werthessen (2016) |
| Tornos et al. (2010) |
| Cook (1978) |
Rivas-Romero +4 other references | |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
Cortecci et al. (2005) | |
| De Waele et al. (2017) |
De Waele et al. (2017) | |
De Waele et al. (2009) +1 other reference | |
De Waele et al. (2009) | |
De Waele et al. (2017) | |
De Waele et al. (2017) | |
Guo et al. (2022) | |
Inostroza et al. (2020) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Collao et al. (2002) | |
Marta et al. (1996) | |
Stoertz et al. (1974) | |
XRD by Gerhard Möhn | |
| Maurizio Dini (sample analysed by Tony Kampf, senior curator of NHM of LAC, California) |
Malcherek et al. (2014) | |
| Samples analysed by Tony Kampf of LAC ... +1 other reference |
Kampf et al. (2013) +1 other reference | |
Kampf et al. (2013) | |
| Inostroza et al. (2020) |
| Gröpper et al. (1991) |
| Econ Geol (1976) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| XRD by Gerhard Möhn and Joy Desor |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Dana 7:I:222. +1 other reference |
| Econ Geol (1985) +1 other reference |
Skewes et al. (2003) | |
| J. Schlüter (1) +1 other reference |
Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter | |
Kampf et al. (2013) +2 other references | |
| Palache et al (1951) |
| - (2003) +1 other reference |
| C. Ruiz Fuller/F. Peebles (1988) |
Tetra Tech Chile (2019) | |
China | |
| Xuncheng Wang and Yucai Zhou (1995) |
Xikun Chen (1987) | |
| Quanhuai Wu et al. (1983) |
Zhang et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
Economic Geology 83 +4 other references | |
Li et al. (2023) | |
Ruqing Ji et al. (1987) +2 other references | |
| Xin Xiong et al. (2013) |
| Huaidong Zhang et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
| Jixi Xiang and Ruqing Ji (1980) |
| Hong Wan (1984) +1 other reference |
| Yongxue Xu et al. (1985) +3 other references |
Shi +5 other references | |
| Yuanming Pan and Ping Dong (1999) |
Bing Yang and Zhitian Wang (1985) | |
| Yuanming Pan and Ping Dong (1999) |
| Xiong et al. (2022) |
| Shixin Zha (2003) |
| Xu et al. (2022) |
Hengcheng Xu (1993) | |
| Zou et al. (2022) |
| Duan et al. (2022) |
Rensheng Huang (2008) | |
Rensheng Huang (2008) | |
| Shikun Huang (1983) |
| Qiu et al. (2016) |
| Liu et al. (2024) |
| Wei Zheng et al. (2013) |
| Yonghong Zhu et al. (2012) |
| Gao Jiyuan (1996) +3 other references |
| Kan Tu (1986) |
| [[1]]Li et al. (2022) |
| Zhao et al. (2022) |
| Zhaojun Meng et al. (2011) +2 other references |
| Feng et al. (2022) |
| Gao et al. (2022) |
| pubs.usgs.gov (2006) |
| Ding et al. (2022) |
| Hongyi Ma et al. (2007) |
| Fengjun Bai et al. (2009) |
Fengjun Bai et al. (2009) | |
Jing Cao et al. (2014) +1 other reference | |
Fengjun Bai et al. (2009) | |
Fengjun Bai et al. (2009) | |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Meng +5 other references |
| Renwei Li and Maoan Xin (1989) |
| Jian et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Liu et al. (2022) |
Liu et al. (2022) | |
| Guiqing Xie et al. (2006) |
| Xindong Su and Taomei Liu (1994) |
| Guiqing Xie et al. (2006) |
Nie et al. (2022) | |
| Fenghua Yang (2001) +1 other reference |
| Zhu et al. (2022) |
| Han et al. (2020) |
Nan et al. (2023) | |
Yuanming Pan and Ping Dong (1999) | |
| Li et al. (2022) |
| Chao Tang et al. (2013) |
| Stracher et al. (2005) |
| Shi |
| Sisong Chen et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
Chuanxian Lin and Zheru Zhang (1984) | |
Liangfang Wu et al. (2012) | |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
Lianxing Gu et al. (2007) | |
| Zhang +1 other reference |
Zhang +1 other reference | |
Zhang +2 other references | |
| Zhanshi Zhang and Minqiang Zhu (2002) +2 other references |
| www.portergeo.com.au (n.d.) |
| engine.cqvip.com (n.d.) |
| Li et al. (2022) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Anthony et al. (2016) |
| Shaoxiu Yang (1991) |
Botao Li et al. (2010) | |
| Shuyue He et al. (2008) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Jingwen Mao et al. (2002) +2 other references |
Yuling Xie et al. (2000) | |
| Tao Ren et al. (2014) |
| Huang et al. (2022) |
| Wang et al. (2023) |
Chen et al. (2024) | |
| Yiming Zhao and Daxin Li (2003) |
| Jian Zhang (1987) |
| Zhongde Zhu (1988) +1 other reference |
Junfeng Yan et al. (1984) +1 other reference | |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Zhang Bing et al. (2018) |
| Min Mo (1987) |
| Xinhui Liu et al. (2011) |
| Peters (2002) |
| Huijuan Peng et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
Zhiying Huang and Guangming Li (2004) +4 other references | |
| Zengqian Hou et al. (2009) |
| www.mineralmundi.com (n.d.) |
| Song et al. (2018) |
| Yiming Gao et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Fei et al. (2022) |
| Shufeng Huang et al. (2011) |
| Wenyi Xu et al. (2009) |
Tang et al. (2023) | |
| Zuoheng Zhang et al. (2012) |
| Yanling Tang (2005) +1 other reference |
| Shuying Qin (1983) |
| pubs.usgs.gov (2006) +2 other references |
| Weixuan Fang et al. (2006) |
| Bingxiao Li (1992) |
| He Jurui et al. (2000) |
He Jurui et al. (2000) | |
| Zhaoxin Han et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Han et al. (2022) |
| Dong et al. (2018) |
| Xiao Long et al. (2005) |
| Zhu et al. (2022) |
| Ruijun Chen et al. (1993) |
| Weisheng Xu et al. (1991) |
| Xiaosong Xu and Jialing Wu (1983) +4 other references |
Miao et al. (2023) | |
| Jianming Li and Guimu Guo (1984) |
Colombia | |
| Goff et al. (1994) |
| Econ Geol (1984) +1 other reference |
Costa Rica | |
| Stoiber et al. (1974) |
| Rodríguez et al. (2017) |
| Ulloa et al. (2018) |
Cuba | |
| Gómez-Vivo et al. (2021) |
| Rocks & Min.: 20:169. |
Czech Republic | |
| Zacek et al. (1995) |
| Jirásek (2001) |
| Mátl |
| Dalibor Matýsek |
| Dana Richterová (2001) |
| Dokoupilova P. |
Hršelová et al. (2013) | |
| Houzar et al. (Část 1. Historie dolování a mineralogie) |
| Vrtiska L. (2015) |
| Žáček V. |
| J.Suchankova et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
Petr Pauliš et al. (2007) | |
Denmark | |
| Fabricius (1984) |
Djibouti | |
| Moussa et al. (2019) |
Dominican Republic | |
| Torró (2018) +1 other reference |
DR Congo | |
| Mineralogical Record: 20: 287-288. |
| Chabu (1995) |
| Paul De Bondt photo & specimen. +1 other reference |
| Jedwab et al. (1992) |
Ecuador | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Egypt | |
| Bridges et al. (2000) |
Marchesini et al. (2009) | |
| Salama et al. (2012) |
| Mahmoud et al. (2022) |
| Lasheen |
| Schnellmann (1959) |
| BORCHERT et al. (801-864) +2 other references |
El Salvador | |
| Stoiber et al. (1974) |
| Torio-Henríquez (2007) |
Ethiopia | |
| Holwerda et al. (1968) |
López-García et al. (2020) | |
Gebregziabher (1998) | |
| Tribolo et al. (2017) |
Eurasian Plate | |
| Wang et al. (2017) |
Fiji | |
| Auzende et al. (1995) |
| Orovan (2016) |
Orovan (2016) | |
Orovan (2016) | |
| Orovan (2016) |
Finland | |
| Rouhunkoski |
| Mäki (1997) |
France | |
| J. Chervet et G. Branche : ... +1 other reference |
| De Ascençao Guedes (2003) |
| Michelin et al. (2013) |
| De Ascenção Guedes (1999) |
| Sella (1888) +1 other reference |
"Les minéraux et al. (1977) | |
Barelli (1835) | |
| Guichon (2017) |
| Journal of Cave and Karst Studies |
De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2000) | |
| Sacco (1910) |
| De Ascençao Guedes (2005) +1 other reference |
Barré et al. (2020) | |
Barré et al. (2020) | |
| Barré et al. (2020) |
Barré et al. (2020) | |
| De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Belot (1978) |
| Wittern |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
Wittern et al. (Cologne) | |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
A. Wittern & J.-R. Journée: "Mineralien finden in den Vogesen" (Cologne) | |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Lebocey et al. (2023) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| Inventaire mineralogique de l'Ariege (Ed. BRGM) |
| www.geologie-tournefeuille.com (2004) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
"Collection 'TRENCART'" | |
| Eytier J.R. & Ch. et al. (2004) |
| De Ascenção Guedes R. (2006) |
| Gol et al. (2010) |
| Laurent J-M. (2002) |
Gol et al. (2010) | |
| Belot (1978) |
| Baldacci et al. (1900) |
Georgia | |
| Mineral Res Expl. Bul. |
Germany | |
| Braitsch et al. (1964) |
| Walenta (1997) +1 other reference |
| |
Walenta (1992) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
Hansch et al. (2003) | |
| Hansch et al. (2003) |
| see locality page |
| Uwe Kolitsch collection |
Philip Bluemner (personal communication with KNAUF) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Kopp et al. (2012) |
| Weiß (1990) |
Krah et al. (1988) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Dreizler (1962) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| von Engelhardt et al. (1956) |
| Kühn et al. (1962) +2 other references |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Cabral et al. (2018) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
Baumgärtl (2014) | |
| |
| Leon Hupperichs collection |
| Niemann (1960) |
| |
| Der Aufschluß - Sonderband 28 (Göttingen) +2 other references |
| www.karstwanderweg.de (2010) |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| Andreas Gerstenberg collection |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Denise Bicknell collection |
| Schneider et al. (1965) |
| Mertineit +1 other reference |
Krul (1969) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Stefan Koch specimen |
| Andreas Gerstenberg collection |
| Bender et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Koritnig (1961) |
| found by Frank de Wit +3 other references |
| R. Lang pers. finds |
| Geognostische Jahreshefte XXXI/XXXII +1 other reference |
| [Blass et al. (14) |
| |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Jordi Fabre specimen |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
| Mertineit +1 other reference |
| J. Siemroth/T. Witzke: Die Minerale des ... |
Grünling (1913) | |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2016) |
| www.kupferspuren.eu (n.d.) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| |
| C. Zinken (1865) +1 other reference |
... | |
| |
| T. Witzke (1996) |
Natural History Museum Vienna collection | |
| Hochleitner (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
| |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
| Hoffmann (2012) |
| www.kyffnet.de (n.d.) |
| Effmert +1 other reference |
Effmert et al. (2007) | |
| Leon Hupperichs collection |
| Siemroth (2008) |
| |
| M.Pippig (1992) |
| A.Dietrich (2004) |
Greece | |
| Rieck et al. (2022) |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Branko Rieck collection |
| |
| Smith et al. (1964) |
Greenland | |
| Horn et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
Grenada | |
Olsen (2011) | |
Guatemala | |
| Stoiber et al. (1974) |
www.excaliburmineral.com/ | |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
SZAKÁLL et al. (2008) | |
| Lázár et al. (2024) |
| Koch: Minerals of Hungary |
| |
Society of Economic Geologists Student Chapter University of Miskolc (2018) | |
Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Seres-Hartai et al. (2001) | |
Kovács +1 other reference | |
| Koch: Minerals of Hungary |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
| Koch: Minerals of Hungary |
| Kiss et al. (2006) |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
Iceland | |
| Viereck et al. (1982) |
| Tamjidi |
| Ragnarsdóttir et al. (1984) |
| Balić-Žunić et al. (2016) |
| Mitolo et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Jakobsson et al. (1992) |
2 +2 other references | |
India | |
| Sinha et al. (2003) |
Indian Ocean | |
| Popoola et al. (2019) |
| Halbach et al. (1998) |
Indonesia | |
| Marcoux et al. (1993) +2 other references |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| van Leeuwen et al. (1994) |
| Maryono et al. (2018) |
| Slater +4 other references |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| ... |
Knuever et al. (2023) | |
| Micklethwaite et al. (2011) |
| Moore et al. (2001) |
| Mertig et al. (1994) |
Setiawan +2 other references | |
Mertig et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
Richard W. Henley +14 other references | |
Econ Geol (1997) +1 other reference | |
Mackinney et al. (1988) | |
New (2006) | |
| Imants Kavalieros (1994) |
| Etzel et al. (2015) |
Mazot et al. (2007) | |
| Verdiansyah et al. (2022) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Iran | |
| Zaheri–Abdehvand et al. (2022) |
| Hezarkhani et al. (1999) |
| Liaghat et al. (2000) |
| Michal Filippi (2002) |
| Michal Filippi (2002) +1 other reference |
| Michal Filippi (2002) |
Bruthans et al. (2010) | |
| Maziar Nazari (2005) |
| Zahra Badrzadeh et al. (2011) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Altenberger et al. (Ag-Au) |
Taghipour et al. (2008) | |
| Derakhshani et al. (2009) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Raeisi et al. (2023) |
| Haditsch (1982) |
| Mehrabi et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| Yaghubpur et al. (1997) |
| Gilg et al. (2006) |
Iraq | |
| Petranek et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
| Kettanah et al. (2017) |
Ireland | |
| Balassone et al. (2008) |
Israel | |
| Alsop et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Anenburg et al. (2014) |
Itamar (1993) | |
Hans Niedermeier (2000) | |
Italy | |
| Bosellini et al. (2001) |
| Martinis et al. (1964) +1 other reference |
| Fedele L. et al. (2006) |
| Rath +2 other references |
Russo et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Fabrizio Frattini. |
| Cenni di mineralogia P. Patteri - ... |
| Caucia et al. (2022) |
| Zucchini R. |
| fluid inclusions and mineral chemistry. American Mineralogist (7-8) +2 other references |
| Stoppa et al. (2019) |
Funiciello et al. (1979) | |
abstr. in Riv. Mineral. Ital. et al. (3-1980) +5 other references | |
Funiciello et al. (1979) | |
Cavarretta et al. (1982) +2 other references | |
| Maida (2002) |
Clark (1993) | |
| Maida (2002) |
| Campostrini (2001) |
| Colomba (1897-98) +2 other references |
| Colomba (1897-98) +1 other reference |
| |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
Collected by Frank de Wit (1989-2000) +2 other references | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Mattioli (1979) +1 other reference |
| Mattioli V. (1974) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| AA. VV. |
| Mezzadri (1988) |
| Mezzadri P. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Del Caldo A. et al. (1973) |
| Russo (2006) |
| Russo (2006) |
Russo (2006) | |
| Russo (2006) +1 other reference |
Renzulli +4 other references | |
| Campostrini I. et al - Vulcano: ein ... |
| Exel (1987) |
| Exel (1987) +6 other references |
Exel (1987) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1983) +1 other reference |
Niedermayr et al. (1983) +1 other reference | |
| Exel (1987) |
| Exel (1987) |
| Marinai |
| Dill (1979) |
Brizzi G. et al. (GR) | |
Bazzoni et al. (2007) | |
| Bazzoni C. et al. |
Brizzi G. | |
| Marco Bonifazi collection |
| Nannoni R. (Suvereto, Livorno) |
| |
| Orlandi P. (2005) |
| Aloisi (1909) +6 other references |
| Orlandi et al. (2002) +2 other references |
| Pelloux (1919) +1 other reference |
| Borghi E. (RE) |
Orlandi et al. (2009) | |
| Orlandi et al. (2002) +2 other references |
| Marrucci A. (1990) |
| · Betti et al. (2017) |
| Orlandi P. (2005) |
| G. Carobbi (1976) |
| Giordano (2008) |
Giordano (2008) | |
| 50. +2 other references |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| De Michele (1974) |
Japan | |
| Kajiwara Y (1969) |
Kajiwara Y (1969) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
www.mineralmundi.com/japan.htm (USGS) +1 other reference | |
| INOUE et al. (1991) |
| Norimasa Shimobayashi et al. (2018) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
... | |
| Yoshikawa +1 other reference |
| Africano et al. (2000) |
Africano & Bernard (2000) | |
| Michel Meder field collected specimens |
| Okamoto collection (curated at the Geological Survey museum, Japan) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Amir Akhavan Collection |
| Seki et al. (1968) +1 other reference |
| Yotaro Seki (1973) |
| Kaul et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
Kaul et al. (2005) +1 other reference | |
| Yeats et al. (2017) |
| Geological Society of America annual ... |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
Jordan | |
| Pitty et al. (2010) |
| Sokol +9 other references |
| Khoury et al. (1985) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Seltmann et al. (2005) |
Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| ERCOSPAN (2011) |
| Handbook of Mineralogy Vol V p 6 +4 other references |
| Pekov et al. (1993) +2 other references |
| Jeremolenko (2002) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Dill (1999) |
| Evseev (1995) |
Kenya | |
| Bowell et al. (1996) |
Kuwait | |
Gunatilaka (1984) +2 other references | |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Filippov et al. (2013) |
Laos | |
| Xiying Zhang et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
Lithuania | |
| Žvironaitė et al. (2007) |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1963) |
Behier (1963) | |
| Behier (1963) |
Rakotondrabe et al. (2020) | |
| Besaire (1966) |
| Behier (1963) |
Besaire (1966) | |
| Vanrusselt (2023) |
| Morteani et al. (2006) |
Malaysia | |
| Wurster et al. (2015) |
Mali | |
| Randabel et al. (2018) |
Malta | |
Mexico | |
| Hinojosa et al. (2005) |
| Moore (1998) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Taran et al. (1998) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| |
Panczner (1987) +1 other reference | |
| www.diabras.com (2007) |
| Megaw (2023) |
| Megaw (2023) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Espinosa Perea (1999) |
| Econ Geol (1985) |
Econ Geol (1985) | |
| stratigraphy et al. (4) +1 other reference |
| Valencia et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Porras-Toribio et al. (2022) |
| Parker (2010) |
Middle East | |
Gross (1977) | |
Mongolia | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Economic Geology +5 other references |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Berzina et al. (2016) |
Morocco | |
| Jébrak et al. (1998) |
| El Khalile et al. (2023) |
| www.onhym.com (n.d.) |
| www.onhym.com (n.d.) |
Mozambique | |
| Vertriest +1 other reference |
| Slobodník +6 other references |
Myanmar | |
| Myint Myat Phyo et al. (2019) |
Giuliani et al. (2015) +1 other reference | |
Namibia | |
| Nash (1972) |
| Bowell et al. (2017) |
| Gebhard (1999) +1 other reference |
| Dunn (1991) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Netherlands | |
| www.nlog.nl (n.d.) |
| nlog.nitg.tno.nl (n.d.) |
T.G. Nijland | |
| De Wit et al. (2003) |
| T.G. Nijland +1 other reference |
T.G. Nijland | |
| T.G. Nijland |
Pichat (2022) | |
New Zealand | |
| Schwarz-Schampera et al. (2007) |
| www.mightyriver.co.nz (n.d.) |
Railton et al. (1990) +1 other reference | |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
Johnstone (1979) | |
| de Ronde +18 other references |
Mineralogy +1 other reference | |
Muiruru F.G. (1985) | |
| R. Martin (NZ) |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
| An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing ... +2 other references |
Chambefort et al. (2017) | |
| 7 +1 other reference |
Brathwaite et al. (2001) | |
Christie et al. (2007) | |
Nicaragua | |
| Stoiber et al. (1974) |
North America Plate | |
Belkin et al. (1987) | |
North Macedonia | |
| Tasev et al. (2018) |
| Serafimovski et al. (2015) |
North Sea | |
Norway | |
| Garmo (2006) |
Garmo (2006) | |
| Garmo (1974) |
| Vogt (1935) +1 other reference |
Nordrum (2004) | |
Nordrum (2004) | |
| Lauritzen et al. (1989) +1 other reference |
| Mitchell (1967) +2 other references |
| Jan Andersen photo and specimen |
| Broska et al. (2014) |
| Witsø (1994) |
| |
| Garmo (1998) |
| Nesby (1989) |
| |
Garmo (1974) +1 other reference | |
| Nordrum (2010) |
Oman | |
| Arai +4 other references |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Sagalevich et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
| Dong et al. (2006) |
| Mei Zhang et al. (2011) |
| Peng Xiaotong (2005) |
Peng Xiaotong (2005) | |
Peng Xiaotong (2005) | |
Peng Xiaotong (2005) | |
Hannington et al. (1986) | |
| www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/coax/story.html |
Lay et al. (2017) | |
| Iron isotope and isotope fractionation ... +1 other reference |
Haymon (1983) +1 other reference | |
AMES et al. (1993) | |
| Tuomo Törmänen (2005) |
| Schwarz-Schampera et al. (2001) |
Choi et al. (2023) | |
Schwarz-Schampera et al. (2007) | |
Schwarz-Schampera et al. (2001) | |
Pakistan | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Natural History Museum Vienna collection |
Palache et al. (1951) | |
Panama | |
| Gray +1 other reference |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| New Data on Minerals (2004) |
| Gena et al. (2001) |
Vanko et al. (2004) | |
Vanko et al. (2004) | |
Pašava et al. (2004) | |
Lein et al. (1993) +1 other reference | |
Lein et al. (1993) | |
| Kulange et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Espi et al. (2007) |
| Richards et al. (1993) +3 other references |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| LKSpencer |
Dane Burkett et al. (2014) | |
| Denwer (1993) |
| www.portergeo.com.au (2002) +3 other references |
Sykora et al. (2018) | |
| Johnson et al. (1976) +2 other references |
| Arculus et al. (1983) |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
Singer et al. (2005) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Peru | |
| Econ Geol (1985) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Yang et al. (2015) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Ye et al. (2022) | |
| Information given by Edwin Bravo of ... |
| J. Hyrsl (2012) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Mendoza (2010) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Pérez-Puig Obieta et al. (2013) |
| Min.Rec. 28 (1997) |
[var: Angelite] J. Skupiewski photo | |
| Mineralogical Record (1997) |
[var: Angelite] [1] Mineral of the Month June 2015 ... | |
Alvarez A et al. (1988) | |
| Benites et al. (2022) |
| Diaby et al. (2006) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Philippines | |
| Hermo et al. (2022) |
| Fournelle et al. (1996) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| South-East Asian Oil |
Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| South-East Asian Oil +2 other references |
South-East Asian Oil | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Manalo et al. (2022) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
CLAVERIA R J R (2001) | |
| IMAI (2001) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Kolb et al. (2009) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Bird et al. (1984) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Wurster et al. (2015) |
Poland | |
| Jirásek +7 other references |
Jasionowski et al. (2014) | |
| Eligiusz Szełęg collection |
| Ł +6 other references |
| Pelczar A. 1973: Minetta i wogezyt w ... |
| Gołębiowska et al. (2021) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Oszczepalski (1999) |
| Piestrzyński A. |
| Andrzejewski K. (1993) |
Andrzejewski K. (1993) | |
| Ł. Kruszewski PXRD data |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Kucha H. 1979: Anilite | |
| Wikipedia |
| Harańczyk C. 1972: Mineralizacja ... |
| Eric Szeleg photo |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Zieliński et al. (2013) |
| K.Badora - Walory Fizyczno Geograficzne |
| Kozlowski A & Wiszniewska J: (2001) |
| Nowak +1 other reference |
| Eligiusz Szełęg collection |
| Fabiańska et al. (Poland) |
Warchulski et al. (2014) | |
| Ł. Kruszewski PXRD data |
| Parafiniuk et al. (2009) |
| Łukasz Kruszewski (2012) |
| Bukowski +3 other references |
| Gradowski et al. (1992) |
Portugal | |
| António Manuel Ináçio Martins ... |
| LNEG - Siorminp ID 749Salgema |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... |
| Oliveira et al. (2024) |
Qatar | |
Perthuisot (Qatar) +1 other reference | |
Al-Yousef | |
Red Sea | |
Zierenberg et al. (1983) +1 other reference | |
Republic of the Congo | |
| de Ruiter (1979) |
| Zhao et al. (2016) |
Henry Rauche (2009) | |
Milesi et al. (2006) | |
Romania | |
| Mineralium Deposita (2004) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Onac et al. (1995) |
| Pintea et al. (2021) |
| Szakáll |
Szakáll et al. (2010) | |
| B. Onac et al (2009, July) |
| www.minerals-of-the-carpathians +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Comptes Rendus Geosciences Volume 335 +1 other reference |
Pascal et al. (2001) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Onac (2009) |
| Har +3 other references |
Russia | |
| Maslennikov et al. (2005) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Pekov (1998) |
Varentsov (1996) | |
| Ripp et al. (2017) |
| Sharygin (2015) |
Zateeva et al. (2007) | |
Cesnokov et al. (1998) | |
Cesnokov et al. (1998) | |
Pekov (1998) | |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
| Kissin et al. (2020) |
| Plotinskaya et al. (2014) |
| Savva et al. (2012) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Chukanov +5 other references |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Apollonov (1998) +3 other references |
| Mazurov et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| American Mineralogist |
| Nazarchuk et al. (2018) |
| Vergasova et al. (2007) |
Pekov et al. (2015) | |
| Pekov et al. (2019) +4 other references |
Pekov et al. (2019) | |
Pekov et al. (2019) | |
| Sharygin et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
| Okrugin et al. (an Example of Mutnovsky Geothermal Area, Southern Kamchatka) +1 other reference |
American Mineralogist +3 other references | |
Takahashi et al. (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Kassandrov et al. (2009) |
Kassandrov et al. (2009) | |
| Soboleva et al. (2011) |
| Bukanov et al. (2012) |
| Joan Rosell |
| Sharygin +9 other references |
| Galiulin et al. (1996) |
| - (2014) +2 other references |
| Gritsenko et al. (2008) |
Gritsenko et al. (2008) | |
Gritsenko et al. (2008) | |
Gritsenko et al. (2008) | |
Gritsenko et al. (2008) | |
Gritsenko et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
Spiridonov et al. (2016) | |
Mariya S. Alferova (2007) | |
Pekin et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
Pekin et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
Pekin et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
Pekin et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Prokopyev +4 other references |
| Bazai et al. (2009) |
| Chaykovsky et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Golubev et al. (2014) |
[World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Naumov et al. (2008) |
| USGS Open File Report 2005-1252 p22 |
| Sharygin et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Africano et al. (2003) +4 other references |
| Vergasova et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
| Shevko et al. (2018) |
| Sharygin et al. (2014) |
| American Mineralogist |
| D. Krinov data |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Abrosimova et al. (2015) |
| [Mineralien Welt 6/92:62] |
| Korytov et al. (2005, May) |
| Zueva et al. (2023) |
| Spiridonov et al. (2010, December) +1 other reference |
Prokof’ev et al. (2007) +2 other references | |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Surour et al. (2013) |
| Saudi Geological Survey Open-File ... +1 other reference |
Serbia | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Albrecht von Quadt et al. (2007) | |
Albrecht von Quadt et al. (2007) | |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| |
| Ministry of Mining and Energy (2002) +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| Kodě +1 other reference |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Števko M. et al. (Slovenská republika) |
| Koděra P. et al. (štiavnický stratovulkán) +5 other references |
| Pauliš |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Hurai et al. (2011) |
| Ďuďa (1993) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
Pauliš P. | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
Koděra (1986) | |
Ďuďa R. et al. ( Kotterbach ) | |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ďuďa R. |
| Duda |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ďuďa |
| Duda et. all. |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
Slovenia | |
| Albrecht von Quadt et al. (2007) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| Cairncross (2004) |
| Mclver et al. (1983) +1 other reference |
| Min Rec 35:4 pp289-317 +1 other reference |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
Spain | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) |
| Ariza-Rodríguez et al. (2022) |
| Calvo (2008) |
| Calvo (2008) |
Calvo (2008) | |
| Calvo (2008) |
| Roberto Galcerán |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) |
| vetamineral-minerales-alava.blogspot.com (n.d.) |
| Personally collected by Roberto ... |
| Perona et al. (2018) |
| Castro et al. (2001) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) |
| Alonso-Zarza et al. (2002) |
| Calvo (2014) |
| Bareche (2005) |
| Lucha et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Calvo (2006) |
| Calvo (2006) |
| Joan Rosell (2022) |
| Bareche (2005) |
| Joan Rosell |
| Col. Agustin Agudo Espinosa. |
| García del Cura (1979) |
| John K. Warren |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
Herrero +4 other references | |
| |
Garrett (2001) | |
Alonso-Azcárate +1 other reference | |
Alonso-Azcárate +1 other reference | |
| González (2023) |
| Casanova Honrubia |
| Rafael Muñoz Collection |
Sri Lanka | |
| Samarakoon et al. (2021) |
Sweden | |
| Grensman et al. (2001) |
Öhman et al. (2000) | |
| Wilke (1997) |
| LTU-DT-0536-SE. Wanhainen.Aitik (Doctoral thesis) |
Lyckberg (2006) | |
| 33 IGC excursion No 15 +1 other reference |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| |
| Öhman (2003) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Krähenbühl H. (1985) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Johann G. Koenigsberger |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Weiß S. et al. (2015) |
| M Henrich collection |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| 58. +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| |
| |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Ben (2010) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Taiwan | |
| Ho et al. (1963) |
Tajikistan | |
| Badalov et al. (1975) |
| Pautov et al. (2020) |
Tanzania | |
| Mitchell et al. (2021) |
| Zaitsev et al. (2006) |
| Feneyrol J. et al. (20) |
Thailand | |
| Tabakh et al. (1998) |
| Suwanich (2010) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Tunisia | |
| V. Perthuisot (1981) |
| Tony Nikischer |
| Bouhlel et al. (2016) |
| Hatira et al. (1990) |
Mlayah et al. (2009) | |
| Mlayah et al. (2009) |
| Mlayah et al. (2009) |
Turkey | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Helvaci +2 other references |
| Ortı́ et al. (2002) |
| Güngör Yeşilova et al. (2023) |
| J. García-Veigas et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Altay et al. (2010) |
Turkmenistan | |
| Yongsheng Zhang et al. (2005) |
Yongsheng Zhang et al. (2005) | |
UK | |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) |
Harrison (1975) +1 other reference | |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) |
Day (1999) | |
| Day (1999) |
| Hall (1868) |
| F. H. Stewart (1965) +1 other reference |
| Embrey (1978) +3 other references |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1960 32 : ... |
| Armstrong et al. (1951) |
Armstrong et al. (1951) | |
Smith et al. (2014) | |
| Smith et al. (2014) |
| Smith et al. (2014) |
| SRK Consulting (UK) |
Smith et al. (2014) | |
Smith et al. (2014) | |
Kemp et al. (2016) | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1959 32 : ... |
| Hall (1868) |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| F. Rutley: "Elements of Mineralogy" (1900) |
Tindle (2008) | |
| |
Ukraine | |
| Achille Sorlini collection |
| Шарыгин (2015) |
| Belous et al. (1984) |
| Bukowski +1 other reference |
| Griniv et al. (1986) |
| Lyckberg et al. (2009) |
USA | |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:472. +1 other reference |
Mineralogy of Alabama Geol Surv Ala. ... | |
| ... |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
- (2008) | |
Econ Geol (1987) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
- (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Peirce et al. (1970) +2 other references |
Peirce (1966) +2 other references | |
| Graeme (1981) |
| Barrington (1963) +1 other reference |
| Gornitz (2004) |
| Scarborough (1981) |
| Eastlick +4 other references |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10109789 |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10026848 |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10102439 +1 other reference |
| MRDS file #10060159. |
| MRDS file #10060162. |
| Econ Geol (1989) +1 other reference |
Econ Geol (1988) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Peirce (1966) +2 other references |
| |
Gilluly (1937) +3 other references | |
| Slaughter (2023) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Personal knowledge and consultations ... |
ASARCO site geologist. | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Mineralium Deposita (2009) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| 297-309 +1 other reference |
| MRDS file #10060199. |
Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Lowell (1968) +1 other reference |
Lowell (1968) +1 other reference | |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10106863 |
| Manske et al. (2002) +2 other references |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10048337 |
| Howard (1987) +1 other reference |
Howard (1987) +1 other reference | |
| www.koeln.netsurf.de (2001) |
- (2005) +1 other reference | |
Howard (1987) +1 other reference | |
| Econ Geol (1987) |
| Rocks and Minerals (1988) +1 other reference |
Smith (1997) | |
Howard (1987) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| Adams et al. (2014) |
| Econ Geol (1988) |
| Kunz (1905) +1 other reference |
Ericksen et al. (1988) | |
| Stolburg (1984) |
a spectroscopic exploration. Economic ... +1 other reference | |
| Chandler (1996) |
| Calif. Div. of Mines & Geology Bull. #189 et al. (1966) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 115. +2 other references |
Kunz (1905) +1 other reference | |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 285. +3 other references | |
| Martin et al. (2020) |
| Kunz (1905) +1 other reference |
| Hanks (1884) +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 287. +4 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 287. +4 other references |
| Kunz (1905) +1 other reference |
| Ralph E. Merrill collection |
| part 2 +5 other references |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 287. +3 other references |
De Groot (1890) +2 other references | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 288. +5 other references |
Rogers (1915b) +3 other references | |
Livingston et al. (2005, December) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Larson (1987) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| Rare-Earth Pegmatites of the South ... |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Rocks & Min.:59:34 & 64:144. |
| Min.Rec.:20 (5) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... |
| Rocks & Min.: 63: 366-384. |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Econ Geol (1985) |
Carnein et al. (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Henderson et al. (circa 1970) |
| Schooner (1961) |
Januzzi | |
| Harold Moritz collection |
| Former Josie Baah collection |
| Schooner (1958) |
| Sloane collection |
Miller (circa 1986) | |
| Harold Moritz collection |
| Harold Moritz collection |
| Harold Moritz collection |
| Harold Moritz collection |
Former Ronald Januzzi collection | |
| Harold Moritz collection |
| Harold Moritz collection |
| Powell (1987) |
Harold Moritz collection | |
Harold Moritz collection | |
Harold Moritz collection | |
| Shannon (1920) |
Harold Moritz collection | |
Harold Moritz collection | |
| Bill Barrett collection |
| Mike Polleta collection |
| Harold Moritz collection |
Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions Vol. 31 ( 1981 ) | |
| - (2005) |
Tank (1972) | |
| Hon |
| - (2005) |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Rocks & Min.: 61:147. +1 other reference |
| www.indiana.edu +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Rocks & Min.:61:150 +1 other reference |
| - (1917) |
| R&M 77:6 pp 404-413 |
USGS : Cedar Valley Group Formation | |
USGS : Cedar Valley Group Formation | |
USGS : Cedar Valley Group Formation | |
| Kansas Geological Survey Educational ... +1 other reference |
- (1917) | |
- (1917) | |
| Kopp et al. (1974) |
- (1917) | |
| Schaub +1 other reference |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
Goldstein (2006) | |
Goldstein (2006) | |
| Goldstein (2006) |
Goldstein (2006) | |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
Anderson (1994) | |
| Smith (1994) |
| R&M 69:3 pp 156-162 |
| R&M 69:3 pp 156-162 |
| R&M 69:3 pp 156-162 |
R&M 69:3 pp 156-162 | |
R&M 69:3 pp 156-162 | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 69 (3) +2 other references |
| R&M 69:3 pp 156-162 |
Smith (1994) | |
| Smith (1994) |
Smith (1994) | |
Smith (1994) | |
R&M 69:3 pp 156-162 | |
Smith (1994) | |
| R&M 69:3 pp 156-162 |
| Smith (1994) |
Smith (1994) | |
Smith (1994) | |
| Louisiana Geological Survey +2 other references |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Ostrander (1940) |
| Former Alfred Patrie collection |
Palache et al. (1951) | |
| - (1917) +1 other reference |
Gleba | |
Palache et al. (1951) | |
Harold Moritz collection | |
| Yale Peabody Museum |
Emerson (1895) | |
| Garza (1980) |
Gleba | |
| Johnson et al. (1976) |
Johnson et al. (1976) | |
Johnson et al. (1976) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
Johnson et al. (1976) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
Johnson et al. (1976) | |
Johnson et al. (1976) | |
Johnson et al. (1976) | |
Johnson et al. (1976) | |
Johnson et al. (1976) | |
Johnson et al. (1976) | |
| Williams |
Johnson et al. (1976) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
Johnson et al. (1976) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| [Mineralogical Record - Vol 23 No. 2] |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
Johnson et al. (1976) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
Johnson et al. (1976) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
Johnson et al. (1976) | |
Johnson et al. (1976) | |
Johnson et al. (1976) | |
Johnson et al. (1976) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Morris Jr. (1983) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
Johnson et al. (1976) | |
Johnson et al. (1976) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Morris Jr. (1983) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
Johnson et al. (1976) | |
Johnson et al. (1976) | |
Johnson et al. (1976) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
Johnson et al. (1976) | |
Johnson et al. (1976) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
Kraus et al. (1928) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
| Saunders et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Nold et al. (2013) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| - (2005) |
| Norman King Collection |
| The Mineralogy of The Butte District +1 other reference |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
Guidebook for the Butte Field Meeting ... | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NBMG Bull 62 Geology and Mineral ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
American Mineralogist 1965: 50: ... +1 other reference | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
NBMG Bull 73 Geology and Mineral ... +1 other reference | |
| NBMG Bull 73 Geology and Mineral ... |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
Transactions of the American Institute ... | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NBMG Bull 89 Geology and Mineral ... |
| Cummings |
| Mineralogical Record |
| Peters et al. (1978) |
NJ Geol. Survey Bull. #64 et al. (1960) +2 other references | |
| NJ Geol. Survey Bull. #64 et al. (1960) +2 other references |
| Bradley D. Plotkin collection |
| Cummings (1985) |
| Sassen (1978) |
| Cummings (1987) |
| Palache (1935) +2 other references |
| Frondel (1972) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 62: 150-159. |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop (1959) | |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| - (2005) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Hawley +5 other references | |
Philip (2013) | |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| A. AudÉtat et al. (2002) +2 other references |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Yang et al. (2023) |
| 2008 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ... |
| Tankersley et al. (2016) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
NMBMMR OFR 186 | |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Manchester (1931) | |
| Rocks & Min. (2009) |
Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 17:199-203. |
| Jensen (1942) |
John H. Betts (2009) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 18:136-137. |
| Rocks & Minerals 43:8 pp 563-568 |
| New York State Museum Bull. Nos. 249-250 (Sep-Oct 1921) +1 other reference |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Hershel Friedman (2007) |
| Jensen (1978) +1 other reference |
Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
Rocks & Minerals 82:472-483 +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Minerals 82:472-483 |
| New York State Museum mineral collection +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.:7:148 & 8:40. |
| - (2005) |
| Geology of Bottineau County (North Dakota Geological Survey) +1 other reference |
Geology of Burke County (North Dakota Geological Survey) +1 other reference | |
| Pepper et al. (1947) |
Pepper et al. (1947) | |
| Carlson (2015) |
Pepper et al. (1947) | |
| Richards et al. (2017) |
| THE OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 63 (2) +1 other reference |
Pepper et al. (1947) | |
| Morrison (1935) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
Pepper et al. (1947) | |
Pepper et al. (1947) | |
Pepper et al. (1947) | |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Johnson (1963) |
| Rocks & Minerals 72:4 pp 252-264 |
| Econ Geol (1984) |
| Rocks & Minerals: 72 (4) |
- (2005) | |
Darton et al. (1921) | |
| Mineralogy of 10 Geothermal boreholes ... |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Cox (1985) |
Cox (1985) | |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
Roberts et al. (1965) | |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
Roberts et al. (1965) | |
Roberts et al. (1965) | |
Roberts et al. (1965) | |
Roberts et al. (1965) | |
| PEDRAZA ROJAS et al. (2016) |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
Roberts et al. (1965) | |
Roberts et al. (1965) | |
Roberts et al. (1965) | |
| Travis A. Paris (2011) |
Kesler et al. (1944) | |
Kesler et al. (1944) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| Travis A. Paris (2011) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| Smith (1991) |
- (2005) | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 66 (3) |
| AmMin 3:189-192 |
| - (2005) |
| Smith (1991) |
| - (2005) |
| Morgan et al. (2008) |
Hill (1979) | |
Hill (1979) | |
Hill (1979) | |
| Smith (1991) |
Smith (1991) | |
| - (2005) |
| Smith (1991) |
- (2005) | |
Beck (1962) | |
| - (2005) |
| Smith (1991) |
Smith (1991) | |
Smith (1991) | |
Smith (1991) | |
Smith (1991) | |
Smith (1991) | |
Smith (1991) | |
Smith (1991) | |
Smith (1991) | |
Smith (1991) | |
Smith (1991) | |
| Smith (1991) |
Smith (1991) | |
Smith (1991) | |
Smith (1991) | |
Smith (1991) | |
Smith (1991) | |
Smith (1991) | |
Smith (1991) | |
Smith (1991) | |
Smith (1991) | |
Smith (1991) | |
BEG Min Res Circ 73 | |
| R. Maxwell (1962) +1 other reference |
- (2005) | |
Smith (1991) | |
| - (2005) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| - (2005) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) |
| - (2005) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Darrell Munson et al. (2003) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Min News 7:12 p4 |
| R&M 66:3 pp 196-224. +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
Smith (1991) | |
Smith (1991) | |
Smith (1991) | |
| BEG Min Res Circ 73 |
BEG Min Res Circ 73 | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
Origlieri (1990) | |
| - (2005) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) |
| - (2005) |
| Butler (1913) |
Butler (1913) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
A.I.M.E. Transactions: 48: 67-117 (1915) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
- (2005) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) |
Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) |
Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
- (2005) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
Michael Shannon specimens | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
- (2005) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Omer B. Raup and Beth M. Madsen (1986) | |
| Olds et al. (2017) |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Haynes (2000) |
| Bullock (1981) |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Personally collected by Patrick McAfee. |
Personally collected by Patrick McAfee. | |
Personally collected by Patrick McAfee. | |
| Bullock (1981) |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks & Min.: 60: 167. |
Rocks & Min.: 60:167. | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:168. |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
U. S. Geological Survey Open-File ... +1 other reference | |
- (2005) | |
Rocks & Min.: 60:170. | |
| Cannon (1975) +1 other reference |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference |
Rye et al. (2003) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Rye et al. (2003) |
| Zeitner (1968) |
| Falster (1981) +1 other reference |
R&M 73:11-12 pp 378-399 Wisconsin ... | |
Rocks & Min.: 62: 190-193. | |
| May (1996) |
| Sumaila (2017) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Uklonskiy et al. (1964) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
Eilu (2003) +2 other references | |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Vanuatu | |
| Schmidt et al. (2017) |
Vietnam | |
| "Mario Lazzerini Denchi Collection" |
| Khoi et al. (2011) |
Zambia | |
| Annels (1979) |
| MacIntyre (2019) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Cox et al. (2003) |
Mars | |
| Chipera et al. (2023) |
| Treiman et al. (2023) |
| Grotzinger et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
Morris et al. (2016) | |
| Several papers on: Science Express |
Grotzinger et al. (2015) | |
Grotzinger et al. (2015) | |
| Johnson et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Dr Bob Downs (pers. comm.) |
The Moon | |
| Mokhov A.V. and Kartashov P.M. data |
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