Hedleyite
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About Hedleyite
Formula:
Bi7Te3
Colour:
Tin white
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
2
Specific Gravity:
8.91
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Named by H.V. Warren and M.A. Peacock, M.A. in 1945 for the small town of Hedley, British Columbia, Canada, near the type locality.
Relatively common member of the tetradymite group (Ciobanu et al., 2009).
Tin white metallic plates with perfect basal cleavage, mm thick to cm in width. Crystals have hexagonal outline, often with trigonal growth features.
Impossible to visually identify. All species in the tetradymite group must be reliably analysed for positive identification.
One of many Bi-Te phases known. See also: UM1980-16-Te:Bi.
Tin white metallic plates with perfect basal cleavage, mm thick to cm in width. Crystals have hexagonal outline, often with trigonal growth features.
Impossible to visually identify. All species in the tetradymite group must be reliably analysed for positive identification.
One of many Bi-Te phases known. See also: UM1980-16-Te:Bi.
Classification of Hedleyite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1945
2/D.13-10
2.DC.05
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
D : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 3 :4 and 2:3
C : Variable M:S
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
D : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 3 :4 and 2:3
C : Variable M:S
2.6.3.3
2 : SULFIDES
6 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 4:3
2 : SULFIDES
6 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 4:3
3.7.28
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
7 : Sulphides etc. of V, As, Sb and Bi
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
7 : Sulphides etc. of V, As, Sb and Bi
Pronounciation of Hedleyite
Pronounciation:
Play | Recorded by | Country |
---|---|---|
Jolyon & Katya Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Hedleyite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Tin white
Comment:
tarnishes easily to iron black
Hardness:
2 on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Flexible
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect Basal cleavage {0001}
Perfect Basal cleavage {0001}
Density:
8.91 g/cm3 (Measured) 8.93 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Hedleyite
Anisotropism:
Slight - light gray to dark gray
Reflectivity:
400nm | R1=59.0% | R2=61.8% |
420nm | R1=59.3% | R2=62.5% |
440nm | R1=59.9% | R2=63.3% |
460nm | R1=60.5% | R2=64.0% |
480nm | R1=61.0% | R2=64.6% |
500nm | R1=61.3% | R2=65.0% |
520nm | R1=61.6% | R2=65.7% |
540nm | R1=61.7% | R2=66.2% |
560nm | R1=61.8% | R2=66.7% |
580nm | R1=62.0% | R2=67.3% |
600nm | R1=62.3% | R2=67.7% |
620nm | R1=62.6% | R2=68.1% |
640nm | R1=62.9% | R2=68.5% |
660nm | R1=63.1% | R2=68.6% |
680nm | R1=63.4% | R2=68.7% |
700nm | R1=63.6% | R2=68.9% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 68.9%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
White
Chemical Properties of Hedleyite
Formula:
Bi7Te3
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Se,S
Chemical Analysis
wt%
1 | |
---|---|
Bi | 80.95 % |
Te | 17.59 % |
Total: | 98.54 % |
Sample references:
ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Indre Gressdal, Vaddas-Rieppe ore field, Nordreisa, Troms og Finnmark, Norway | Lindahl, I. (1975) Contribution to the mineralogy of Norway, no 60. Hedleyite (Bi14Te6) from the Vaddas-Rieppe area, north Troms, Northern Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, 55: 283-290. | Microprobe. S not detected |
Crystallography of Hedleyite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m (3 2/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Space Group:
R3m
Setting:
R3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 4.47 Å, c = 119.0 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 26.622
Unit Cell V:
2,059.17 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
6
Morphology:
Platy masses
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
3.25 Å | (100) |
2.36 Å | (50) |
2.23 Å | (40) |
1.621 Å | (40) |
1.480 Å | (40) |
1.984 Å | (30) |
1.849 Å | (30) |
Type Occurrence of Hedleyite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada, M37250.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Polymetallic skarn (Hedley)
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Hedleyite
Relationship of Hedleyite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Baksanite | Bi6Te2S3 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1 |
Hitachiite | Pb5Bi2Te2S6 | Trig. 3m : P3m1 |
Ingodite | Bi2TeS | Trig. |
Joséite-B | Bi4Te2S | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
Kawazulite | Bi2Te2Se | Trig. |
Paraguanajuatite | Bi2Se3 | Trig. |
Pilsenite | Bi4Te3 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
Skippenite | Bi2TeSe2 | Trig. |
Sulphotsumoite | Bi3Te2S | Trig. |
Tellurantimony | Sb2Te3 | Trig. |
Tellurobismuthite | Bi2Te3 | Trig. |
Telluronevskite | Bi3TeSe2 | Trig. |
Tetradymite | Bi2Te2S | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
Tsumoite | BiTe | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3 1m |
Vihorlatite | Bi24Se17Te4 | Trig. |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping
2.DC.05 | Ikunolite | Bi4(S,Se)3 | Trig. |
2.DC.05 | Ingodite | Bi2TeS | Trig. |
2.DC.05 | Joséite-B | Bi4Te2S | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
2.DC.05 | Kawazulite | Bi2Te2Se | Trig. |
2.DC.05 | Laitakarite | Bi4Se2S | Trig. 3m : R3m |
2.DC.05 | Nevskite | Bi(Se,S) | Trig. |
2.DC.05 | Paraguanajuatite | Bi2Se3 | Trig. |
2.DC.05 | Pilsenite | Bi4Te3 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
2.DC.05 | Skippenite | Bi2TeSe2 | Trig. |
2.DC.05 | Sulphotsumoite | Bi3Te2S | Trig. |
2.DC.05 | Tellurantimony | Sb2Te3 | Trig. |
2.DC.05 | Tellurobismuthite | Bi2Te3 | Trig. |
2.DC.05 | Tetradymite | Bi2Te2S | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
2.DC.05 | Tsumoite | BiTe | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3 1m |
2.DC.05 | Baksanite | Bi6Te2S3 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1 |
2.DC.05 | Joséite-C | Bi16Te3S9 | |
2.DC.05 | Protojoséite | Bi3(Te,S)2 | Trig. |
2.DC.05 | Sztrókayite | Bi3TeS2 | |
2.DC.05 | Vihorlatite | Bi24Se17Te4 | Trig. |
2.DC.05 | Telluronevskite | Bi3TeSe2 | Trig. |
2.DC.05 | UM1983-09-S:BiPbTe | PbBi3S2Te |
Related Minerals - Dana Grouping (8th Ed.)
2.6.3. | Babkinite | Pb2Bi2(S,Se)3 | Trig. |
2.6.3.1 | Kochkarite | PbBi4Te7 | Trig. |
2.6.3.2 | Aleksite | PbBi2Te2S2 | Trig. |
Related Minerals - Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals Grouping
3.7.1 | Patrónite | VS4 | Mon. |
3.7.2 | Duranusite | As4S | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmna |
3.7.3 | Dimorphite | As4S3 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
3.7.4 | Realgar | As4S4 | Mon. 2/m |
3.7.5 | Pararealgar | As4S4 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
3.7.6 | Alacránite | As8S9 | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
3.7.7 | Uzonite | As4S5 | Mon. |
3.7.8 | Orpiment | As2S3 | Mon. 2/m |
3.7.9 | Jeromite | Amor. | |
3.7.10 | Laphamite | As2Se3 | Mon. 2/m |
3.7.11 | Getchellite | AsSbS3 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
3.7.12 | Wakabayashilite | [(As,Sb)6S9][As4S5] | Orth. mm2 : Pna21 |
3.7.13 | Pääkkönenite | Sb2AsS2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
3.7.14 | Stibnite | Sb2S3 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
3.7.15 | Metastibnite | Sb2S3 | Amor. |
3.7.16 | Tellurantimony | Sb2Te3 | Trig. |
3.7.17 | Bismuthinite | Bi2S3 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
3.7.18 | Nevskite | Bi(Se,S) | Trig. |
3.7.19 | Guanajuatite | Bi2Se3 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
3.7.21 | Ikunolite | Bi4(S,Se)3 | Trig. |
3.7.22 | Laitakarite | Bi4Se2S | Trig. 3m : R3m |
3.7.23 | Poubaite | PbBi2(Se,Te,S)4 | Trig. |
3.7.24 | Tellurobismuthite | Bi2Te3 | Trig. |
3.7.25 | Součekite | PbCuBi(S,Se)3 | Orth. |
3.7.26 | Tsumoite | BiTe | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3 1m |
3.7.27 | Pilsenite | Bi4Te3 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
3.7.29 | Tetradymite | Bi2Te2S | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
3.7.30 | Joséite | Bi4TeS2 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
3.7.31 | Joséite-B | Bi4Te2S | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
3.7.32 | Ingodite | Bi2TeS | Trig. |
3.7.33 | Sulphotsumoite | Bi3Te2S | Trig. |
3.7.34 | Kawazulite | Bi2Te2Se | Trig. |
3.7.36 | Skippenite | Bi2TeSe2 | Trig. |
3.7.37 | Kochkarite | PbBi4Te7 | Trig. |
3.7.38 | Rucklidgeite | PbBi2Te4 | Trig. |
3.7.39 | Aleksite | PbBi2Te2S2 | Trig. |
3.7.40 | Junoite | Cu2Pb3Bi8(S,Se)16 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
References for Hedleyite
Reference List:
Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)
Warren, H.V., Peacock, M.A. (1945) Hedleyite, a new bismuth telluride from British Columbia, with notes on wehrlite and some bismuth-tellurium alloys. University of Toronto Studies, Geological Series: 49: 55-69.
Fleischer, M. (1945) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 30: 644-644.
Thompson, R.M. (1949) The telluride minerals and their occurrence in Canada. American Mineralogist: 34: 342-382.
Doklady of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Earth Science Sections: 230: 153-155.
Brown, A., Lewis, B. (1962) The systems bismuth-tellurium and antimony-tellurium and the synthesis of the minerals hedleyite and wehrlite. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids: 23: 1597-1604.
Fleischer, M. (1963) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 48: 433-437.
Zav'ylov, E.N., Begizov, V.D., Nechelyustov, G.N. (1976) New data on hedleyite. Doklady Acad. Nauk SSSR: 230: 1439-1441. (in Russian).
Criddle, A.J., Stanley, C.J., eds (1993) Quantitative data file for ore minerals, 3rd ed. Chapman & Hall, London, 227.
Cook, N.J., Ciobanu, C.L., Wagner, T., Stanley, C.J. (2007) Minerals of the system Bi-Te-Se-S related to the tetradymite archetype: review of classification and compositional variation. Canadian Mineralogist: 45: 665-708.
Ciobanu, C.L., Pring, A., Cook, N.J., Self, P., Jefferson, D., Dima, G.I., Melnikov, V. (2009) Chemical-structural modularity in the tetradymite group: A HRTEM study. American Mineralogist: 94: 517-534.
Cabral, A.R., Corrěa Neto, A.V. (2015) Empirical Bi8Te3 and Bi2Te from the São Sebastião gold deposit, Brazil: Implications for lode-gold mineralization in Minas Gerais. The Canadian Mineralogist: 53: 1061-1072.
Anthony, J.W., Bideaux, R.A., Bladh, K.W., Nichols, M.C., Eds. Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly, VA 20151-1110, USA. http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/ (2016)
Internet Links for Hedleyite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1843.html
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Localities for Hedleyite
Locality List




All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Seccombe, Philip & Downes, Peter & Ashley, Paul & Brathwaite, Robert & R Green, Geoffrey & Murray, C.G. & Rubenach, Michael. (2005). World Skarn Deposits: Skarns of the Southwest Pacific. in Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume. |
| Hein, K. A. A. (1994). The structure and geochemistry of gold mineralisation in the Mt. Todd goldfield, Pine Creek Inlier, Northern Territory (Doctoral dissertation, University of Tasmania). |
Hein, K. A. A. (1994). The structure and geochemistry of gold mineralisation in the Mt. Todd goldfield, Pine Creek Inlier, Northern Territory (Doctoral dissertation, University of Tasmania). | |
| |
| Cristiana Ciobanu & Bill Birch 2008, Gold-Bismuth-Tellurium Mineralisation at Maldon, Victoria, Australia: A Classic Locality Revisited, Sixth Iinternational Conference, Mineralogy and Museums; Ciobanu, C. L., Birch, W. D., Cook, N. J., Pring, A., & Grundler, P. V. (2010). Petrogenetic significance of Au–Bi–Te–S associations: the example of Maldon, Central Victorian gold province, Australia. Lithos, 116(1), 1-17. |
| Kalleske, N. L. (2010). Mineralogical and petrogenetic study of gold ore from the Boddington Gold Deposit, WA (Doctoral dissertation). |
Austria | |
| Brandstätter, F. & Niedermayr, G. (2006): 1433: Eine bemerkenswerte Pyrrhotin-Vererzung, mit Spuren von Cobaltit und Hedleyit sowie mit reichlich Prehnit aus einem alten Stollen in Ebriach, W Eisenkappel, Kärnten. In: Niedermayr, G., Bernhard, F., Bojar, H.-P., Brandstätter, F., Fink, H., Gröbner, J., Hammer, V. M. F., Knobloch, G., Kolitsch, U., Leikauf, B., Postl, W., Sabor, M. and Walter, F. (2006): Neue Mineralfunde aus Österreich LV. Carinthia II, Teil 1, 196./116. Jahrgang, 121-157. (in German) |
| Auer, C. (2019): Die Mineralien der Wolfsgrube bei Seiz im Liesingtal. Der Steirische Mineralog, 34, 5-11. |
| Auer, Ch. (2016): 1971) Anglesit, Aktinolith, Anorthit, "Apatit", Allanit-(Ce), Kassiterit, Elektrum, Ilmenit, Monazit-(Ce), Hedleyit, Segnitit, Titanit, Wismut ged. und Zirkon als Neufunde vom Lienzer Schlossberg, Osttirol. Pp. 217-218 in Walter, F. et al. (2016): Neue Mineralfunde aus Österreich LXV. Carinthia II, 206./126., 203-250. |
C.Auer (2016) | |
Belgium | |
| Weis, D., Dejonghe, L., Herbosch, A. (1980) Les associations des minéraux opaques et semi-opaques de la roche ignée de la Helle. Annales de la Société Géologique de Belgique, 103, 15–23.; Hatert, F., Deliens, M., Fransolet, A.-M., Van Der Meersche, E. (2002) Les minéraux de Belgique. 2ème édition, Muséum des Sciences Naturelles, Bruxelles, Belgium, 304 pages (in French). |
Bolivia | |
| Smithsonian specimen 85382 (1975) |
Brazil | |
| Oberthür, T. and Weiser, T. W. (2008): Gold-bismuth-telluride-sulphide assemblages at the Viceroy Mine, Harare-Bindura-Shamva greenstone belt, Zimbabwe. Mineralogical Magazine 72, 953-970. [contains also data on Passagem de Mariana Mine] |
| Grainger, C.J., Groves, D.I., Tallarico, F.H.B., and Fletcher, I.R. (2008): Ore Geology Reviews 33, 451-489. |
Bulgaria | |
| Dimitrova, D. et al. (2006): Bulgar. Acad. Sci. Annual Report No. 12, 19-32 |
Canada | |
| William (Bill) R. Howard (2007) Structural setting and geochemical correlations in bismuth (sulfo) telluride-native gold–bearing veins, CLY Group, British Columbia, Canada: A reduced intrusion-related gold system. Geologian tutkimuskeskus, Opas 53 – Geological Survey of Finland, Guide 53, pp 45-50; http://aris.empr.gov.bc.ca/ArisReports/29864.PDF; Cook, N., Ciobanu, C., & Howard, W. (2007). Bi-tellurides in gold veins BiTel Knoll (CLY prospect) southeastern British Columbia, Canada. |
| Manor, M.J., Scoates, J.S., Nixon,G.T., and Ames, D.E., 2014. Platinum-group mineralogy of the Giant Mascot Ni-CuPGE deposit, Hope, B.C. In: Geological Fieldwork 2013, British Columbia Ministry of Energy and Mines, British Columbia Geological Survey Paper 2014-1, pp. 141-156. |
| Roberts, J. (2017). Telluride mineralogy at the Deer Horn Au-Ag-Te-(Bi-Pb-W) deposit, Lindquist Peak, west-central British Columbia: implications for the generation of tellurides (MS dissertation, University of British Columbia). |
| WARREN, H.V. & PEACOCK, M.A. (1945): Hedleyite, a new bismuth telluride from British Columbia, with notes on wehrlite and some bismuthBtellurium alloys. University of Toronto Studies, Geological Series 49, 55-69. Abstract American Mineralogist 30, 644; G E Ray, G. L. Dawson, R Simpson (1983) The Geology And Controls Of Skakn Mineralization In The Hedley Gold Camp Southern British Columbia* (92W8, 82315) British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources. Geological Fieldwork, 1986, Paper 1987-1; MINFILE No 092HSE060; G.E. Ray and G.L. Dawson, (1994) The Geology and Mineral Deposits of the Hedley Gold Skarn District, Southern B.C. BC Geological Survey Bulletin 87: |
Econ Geol (1992) 87:1541-1565; G E Ray, G. L. Dawson, R Simpson (1983) The Geology And Controls Of Skakn Mineralization In The Hedley Gold Camp Southern British Columbia* (92W8, 82315) British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources. Geological Fieldwork, 1986, Paper 1987-1; MINFILE No 092HSE038; G.E. Ray and G.L. Dawson, (1994) The Geology and Mineral Deposits of the Hedley Gold Skarn District, Southern B.C. BC Geological Survey Bulletin 87: | |
Dana's New Mineralogy; THOMPSON, R.M. (1951) Mineral occurrences in Western Canada. American Mineralogist 36, 504-509.; Dawson, Garnet Linn. GEOLOGICAL SE flING OF TIlE HEDLEY GOLD SKARN CAMP WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO THE FRENCH MINE, SOUTH-CENTRAL BRITISH COLUMBIA. Diss. University of British Columbia, 1994. | |
| Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155. |
| Econ Geol (1985) 80:1297-1327 |
| Sabina (2003) 186. |
| Traill, R. J., 1970, A Catalogue of Canadian Minerals |
China | |
| Yunsheng Ren, Liandeng Liu, Jiwu Zhang, and Guohua Chen (2005): Gold 26(5), 9-12 |
Yunsheng Ren, Liandeng Liu, Jiwu Zhang, and Guohua Chen (2005): Gold 26(5), 9-12; Yunsheng Ren, Liandeng Liu, Guohua Chen, and Lianggen Liu (2007): Geology and Prospecting 43(3), 60-64 | |
Xiangping Gu, Watanabe, M., Hoshino, K., and Shibata, Y. (2001): Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte, 289–309; Jambor, J.L., Grew, E.S., and Roberts, A.C. (2002): American Mineralogist 87, 181-184. | |
| Zhenru Zhang, Xianchang Luo, Rongmei Chen, Xingzhen Yu, Sixue Yang, Yingchen Ren, Jiuwu Zeng, and Weijun Sun (1987): Geology and Prospecting 23(6), 38-40 |
| Furong Huang (1998): Acta Geoscientia Sinica 19(1), 50-58; Furong Huang (2001): Geology of Chemical Minerals 25(1), 8-10 |
| Ye, L., Liu, T., Yang, Y., Gao, W., Pan, Z., & Bao, T. (2014). Petrogenesis of bismuth minerals in the Dabaoshan Pb–Zn polymetallic massive sulfide deposit, northern Guangdong Province, China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 82, 1-9. |
| Bin Shu, Ping'an Wang, Faxian Dong, and Zhongjian Li (2006): Geological Bulletin of China 25(6), 745-755 |
| Peng Qiming and Xu Hong (1994): Chinese Journal of Geochemistry 13(1), 55-60. |
| Vikent'ev, I. V., Sidorova, N. V., Vikent'eva, O. V., Su, S. G., Luo, Z. H., & Bortnikov, N. S. (2015, June). Tellurides in the Laowan gold deposit (East China): New evidence for a magmatic source of hydrothermal fluids. In Doklady Earth Sciences (Vol. 462, No. 2, p. 581). Springer Science & Business Media. |
| Zhenkuan Luo, Kang Guan, Manzhi Wang, and Chuantai Wang (1999): Guizhou Geology 5(3), 69-74 |
| Zhenru Zhang, Xianchang Luo, Rongmei Chen, Xingzhen Yu, Sixue Yang, Yingchen Ren, Jiuwu Zeng, and Weijun Sun (1987): Geology and Prospecting 23(6), 38-40 |
| Zhenru Zhang, Xianchang Luo, Rongmei Chen, Xingzhen Yu, Sixue Yang, Yingchen Ren, Jiuwu Zeng, and Weijun Sun (1987): Geology and Prospecting 23(6), 38-40 |
| Chil-Sup So, Bai-Lu Jin, Seong-Taek Yun, Chul-Ho Heo, and Seung-Jun Youm (2002): Economic and Environmental Geology 35(3), 211-220. |
| Liyan Zhang (1985): Geology and Prospecting 21(8), 34-39 |
| Peng Qiming and Xu Hong (1994): Chinese Journal of Geochemistry 13(1), 55-60. |
| Wang, C., and Zhou, M.-F. (2006): Mineralium Deposita 41(8), 771-783 |
Czech Republic | |
| Zachariáš, J., Pudilová, M., Žák, K., Morávek, P., Litochleb, J., Váňa, T., Pertold, Z. (1997) P-T conditions, fluid inclusions and O, C, S isotope characteristics of gold-bearing mineralizations within the Central Bohemian Metallogenic Zone. - Acta Univ. Carolinae – Geologica, 41 (3-4), pp. 167–178. |
| Jiří Zachariáš, Petr Morávek, Petr Gadas, Jaroslava Pertoldová (2014): The Mokrsko-West gold deposit, Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic: Mineralogy, deposit setting and classification. Ore Geology Reviews 58, 238-263. |
| Fojt, B., Hauk, J., Kotrba, Z.: Mineralogie zlata a doprovodných minerálů ze Zlatého chlumu u Jeseníku. Věstník ÚÚG, 1988, 63, 2. |
| Vavřín, I.: Nové poznatky o selenidech Českého masívu. Bulletin Mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 1994, roč. 2, s. 82-89. |
Dominican Republic | |
| Colomer, J. M., Andreu, E., Torró, L., Proenza, J. A., Melgarejo, J. A., Chavez, C., ... & Lewis, J. F. (2013). Mineralogy, textures and new sulphur isotope data of the Cerro de Maimón VMS deposit ores, Dominican Republic. In Mineral deposit research for a high-tech world. Proceedings of the 12th Biennial SGA Meeting (Vol. 2, pp. 518-521).; Torró, L., Proenza, J. A., Melgarejo, J. C., Alfonso, P., de Pablo, J. F., Colomer, J. M., ... & Chávez, C. (2016). Mineralogy, geochemistry and sulfur isotope characterization of Cerro de Maimón (Dominican Republic), San Fernando and Antonio (Cuba) Lower Cretaceous VMS deposits: formation during subduction initiation of the Proto-Caribbean lithosphere within a fore-arc. Ore Geology Reviews, 72, 794-817. |
Finland | |
| Hytönen,K. (1999): Suomen Mineraalit. Geologian tutkimuskeskus. Erillisjulkaisu, Jyväskylä, 399 pp (p.346) |
Kojonen, Kari, Johanson, Bo and Pakkanen, Lassi (1991). Kelokorven malmiaiheiden malmimineragia ja petrografia. GTK raportti M 19/4244/-91/2/42 | |
http://www.gsf.fi/explor/gold/kivisuo.htm | |
Geological Survey of Finland 2008. Pampalo(Ward)-Gold Database. | |
Geological Survey of Finland 2008. Rämepuro-Gold Database. | |
| No reference listed |
| Kojonen, Kari, Johanson, Bo, Sipilä, Esko 1991. The Kiimala gold deposit in Haapavesi, Western Finland. in: Geological Survey of Finland, Current Research 1989-1990. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 12, 75-79, 1991 |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2008. Kouvervaara - Gold Database |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2008. Laivakangas-N - Gold Database |
| Kuikka, Antti (2014) Pirkkalan alueen kultaesiintymien malmimineralogia. Summary: Ore mineralogy of the gold deposits in the Pirkkala area Volyymi: 212, Julkaisusarja: Tutkimusraportti - Report of Investigation. Geologin Tutkimuskeskus. |
| http://www.gsf.fi/explor/gold/jokisivu.htm; Eilu, P. (2003). Exploration for orogenic gold deposits. Fennoscandian Exploration and Mining 2003. Rovaniemi, Finland |
| Niilo Kärkkäinen, Tapio Lehto, Lasse Pakkanen and Petri Rosenberg (2012). Exploration and the mineralogy of gold in the Kullaa area, Southern Finland. In: Geological Survey of Fpnland Special Paper 52 edited by Sari Grönholm and Niilo Kärkkäinen. |
| Kojonen,Kari 2008. Au-Ag tellurides-selenides in Finland. International Geological Congress, Oslo August 6-14th. Abstract; Kontoniemi, O., Johanson, B., Kojonen, K., & Pakkanen, L. (1991). Ore mineralogy of the Osikonmäki gold deposit, Rantasalmi, southeastern Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper, 12, 81-89. |
| Kärkkäinen, N., Koistinen, E. & Jokinen, T. 2007. Tutkimustyöselostus malmitutkimuksista Tammelan kunnan Riukan, kaivosrek.nro 7483/1, ja Pursion, kaivosrek.nro 7482/1, valtauksilla. Geological Survey of Finland, Report M06/2024/2007/10/69. |
Georgia | |
| Kekelia, S., Kekelia, M., Gagnidze, N., Popkhadze, N., Mshvenieradze, I., Lobzhanidze, K., & Kharazishvili, G. (2017). Svaneti Gold Occurence (Kirar-Abakuri Ore Knot) and its Genesis. Bull. Georg. Natl. Acad. Sci, 11(2). |
Greece | |
| Rieck, B., Kolitsch, U., Voudouris, P., Giester, G., Tzeferis, P. (2020): Lavrion, Griechenland: Weitere Neufunde aus dem berühmten Bergbaurevier. Mineralien-Welt 31(3), 6-21 (in German). |
India | |
| Mishra, B., and Panigrahi, M.K. (1999): Mineralium Deposita 34, 173-181. |
Italy | |
| AA. VV., 1996. Collezionare minerali. Hobby & Work. |
Japan | |
| Yamada, S. (2004) Nihonsankoubutsu Gojuonhairetsu Sanchi-ichiranhyou, p 80. |
| Haruna, Makoto et al. (2002) Mineralogical and oxygen isotope constraints on the origin of the contact-metamorphosed bedded manganese deposit at Nagasawa, Japan. The Canadian Mineralogist, 40, 1069-1089. |
| Satoshi Matsubara, Ritsuro Miyawaki, Kazumi Yokoyama, Masako Shigeoka, Akira Harada, Takashi Yamada, Kazuko Kawashima, Koichi Shimizu, Hiroshi Miyajima (2010) Bi-Te minerals from the Mukaidani mine, Chino City, Nagano Prefecture, Japan. (Meeting of the Mineralogical Society of Japan) |
| Uehara, S., et al (2014) MInerals from Kyushu and Yamaguchi. (Fukuoka Mineral Club, 355 pages); Josef Vajdak specimens. |
Kazakhstan | |
| Kovalev, K. R., Syzdykov, S. O., Kalinin, Y. A., Naumov, E. A., Baranov, V. V., Sukhorukov, V. P., ... & Zhimulev, F. I. (2018). The Raigorodok stockwork gold-sulfide-quartz deposit in the North Kazakhstan gold ore province. Russian Geology and Geophysics, 59(11), 1482-1496. |
| Baibatsha, A., Dyussembayeva, K., & Kassenova, A. (2015). Microparagenetic Associations of Gold in Ore-Forming Minerals from Deposits of Different Geological and Industrial Types of Kazakhstan. In Proceedings of the 11th International Congress for Applied Mineralogy (ICAM) (pp. 1-8). Springer International Publishing.; Baibatsha, A., Dyussembayeva, K., & Kassenova, A. (2015). Microparagenetic Associations of Gold in Ore-Forming Minerals from Deposits of Different Geological and Industrial Types of Kazakhstan. In Proceedings of the 11th International Congress for Applied Mineralogy (ICAM) (pp. 1-8). Springer, Cham. |
Mauritania | |
| Kolb, J., Sakellaris, G. A., & Meyer, F. M. (2006). Controls on hydrothermal Fe oxide–Cu–Au–Co mineralization at the Guelb Moghrein deposit, Akjoujt area, Mauritania. Mineralium Deposita, 41(1), 68-81.; Sakellaris, Grigorios Aarne & Meyer, Franz & Kolb, Jochen & Voudouris, Panagiotis. (2009). Implications for exsolution of Bi-Au-Ag-Te minerals from sulf-arsenides during retrograde metamorphism. A case study: Guelb Moghrein, Mauritania. RMS Annual Session 2009, Ontogeny of minerals applied to scientific and industrial uses, At St Petersburg; Kolb, Jochen & Petrov, Nikolay. (2015). The Guelb Moghrein Cu–Au deposit: Neoarchaean hydrothermal sulfide mineralization in carbonate-facies iron formation. Ore Geology Reviews. 78. 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.09.003. |
Morocco | |
| Ilmen, S., Alansari, A., Baidada, B., Maacha, L., & Bajddi, A. (2016). Minerals of the Ag–Bi–Cu–Pb–S system from the Amensif carbonate-replacement deposit (western High Atlas, Morocco). Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 161, 85-97. |
Myanmar | |
| Sint, N. N., Yonezu, K., Tindell, T., Aye, M. T., Win, H., Imai, A., & Watanabe, K. (2019). Geology and Skarn Cu–Bi–Au Mineralization at Shwe Min Bon Area, Kalaw Township, Southern Shan State, Myanmar. Resource Geology, 69(1), 85-106. |
Sint, N. N., Yonezu, K., Tindell, T., Aye, M. T., Win, H., Imai, A., & Watanabe, K. (2019). Geology and Skarn Cu–Bi–Au Mineralization at Shwe Min Bon Area, Kalaw Township, Southern Shan State, Myanmar. Resource Geology, 69(1), 85-106. | |
Norway | |
| Lindahl, I. (1975): Contribution to the mineralogy of Norway, no 60. Hedleyite (Bi14Te6) from the Vaddas-Rieppe area, north Troms, Northern Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, 55: 283-290. |
Lindahl, I. (1975): Contribution to the mineralogy of Norway, no 60. Hedleyite (Bi14Te6) from the Vaddas-Rieppe area, north Troms, Northern Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, 55: 283-290. | |
Lindahl, I. (1975): Contribution to the mineralogy of Norway, no 60. Hedleyite (Bi14Te6) from the Vaddas-Rieppe area, north Troms, Northern Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, 55: 283-290. | |
Lindahl, I. (1975): Contribution to the mineralogy of Norway, no 60. Hedleyite (Bi14Te6) from the Vaddas-Rieppe area, north Troms, Northern Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, 55: 283-290. | |
Lindahl, I. (1975): Contribution to the mineralogy of Norway, no 60. Hedleyite (Bi14Te6) from the Vaddas-Rieppe area, north Troms, Northern Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, 55: 283-290. | |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Eos Trans. AGU, 81 (48), Fall Meet. Suppl., 2000 |
Poland | |
| Mikulski, S. Z. (2005, January). The telluride mineralization event (s) within the late-variscan gold deposits in the western Sudetes (NE part of the Bohemian massif, SW Poland). In Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge (pp. 1415-1418). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. |
Portugal | |
| Mercedes Fuertes-Fuente, Antonia Cepedal, Alexandre Lima, Armanda Dória, Maria dos Anjos Ribeiro, Alexandra Guedes (2016): The Au-bearing vein system of the Limarinho deposit (northern Portugal): Genetic constraints from Bi-chalcogenides and Bi–Pb–Ag sulfosalts, fluid inclusions and stable isotopes. Ore Geology Reviews 72, 213-231. |
Romania | |
| Cook, N. J., Ciobanu, C. L., & Bogdanov, K. (2002) Trace mineralogy of the Upper Cretaceous banatitic Magmatic and metallogenetic Belt, SE Europe. In 11th Quadrennial IAGOD symposium–Geocongress 2002, Windhoek, Namibia, July 2002. CD Volume of extended abstracts. |
| Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 65(3), pp. 351–372 |
Russia | |
| Sidorov, V. A., Volkov, A. V., Wolfson, A. A., & Sidorov, A. A. (2007, November). Au-Bi-Te mineralization of the Kontaktovyi stock in Northeast Russia. In Doklady Earth Sciences (Vol. 417, No. 1, pp. 1164-1168). Nauka/Interperiodica. |
| Alekseev, V. I., & Marin, Y. B. (2015). Composition and evolution of accessory mineralization of Li–F granites in the Far East as indicators of their ore potential. Geology of Ore Deposits, 57(8), 635-644. |
| Gonevchuk, V. G., Gonevchuk, G. A., Korostelev, P. G., Semenyak, B. I., & Seltmann, R. (2010). Tin deposits of the Sikhote–Alin and adjacent areas (Russian Far East) and their magmatic association. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 57(6), 777-802. |
| Чернявский, А. В., Волошин, А. В., & Войтеховский, Ю. Л. (2013). ЗОЛОТОРУДНЫЕ ПРОЯВЛЕНИЯ ПАНАРЕЧЕНСКОЙ ВУЛКАНО-ТЕКТОНИЧЕСКОЙ СТРУКТУРЫ, КОЛЬСКИЙ РЕГИОН: ТИПЫ МИНЕРАЛИЗАЦИИ. МАТЕРИАЛЫ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЙ КОНФЕРЕЦИИ, 197.; Chernyavsky, А. V., Voytekhovsky, Y. L., Voloshin, А. V., & Savchenko, Е. E. (2012). Ore minerals of the Panarechka epithermal low-sulphide Au-Ag deposit. In Proceedings of the MSTU (Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 330-335). |
| Handbook of Mineralogy; Soloviev, S. G., & Krivoshchekov, N. N. (2011). Vostok-2 gold-base-metal-tungsten skarn deposit, Central Sikhote-Alin, Russia. Geology of Ore Deposits, 53(6), 478-500.; Gvozdev, V. I. (2001) The Arminsky Ore District. pp87-97 in Khanchuk, A.I., Gonevchuk, G.A. & Seltmann, R. (Eds) Metallogeny of the Pacific Northwest (Russian Far East): Tectonics, Magmatism and Metallogeny of Active Continental Margins. IAGOD Guidebook series 11, Dalnauka Publishing House, Vladivostok 2004, 176 p |
| [MinRec 32:8] |
Simanenko, L.F. (2006): Geology of Ore Deposits 48(4), 290-303; Simanenko, L. F. (2007). Modes of trace element occurrence in galena from the Partizansky base metal-skarn deposit, Primorye. Russian Journal of Pacific Geology, 1(2), 144-152. | |
| Alekseev, V. I., & Marin, Y. B. (2015). Composition and evolution of accessory mineralization of Li–F granites in the Far East as indicators of their ore potential. Geology of Ore Deposits, 57(8), 635-644. |
| Gvozdev, V.I., Dobroshevsky, K.N., Vakh, A.S. et al. (2016): Malinovka deposit—A new type of gold mineralization in Primorye, Russia: Geology, mineralogy, and genesis. Russ. J. of Pac. Geol. 10, 34-49. |
| Ivashchenko, V. I., Valkama, M., Sundblad, K., Golubev, A. I., & Alekseev, V. Y. (2011, September). New data on mineralogy and metallogeny of scarns in the Pitkyaranta ore region. In Doklady Earth Sciences (Vol. 440, No. 1, pp. 1307-1311). SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica |
| Ivashchenko, V. I., Bushmin, S. A., Ruchyev, A. M., Kornakov, A. S., Bogomolov, E. S., Savva, E. V., ... & Frolov, P. V. (2018, June). First Evidence of the Archean Age of Orogenic Gold of the Russian Part of the Karelian Craton (Fennoscandian Shield): Sm–Nd Mineral Isochron for Gold-Bearing Metasomatites of the Novye Peski Deposit. In Doklady Earth Sciences (Vol. 480, No. 2, pp. 804-809). Pleiades Publishing. |
| V. I. Ivashchenko, O. B. Lavrov, K. Sundblad and A. N. Toritsin (2007) Au-Ag-Bi-Te-Se vein mineralization at Roikonkoski, Karelia, northern Lake Ladoga region. Geological Survey of Finland, Guide 53 pp 51-56 |
| Gamyanin, G. N.; Bortnikov, N. S.; Zhdanov, Yu. Ya.; Zayakina, N. V.; Mokhov, A. V.; Popova, S. K.; Suknev, V. S. (2007): New Pb-As-bearing eulytite from the Galechnoe ore deposit, eastern Yakutia, Russia. Doklady Earth Sciences 413, 300-303. |
| Krivitskaya, N. N., Bryzgalov, I. A., & Spiridonov, E. M. (2008, June). Jonassonite AuBi 5 S 4: The first find in Transbaikalia. In Doklady Earth Sciences (Vol. 420, No. 1, pp. 576-579). MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica. |
Slovakia | |
| Pršek, J., & Peterec, D. (2008). Bi-Se-Te mineralization from Úhorná (Spišsko Gemerské Rudohorie Mts., Słovakia): A preliminary report. Mineralogia, 39(3), 87-103. |
Spain | |
| Cepedal, A., M. Fuertes-Fuente, A. Martín-Izard, S. González-Nistal, and L. Rodríguez-Pevida (2006), Tellurides, selenides and Bi-mineral assemblages from the Río Narcea Gold Belt, Asturias, Spain: genetic implications in Cu–Au and Au skarns. Mineralogy and Petrology: 87: 277–304. |
| Minero, G. (2014) Tellurides, sulfides and sulfosalts in the mineral paragenesis of the Corcoesto orogenic gold deposit, NW Spain. 21 st meeting of the International Mineralogical Association. p 92 |
Sweden | |
| No reference listed |
| Kjell Gatedal |
| No reference listed |
T. Wikström, thesis from Stockholm University | |
Switzerland | |
| MEISSER, N. et DELLA VALLE, G. (1993): Hedleyite, Bi7Te3, and Joseite-B, Bi4Te2S, from Salanfe skarn, Aiguilles-Rouge massif, Switzerland. Schweiz. Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt. 73, 149-150. ; Meisser, N. (2012): La minéralogie de l'uranium dans le massif des Aiguilles Rouges. Matér. Géol. Suisse, Sér. géotech. 96, 183 p. |
Tajikistan | |
| Novgorodova, M.I., Generalov, M.Ye., Gorshkov, A.I., Sivtsov, A.V., Uspenskiy, Ye.I (1991) Association of native gold with bismuthyl carbonates and tellurates. Izvestiya Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol.: 4: 102-108 (in Russian); in: Jambor, J.L., Grew, E.S. (1993): New mineral Names. :merican Mineralogist: 78: 234 |
| D.I.Belakovskiy data |
Belakovski D.I.. Die Mineralien der brennenden Kohlefloze von Ravat in Tadshikistan, Lapis, 1990, N 12 p.21-26. (in German); Belakovski D.I.. Die Mineralien der brennenden Kohlefloze von Ravat in Tadshikistan, Lapis, 1990, N 12 p.21-26. (in German) | |
UK | |
| Cooper, M.P. and Stanley, C.J. (1991) Famous Mineral Localities: Pyromorphite Group Minerals from the Caldbeck Fells, Cumbria, England. Mineralogical Record, 22(2), 105-121. |
| Cooper, M.P. and Stanley, C.J. (1990) Minerals of the English Lake District: Caldbeck Fells. Natural History Museum Publications, London, 160 pp.; BMS Database |
| BMS Database |
Ukraine | |
| Ciobanu, C. L., Cook, N. J., Pring, A., Brugger, J., Danyushevsky, L. V., & Shimizu, M. (2009). ‘Invisible gold’in bismuth chalcogenides. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73(7), 1970-1999.; Cook, N. J., Ciobanu, C. L., Wagner, T., & Stanley, C. J. (2007). Minerals of the system Bi–Te–Se–S related to the tetradymite archetype: review of classification and compositional variation. The Canadian Mineralogist, 45(4), 665-708. |
| Shumlyanskyy, L., Svyatoslav Galiy and Konstantin Kogut (2000) Noble metal mineralizations in the Prutivka dolerite massif, north-west region of the Ukrainian shield pp41-44 in Weihed, P. & Martinsson, O. (Eds.), 2000: Abstract volume & Field trip guidebook, 2nd annual GEODE-Fennoscandian shield field workshop on Palaeoproterozoic and Archaean greenstone belts and VMS districts in the Fennoscandian Shield 28 August to 1 September, 2000, Gällivare-Kiruna, Sweden. Luleå University of Technology, Research Report 2000:6. |
USA | |
| Raymond, L. M. (2018). Gold and base metal mineralization of the Dolphin intrusion-related gold deposit, Fairbanks Mining District, Alaska. University of Alaska Fairbanks. |
| Rombach, C. S., Newberry, R. J., Goldfarb, R. J., & Smith, M. (2002, October). Geochronology and Mineralization of the Liese Zones, Pogo Deposit, Alaska. In 2002 Denver Annual Meeting. |
Illig, Peter (2015) Amphibole Au -Cu Skarn and Massive Sulfide Replacement at the Peak Deposit,Eastern Interior,Alaska | |
| NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada |
| http://www.pnwfm.org/newsletters/PNWFM_newsletter_0409.pdf |
Uzbekistan | |
| Koneev, R.I., Turesebekov, A.H., Ignatikov, E.N., Vasilevsky, B.B., and Rakhimov, R.R. (2005), In: Jingwen Mao and Bierlein, F.P. (Eds.): Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge, Vol. 1, 1403-1406; Rustam Koneev, Evgeniy Ignatikov, Arpay Turesebekov, Umid Aripov, Rustam Khalmatov, Obidjon Kodirov, Miraziz Usmanov (2005) Gold ore deposits of Uzbekistan: Geochemistry and nanomineralogy of tellurium and selenium. IGCP Project 486, 2005 Field Workshop, Kiten, Bulgaria, 14-19 September 2005 |
| Torsten Graupner, Samuel Niedermann, Dieter Rhede, Ulf Kempe, Reimar Seltmann, C. Terry Williams and Reiner Klemd (2010): Multiple sources for mineralizing fluids in the Charmitan gold(-tungsten) mineralization (Uzbekistan). Mineralium Deposita 45, 667-682. ; Rustam Koneev, Evgeniy Ignatikov, Arpay Turesebekov, Umid Aripov, Rustam Khalmatov, Obidjon Kodirov, Miraziz Usmanov (2005) Gold ore deposits of Uzbekistan: Geochemistry and nanomineralogy of tellurium and selenium. IGCP Project 486, 2005 Field Workshop, Kiten, Bulgaria, 14-19 September 2005; Eshimov, T. E. & Khamrabaeva, Z. I. (1987): Bismuth ore mineralization of Zarmitan. Uzbekiston Geologiya Zhurnali 1987 (4), 78-82 (in Russian). |
| Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990 |
Zimbabwe | |
| Oberthür, T. and Weiser, T. W. (2008): Gold-bismuth-telluride-sulphide assemblages at the Viceroy Mine, Harare-Bindura-Shamva greenstone belt, Zimbabwe. Mineralogical Magazine 72, 953-970. |
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