Galenobismutite
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About Galenobismutite
Formula:
PbBi2S4
Colour:
Lead-gray, gray, light gray, tin-white
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
2½ - 3½
Specific Gravity:
6.9 - 7.1
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
Named after its chemical composition.
Classification of Galenobismutite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1990
2/E.34-05
2.JC.25e
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
J : Sulfosalts of PbS archetype
C : Galena derivatives, with Tl
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
J : Sulfosalts of PbS archetype
C : Galena derivatives, with Tl
Dana 7th ed.:
3.7.9.1
3.7.9.1
3 : SULFOSALTS
7 : ø = 2
3 : SULFOSALTS
7 : ø = 2
5.6.23
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
6 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Pb alone
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
6 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Pb alone
Physical Properties of Galenobismutite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Lead-gray, gray, light gray, tin-white
Comment:
May tarnish yellow or iridescent
Streak:
Gray-black
Hardness:
2½ - 3½ on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=142 - 194 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Flexible
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Good on the {110}
Good on the {110}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
6.9 - 7.1 g/cm3 (Measured) 7.195 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Galenobismutite
Anisotropism:
Strong
Colour in reflected light:
White
Chemical Properties of Galenobismutite
Formula:
PbBi2S4
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Galenobismutite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 11.65 Å, b = 14.49 Å, c = 4.08 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.804 : 1 : 0.282
Unit Cell V:
688.74 ų
Z:
4
Morphology:
Lathlike, elongated [001] and flattened {100}; needles [001]; striated [001]. Extremely thin plates at times {100}. Crystals frequently bent or twisted. Massive, columnar to fibrous, or compact.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0006073 | Galenobismutite | Pinto D, Balic-Zunic T, Garavelli A, Makovicky E, Vurro F (2006) Comparative crystal-structure study of Ag-free lillianite and galenobismutite from Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy The Canadian Mineralogist 44 159-175 | ![]() | 2006 | Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy | 0 | 293 |
0006326 | Galenobismutite | Topa D, Makovicky E, Putz H (2010) The crystal structure of angelaite, Cu2AgPbBiS4 The Canadian Mineralogist 48 145-153 | 2010 | Angela mine, Los Manantiales district, Chubut province, Argentina | 0 | 293 | |
0009086 | Galenobismutite | Olsen L A, Balic-Zunic T, Makovicky E, Ullrich A, Miletich R (2007) Hydrostatic compression of galenobismutite (PbBi2S4): elastic properties and high-pressure crystal chemistry Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 467-475 | 2007 | synthetic | 0.0001 | 293 | |
0009087 | Galenobismutite | Olsen L A, Balic-Zunic T, Makovicky E, Ullrich A, Miletich R (2007) Hydrostatic compression of galenobismutite (PbBi2S4): elastic properties and high-pressure crystal chemistry Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 467-475 | 2007 | synthetic | 0.16 | 293 | |
0009088 | Galenobismutite | Olsen L A, Balic-Zunic T, Makovicky E, Ullrich A, Miletich R (2007) Hydrostatic compression of galenobismutite (PbBi2S4): elastic properties and high-pressure crystal chemistry Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 467-475 | 2007 | synthetic | 0.6 | 293 | |
0009089 | Galenobismutite | Olsen L A, Balic-Zunic T, Makovicky E, Ullrich A, Miletich R (2007) Hydrostatic compression of galenobismutite (PbBi2S4): elastic properties and high-pressure crystal chemistry Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 467-475 | 2007 | synthetic | 1.39 | 293 | |
0009090 | Galenobismutite | Olsen L A, Balic-Zunic T, Makovicky E, Ullrich A, Miletich R (2007) Hydrostatic compression of galenobismutite (PbBi2S4): elastic properties and high-pressure crystal chemistry Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 467-475 | 2007 | synthetic | 2.97 | 293 | |
0009091 | Galenobismutite | Olsen L A, Balic-Zunic T, Makovicky E, Ullrich A, Miletich R (2007) Hydrostatic compression of galenobismutite (PbBi2S4): elastic properties and high-pressure crystal chemistry Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 467-475 | 2007 | synthetic | 4.15 | 293 | |
0009092 | Galenobismutite | Olsen L A, Balic-Zunic T, Makovicky E, Ullrich A, Miletich R (2007) Hydrostatic compression of galenobismutite (PbBi2S4): elastic properties and high-pressure crystal chemistry Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 467-475 | 2007 | synthetic | 4.78 | 293 | |
0009093 | Galenobismutite | Olsen L A, Balic-Zunic T, Makovicky E, Ullrich A, Miletich R (2007) Hydrostatic compression of galenobismutite (PbBi2S4): elastic properties and high-pressure crystal chemistry Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 467-475 | 2007 | synthetic | 6.06 | 293 | |
0009094 | Galenobismutite | Olsen L A, Balic-Zunic T, Makovicky E, Ullrich A, Miletich R (2007) Hydrostatic compression of galenobismutite (PbBi2S4): elastic properties and high-pressure crystal chemistry Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 467-475 | 2007 | synthetic | 8.65 | 293 | |
0009095 | Galenobismutite | Olsen L A, Balic-Zunic T, Makovicky E, Ullrich A, Miletich R (2007) Hydrostatic compression of galenobismutite (PbBi2S4): elastic properties and high-pressure crystal chemistry Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 467-475 | 2007 | synthetic | 8.92 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
3.65 Å | (3) |
3.45 Å | (10) |
3.03 Å | (4) |
2.76 Å | (3) |
2.46 Å | (4) |
2.05 Å | (4) |
1.961 Å | (5) |
Geological Environment
Geological Setting:
Hydrothermal veins
Type Occurrence of Galenobismutite
Synonyms of Galenobismutite
Other Language Names for Galenobismutite
Varieties of Galenobismutite
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
6 photos of Galenobismutite associated with Cosalite | Pb2Bi2S5 |
4 photos of Galenobismutite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
3 photos of Galenobismutite associated with Bismutite | (BiO)2CO3 |
3 photos of Galenobismutite associated with Helvine | Be3Mn2+4(SiO4)3S |
3 photos of Galenobismutite associated with Andradite | Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 |
3 photos of Galenobismutite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
2 photos of Galenobismutite associated with Mimetite | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl |
1 photo of Galenobismutite associated with Beyerite | Ca(BiO)2(CO3)2 |
1 photo of Galenobismutite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping
2.JC.05 | Ellisite | Tl3AsS3 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
2.JC.10 | Gillulyite | Tl2As7.5Sb0.3S13 | Mon. 2/m |
2.JC.40a | Nakaseite | CuAg3Pb4Sb12S24 |
Related Minerals - Dana Grouping (8th Ed.)
3.7.9.3 | Berthierite | FeSb2S4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
3.7.9.4 | Garavellite | FeSbBiS4 | Orth. |
Related Minerals - Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals Grouping
5.6.1 | Sartorite | PbAs2S4 | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
5.6.2 | Dufrénoysite | Pb2As2S5 | Mon. 2 : P21 |
5.6.3 | Liveingite | Pb9As13S28 | Mon. |
5.6.4 | Baumhauerite | Pb12As16S36 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
5.6.5 | Gratonite | Pb9As4S15 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
5.6.6 | Jordanite | Pb14(As,Sb)6S23 | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
5.6.7 | Fülöppite | Pb3Sb8S15 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
5.6.8 | Zinkenite | Pb9Sb22S42 | Hex. 6 : P63 |
5.6.9 | Plagionite | Pb5Sb8S17 | Mon. 2/m |
5.6.10 | Heteromorphite | Pb7Sb8S19 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
5.6.11 | Launayite | CuPb10(Sb,As)12S20 | Mon. |
5.6.12 | Playfairite | Pb16(Sb,As)19S44Cl | Mon. |
5.6.13 | Semseyite | Pb9Sb8S21 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
5.6.14 | Madocite | Pb19(Sb,As)16S43 | Orth. |
5.6.15 | Boulangerite | Pb5Sb4S11 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
5.6.17 | Robinsonite | Pb4Sb6S13 | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
5.6.18 | Guettardite | PbAsSbS4 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
5.6.19 | Twinnite | Pb0.8Tl0.1Sb1.3As0.8S4 | Mon. 2/m |
5.6.20 | Veenite | Pb16Sb9-xAs7+xS40, x ~ 0-0.5 | Mon. 2 : P21 |
5.6.21 | Sorbyite | CuPb9(Sb,As)11S26 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
5.6.22 | Geocronite | Pb14(Sb,As)6S23 | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
5.6.24 | Cosalite | Pb2Bi2S5 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
5.6.25 | Cannizzarite | Pb48Bi56S132 | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
5.6.26 | Lillianite | Pb3-2xAgxBi2+xS6 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
5.6.27 | Giessenite | Pb27Cu2(Bi,Sb)19S57 | Mon. 2/m |
5.6.28 | Platynite | ||
5.6.29 | Xilingolite | Pb3Bi2S6 | Mon. |
5.6.30 | Weibullite | Pb5Bi8Se7S11 | Orth. |
5.6.31 | Wittite | Pb9Bi12(S,Se)27 | Mon. |
5.6.32 | Kirkiite | Pb10Bi3As3S19 | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
5.6.33 | Ustarasite | Pb(Bi,Sb)6S10 (?) |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
References for Galenobismutite
Reference List:
Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)
Sjögren (1878) Geol. För. Förh.: 4: 109.
Groth (1882) 25 (as Bleiwismuthglanz).
Shannon (1920) American Journal of Science: 49: 106.
Shannon (1920) U.S. National Museum Proceedings: 58: 589.
Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1944) The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Volume I: Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 471-473.
Wickman, F.E. (1951) The crystal structure of galenobismutite, PbBi2S4. Arkiv Mineral.: 1(9): 219.
Iitaka, Y. and Nowacki, W. (1962) A redetermination of the crystal structure of galenobismutite, PbBi2S4. Acta Crystallographica: 15: 691-698.
Pinto, D. (2005) Mineralogy, crystal-chemistry and structures of sulfosalts from Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy): Ag-free lillianite, Cl-bearing galenobismutite, kirkiite and the new mineral vurroite. Plinius, 31, 197-202.
Pinto, Daniela, Tonèi Balić-Žunić, Anna Garavelli, Emil Makovicky, Filippo Vurro (2006) Comparative crystal-structure study of Ag-free lillianite and galenobismutite from Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy. Canadian Mineralogist: 44(1): 159-175.
Ohta, Michihiro; Chung, Duck Young; Kunii, Masaru; Kanatzidis, Mercouri G. (2014) Low lattice thermal conductivity in Pb5Bi6Se14, Pb3Bi2S6, and PbBi2S4: promising thermoelectric materials in the cannizzarite, lillianite, and galenobismuthite [sic] homologous series. Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability 2, 20048-20058.
Internet Links for Galenobismutite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1642.html
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
Localities for Galenobismutite
Locality List




All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| DE BRODTKORB, Milka K. Precious metaltellurides and other Te-bearing minerals in different paragenesis of Argentina: A review. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2009, vol.64, n.3, pp. 365-372. |
Australia | |
| McClatchie & Sylvester (1970) |
| Metallogenic Study and Mineral Deposit Data Sheets: Grafton-Maclean Metallogenic Map (SH/56-10, SH/56-11), Geological Survey of New South Wales, 2001: HF Henley, RE Brown, JW Brownlow, RG Barnes and WJ Stroud. Published by the Geological Survey of New South Wales. |
| Somarin, A. K. (2009): Ore mineralogy and mineral chemistry of the Glen Eden Mo-W-Sn greisen-breccia system, eastern Australia. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 104, 339-355. |
| Rankin, J., Lawrence, L.J., Sharpe, J.L., Williams, P.A. (2002) Rare secondary bismuth, tungsten and molybdenum minerals from Elsmore, New England district of New South Wales. Australian Journal of Mineralogy, 8:1, 55-60. |
Lawrence, L.J. & Markham, N.L. (1962) - A contribution to the study of the molybdenite pipes of Kingsgate, NSW, with special reference to ore mineralogy. - Proceedings of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 203, 67-94. ; Karup-Møller, S. (1977). Mineralogy of some Ag-(Cu)-Pb-Bi sulphide associations. Bulletin Geological Society Denmark, 26, 41-68. | |
Clissold, M. E. (2007) Aspects of the Supergene Geochemistry of Copper, Nickel and Bismuth. PhD Thesis University of Sydney, Australia 162pp. | |
Clissold, M. E., Leverett, P., Sharpe, J. L. & Williams, P. A. (2008): Primary bismuth minerals from the Wolfram pipe, Kingsgate, New South Wales. Australian Journal of Mineralogy 14, 19-25. ; Clissold, M. E. (2007) Aspects of the Supergene Geochemistry of Copper, Nickel and Bismuth. PhD Thesis University of Sydney, Australia 162pp. | |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit Details Deposit Number: 1573 |
| Bottrill, R.S., Baker, W.E. (2008) A Catalogue of the Minerals of Tasmania. Geological Survey Tasmania Bulletin 73, 254 pages. |
| Collins, P., Hooper, B., & Cornelius, M. (2004). Whim Creek Cu-Zn-Pb deposit, Pilbara, WA. Regolith Expression of Australian Ore Systems. CRC LEME, Perth, 1-3. |
Austria | |
| G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995 |
Pichler, A. (2009): Bergbau in Westkärnten. Eine Bestandsaufnahme der noch sichtbaren Merkmale der historischen Bergbaue in Westkärnten. - Carinthia II, 63. Sh., 416 S., Klagenfurt | |
| G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995 |
Bergbau in Westkärnten | |
Walter, F. & Ettinger, K. (2005): 1406) Galenobismutit, Sphalerit, Pentlandit und Cosalit von der Feldseescharte, Wurten. Pp. 290-291 in: NIEDERMAYR, G., C. AUER, F. BERNHARD, H.-P. BOJAR, F. BRANDSTÄTTER, A. ERTL, K. ETTINGER, V. M. F. HAMMER, B. LEIKAUF, W. POSTL, M. SABOR, R. SCHUSTER, R. SEEMANN & F. WALTER (2005): Neue Mineralfunde aus Österreich LIV. – Carinthia II, 195./115.: 277-315. | |
Paar, W.H., and Niedermayr, G. (1998): Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft 143, 425-435. | |
| NIEDERMAYR, G., C. AUER, F. BERNHARD, H.-P. BOJAR, F. BRANDSTÄTTER, A. ERTL, K. ETTINGER, V. M. F. HAMMER, B. LEIKAUF, W. POSTL, M. SABOR, R. SCHUSTER, R. SEEMANN & F. WALTER (2005): Neue Mineralfunde aus Österreich LIV. – Carinthia II, 195./115.: 277-315. |
| A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs, 1989 |
Oliver Dziallas collection; Peter Neschen collection (from dealer; Thomas Schachtkopf Mine & Vogelsangmine) | |
| Putz, H. (2011): Neuigkeiten zur Landesmineralogie von Salzburg. Miner. Arch. Salzb., 14, 304-308 (p. 304: Galenobismutit, Bismuthinit, Krupkait und ged. Wismut aus dem Wasserüberleitungs-Stollen Rotgüldensee-Sticklerhütte, Lungau). |
| Niedermayr, G. et al. (2008): Neue Mineralfunde aus Österreich LVII. Carinthia II, 198./118., 223-274. |
| Steiner&Melcher (2020): 2163) Gediegen Bismut, Bismuthinit, Ichnusait /Nuragheit, Sztrókayit und Wulfenit aus der Reichenspitzgruppe, Salzburg / Tirol. Pp. 247-248 in Walter, F. et al. (2018): Neue Mineralfunde aus Österreich LXIX. Carinthia II, 210./130., 153-218. |
| peter neschen collection |
Topa, D., Makovicky, E., Criddle, A.J., Paar, W.H., and Balić-Žunić, T. (2001) Felbertalite, Cu2Pb6Bi8S19, a new mineral species from Felbertal, Salzburg Province, Austria. European Journal of Mineralogy: 13: 961-972.; Jambor, J.L. and Roberts, A.C. (2002) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 87: 765-768.; Kolitsch, U. (2009) 1585) Gustavit und andere Pb-Bi-Sulfosalze vom Westfeld des Scheelitbergbaues Felbertal, Salzburg. p. 207 in: Niedermayr, G. et al. (2009) Neue Mineralfunde aus Österreich LVIII. Carinthia II, 199/119, 189-236. | |
| A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs (1989) |
Kolitsch, U. (2012): 1747) Galenobismutit von der Aschamalm im Untersulzbachtal, Salzburg. Pp. 153-153 in Niedermayr, G. et al. (2012): Neue Mineralfunde aus Österreich LXI. Carinthia II, 202./122., 123-180. [locality is given as Aschamalm] | |
| Kolitsch, U. (2013): 1796) Anglesit, Bismuthinit, Cerussit(?), Diopsid, Galenit, Galenobismutit, Jarosit, Kalifeldspat, Linarit, Pyrit (Co-haltig), Pyrrhotin, Scheelit, Tetraedrit, Vesuvian(?), gediegen Wismut und Zirkon von der Putzkammeralpe im Rindertal (Gaflunatal) im Montafon, Vorarlberg. Pp. 108-110 in Niedermayr, G. et al. (2013): Neue Mineralfunde aus Österreich LXI. Carinthia II, 203./123., 91-146. |
Bolivia | |
| Geology and Mineral Resources of the Altiplano and Cordillera Occidental, Bolivia (USGS Bulletin no. 1975) |
Bulgaria | |
| Cook, N. J., Ciobanu, C. L., & Bogdanov, K. (2002) Trace mineralogy of the Upper Cretaceous banatitic Magmatic and metallogenetic Belt, SE Europe. In 11th Quadrennial IAGOD symposium–Geocongress 2002, Windhoek, Namibia, July 2002. CD Volume of extended abstracts. |
| Cook, N. J., Ciobanu, C. L., & Bogdanov, K. (2002) Trace mineralogy of the Upper Cretaceous banatitic Magmatic and metallogenetic Belt, SE Europe. In 11th Quadrennial IAGOD symposium–Geocongress 2002, Windhoek, Namibia, July 2002. CD Volume of extended abstracts. |
| Cook, N. J., Ciobanu, C. L., & Bogdanov, K. (2002) Trace mineralogy of the Upper Cretaceous banatitic Magmatic and metallogenetic Belt, SE Europe. In 11th Quadrennial IAGOD symposium–Geocongress 2002, Windhoek, Namibia, July 2002. CD Volume of extended abstracts. |
| Cook, N. J., Ciobanu, C. L., & Bogdanov, K. (2002) Trace mineralogy of the Upper Cretaceous banatitic Magmatic and metallogenetic Belt, SE Europe. In 11th Quadrennial IAGOD symposium–Geocongress 2002, Windhoek, Namibia, July 2002. CD Volume of extended abstracts. |
| Cook, N. J., Ciobanu, C. L., & Bogdanov, K. (2002) Trace mineralogy of the Upper Cretaceous banatitic Magmatic and metallogenetic Belt, SE Europe. In 11th Quadrennial IAGOD symposium–Geocongress 2002, Windhoek, Namibia, July 2002. CD Volume of extended abstracts. |
| Cook, N. J., Ciobanu, C. L., & Bogdanov, K. (2002) Trace mineralogy of the Upper Cretaceous banatitic Magmatic and metallogenetic Belt, SE Europe. In 11th Quadrennial IAGOD symposium–Geocongress 2002, Windhoek, Namibia, July 2002. CD Volume of extended abstracts. |
| Birch, W.D. and Mumme, W.G. (1985) Pekoite from Narechen, Bulgaria―a possible solution to the bonchevite problem. Mineralogical Magazine, 49(1), 135-137. |
| Dobrev, S. Peculiarities of Pb–Zn Mineralization in Deposits from Yugovo Ore Field. Annual of the University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski, 65-69. |
Dobrev, S. Peculiarities of Pb–Zn Mineralization in Deposits from Yugovo Ore Field. Annual of the University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski, 65-69. | |
| Cook, N. J., Ciobanu, C. L., & Bogdanov, K. (2002) Trace mineralogy of the Upper Cretaceous banatitic Magmatic and metallogenetic Belt, SE Europe. In 11th Quadrennial IAGOD symposium–Geocongress 2002, Windhoek, Namibia, July 2002. CD Volume of extended abstracts. |
Canada | |
| Dana 7:I:446,472; Canada Geological Survey Bulletin 280, p. 281 |
| Y. Moëlo et al. : "Homologues de la lillianite (gustavite, vikingite, heyrovskyite riche en Ag et Bi, ...) de l'indice à W-As-(Pb, Bi, Ag) de la Roche-Balue (Loire-Atlantique, France)", Bull. Minéral., 1987, 110, pp 43-64. |
| Parrish, I. S., 1977, Mineral Catalog for the Mount Pleasant Deposit of Brunswick Tin Mines, Canadian Mineralogist, v. 15, p. 121-126. |
| Ames, D.E., Kjarsgaard, I.M., and Douma, S.L., 2003, Sudbury Ni-Cu-PGE Ore Mineralogy Compilation: Sudbury Targeted Geoscience Initiative (TGI): Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 1787 |
| Grice, Joel D. (1989) Cobalt: the Silver City. In: Famous mineral localities of Canada. Published by Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited & the National Museum of Natural Sciences, 190 pages: 85-91; 159-161.; Reiner Mielke (2014). |
| Petruk (1971): The Silver-Arsenide Deposits of the Cobalt-Gowganda Region, Ontario. Can. Mineral. 11, 196-231 |
| Traill, R. J. (1980) Catalog of Canadian Minerals: Revised 1980. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 80-18. |
China | |
| Yunsheng Ren, Liandeng Liu, Jiwu Zhang, and Guohua Chen (2005): Gold 26(5), 9-12 |
Huan Hu, Rucheng Wang, Jianjun Lu, and Guanghua Liu (2001): Mineral Deposits 20(1), 86-98; Yunsheng Ren, Liandeng Liu, Jiwu Zhang, and Guohua Chen (2005): Gold 26(5), 9-12 | |
| Junwu Lu and Yuanfa Xia (2001): Geology and Prospecting 37(3), 29-31 |
| Xinhui Liu, Jiajun Liu, Zhengling Zhang, and Weijun Zheng (2010): Gold Science and Technology 18(3), 20-27 |
| Zhenru Zhang, Xianchang Luo, Rongmei Chen, Xingzhen Yu, Sixue Yang, Yingchen Ren, Jiuwu Zeng, and Weijun Sun (1987): Geology and Prospecting 23(6), 38-40 |
| Wenfeng Zhu, Guogao Yang, Longming Wei, Shaoqin Zhang, Debin Zhou, Guangyun Liu, and Fulin Gong (2009): Journal of Guilin University of Technology 29(3), 285-291 |
| Mineral Deposits 4(1), 74 |
| Yi Li and Lairen Lai (1993): Mining Geology 14(4), 172-180 |
| Bin Shu, Ping'an Wang, Faxian Dong, and Zhongjian Li (2006): Geological Bulletin of China 25(6), 745-755 |
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France | |
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Germany | |
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| No reference listed |
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| Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001 |
Greece | |
| Voudouris, P. C., Spry, P. G., Mavrogonatos, C., Sakellaris, G. A., Bristol, S. K., Melfos, V., & Fornadel, A. P. (2013). Bismuthinite derivatives, lillianite homologues, and bismuth sulfotellurides as indicators of gold mineralization in the Stanos shear-zone related deposit, Chalkidiki, Northern Greece. The Canadian Mineralogist, 51(1), 119-142.; Voudouris, P., Spry, P. G., Mavrogonatos, C., & Sakellaris, G. A. (2010, April). Gold-bismuth-telluride-sulfide assemblages at the Stanos shear zone-related prospect, Chalkidiki, northern Greece. In 13th Quadrennial IAGOD symposium, Adelaide, South Australia (pp. 6-9). |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya, 2001 |
| Szakáll, S., Fehér, B., Kristály, F., Zajzon, N. (2014) Mineralogical mozaics from the Carpathian–Pannonian region 2. Földtani Közlöny: 144: 345-357. |
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Indonesia | |
| Symonds, R. (1993): Scanning electron microscope observations of Merapi Volcano, Indonesia. Geochemical Journal: 26: 337-350 |
Iran | |
| http://www.min-eng.com/protected/app03ex/muteh.doc |
Italy | |
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| Venerandi Pirri, I. (1993): Metal and more parageneses occurring in the Paleozoic basement of Sardinia (Italy): a proposed genetic frame based on critical review of literature and new microscopic investigations. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana, 112, 701-713. Preite, D., & Zuanel, A. (2007). Montevecchio: storia, miniere e minerali. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 31 (4), 230-246. |
| PINTO D., BALIĆ-ŽUNIĆ T., BONACCORSI E., BORODAEV Y.S., GARAVELLI A., GARBARINO C., MAKOVICKY E., MOZGOVA N.N.,VURRO F. (2006): Rare sulfosalts from Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy. VI. Cl bearing galenobismutite. - Canadian Mineralogist - 44, 443-457. |
| SEM/EDX by Dario cericola |
| Paolo Gasparetto, Erica Bittarello, Andrea Canal, Lara Casagrande, Marco E. Ciriotti, Bruno Fassina, Paolo Ferretti, Sergio Pegoraro, Fabio Tosato, Paolo Zammatteo (2014): I lavori minerari del Rio Ricet, Vignola, Falesina, Trento. Micro, 12, 50-123. |
| Fabio Tosato, Paolo Gasparetto, Sergio Pegoraro, Michele Mattioli, Marco E. Ciriotti, Mauro Battajon, Erica Bittarello, Davide Bronca, Andrea Canal, Alessandra Marengo, Marcello Pellegrini, Roberto Sordi, Luca Toffolo, Piero Brizio (2020). Miniera di Vignola: il 2° e 3° Filone. Vignola Falesina, Trento, Micro, 18 106-163 |
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Japan | |
| Shimizu et al (1999) Memoirs of Tochigi Prefectural Museum, 16, 89-101. |
| Izumino, Y., Nakashima, K., & Nagashima, M. (2014). Cuprobismutite group minerals (cuprobismutite, hodrušhite, kupčíkite and padĕraite), other Bi–sulfosalts and Bi–tellurides from the Obari mine, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences, 109(4), 177-190. |
Kazakhstan | |
| Kovalev, K. R., Syzdykov, S. O., Kalinin, Y. A., Naumov, E. A., Baranov, V. V., Sukhorukov, V. P., ... & Zhimulev, F. I. (2018). The Raigorodok stockwork gold-sulfide-quartz deposit in the North Kazakhstan gold ore province. Russian Geology and Geophysics, 59(11), 1482-1496. |
| Mozgova, N. N., Nenasheva, S. N., Borodaev, Y. S., & Yudovskaya, M. A. (1994). Nuffieldite from the Maleevskoe massive sulfide deposit, Russia. Canadian Mineralogist, 32, 359-359. |
| Jeremolenko, V. (2002): Kara-Oba: Mineralogische Perle der Betpak-Ebene bei Dzhambul, Kasachstan. Lapis 27 (4), 13-34 + 50; Evseev, A. A. (1995) Kazaknstan and Middle Asia. A brief Mineralogical Guide. World of Stone 8:24-30 |
| United States Geological Survey (USGS) Mineral Resources Data |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Baocheng Fan, Baoqiang Li, Wenhua Ji, Guanglu Meng, Jifei Cao, Bin Wang, Jing Zhang, Xin Cao, Pengrui Lü, and Bo Yang (2014): Northwestern Geology 47(1), 165-170 |
Mexico | |
| Panczner(1987):115-292. |
| González-Partida. E., Carrillo-Chávez, A., Levresse, G., Tritlla, J., Camprubí, A., 2003. Genetic implications of fluid inclusions in skarn chimney ore, Las Animas Zn-Pb-Ag-(F) deposit, Zimapán, Mexico. Ore Geology Reviews, v. 23, p. 91-96. |
Mongolia | |
| Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155. |
North Macedonia | |
| Serafimovski, T., Tasev, G., & Stefanova, V. (2013). Rare mineral phases related with major sulphide minerals in the Bučim porphyry copper deposit, R. Macedonia. Geologica Macedonica, 27(1), pp-43.; Serafimovski, T., Tasev, G., Strmić Palinkaš, S., Palinkaš, L.A. and Gjorgjiev, L. (2016): Porphyry Cu mineralization related to the small Tertiary volcanic intrusions in the Bučim ore deposit, Eastern Macedonia. Geologia Croatica 69, 101-119. |
Serafimovski, T., Filev, K., Tasev, G., & Gjorgjiev, L. (2016). Three types of ore mineralization at the Vrshnik ore body, Buchim copper mine, Republic of Macedonia. 16th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference SGEM 2016, 2(1), 951-958. | |
Norway | |
| Oftedahl,I. W (1941):Untersuchungen über die Nebenbestandteile von Erzmineralien norwegischer zinkblendeführender Vorkommen. Skrifter utgitt av det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo, Mat.-naturv.Kl.no.8, 1-103 p. 61; Neumann, H. (1985): Norges Mineraler. Norges geologiske Undersøkelse Skrifter 68 p. 48 |
| Dons, J.A. (1963): De prekambriske bergarter i Telemark, I. Gruber og skjerp innen gradteigskart E36V Kvitseid. Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse. 216, 79p (p.31) |
| Bugge, C. (1935): Lead-Bismuth ores in Bleka, Svartdal, Norway. Economic Geology. 30, 792-799; Neumann, H. (1985): Norges Mineraler. Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse Skrifter 68, 278 pp. (pp. 6 and 47). |
| Pedersen, F.(1976): En geologisk undersøkelse af den kontakt metasomatiske zinkmineralsering i Glomsrud- miner, Buskerud fylke, Norge. Unpublished thesis, Geolgisk Institut,University of Århus, Denmark. 73 s |
Poland | |
| Mochnacka, K., Oberc-Dziedzic, T., Mayer, W., & Pieczka, A. (2012). Ore mineralization in the Miedzianka area (Karkonosze-Izera Massif, the Sudetes, Poland): new information. Mineralogia Polonica, 43(3-4), 155-178. |
| Mochnacka, K., Oberc-Dziedzic, T., Mayer, W., & Pieczka, A. (2015). Ore mineralization related to geological evolution of the Karkonosze–Izera Massif (the Sudetes, Poland)—Towards a model. Ore Geology Reviews, 64, 215-238. |
| Kozłowski, A., & Matyszczak, W. (2018). Oxygenic bismuth minerals in the NE part of the Karkonosze pluton (West Sudetes, SW Poland). Acta Geologica Polonica, 68(4).; Mochnacka, K., Oberc-Dziedzic, T., Mayer, W., & Pieczka, A. (2015). Ore mineralization related to geological evolution of the Karkonosze–Izera Massif (the Sudetes, Poland)—Towards a model. Ore Geology Reviews, 64, 215-238. |
| Gołębiowska B., Pieczka A., Parafiniuk J. 2006: Cu(Ag)-Pb-Bi(Sb) sulphosalts from Rędziny (Western Sudetes, Poland). Mineralogia Polonica - Special Papers, vol. 28, 78-80 |
| Kucha H. & Mochnacka K. 1986: Preliminary report on bismuth minerals form the Gierczyn tin deposit, Lower Silesia, Poland. Mineralogia Polonica, vol. 17, no. 1 |
Portugal | |
| Gaspar, O.C. (2002): Mineralogy and sulfide mineral chemistry of the Neves–Corvo Ores, Portugal: insight into their genesis. Canadian Mineralogist 40, 611-636. |
| Leal Gomes, C., Azevedo, A., Lopes Nunes, J., & Dias, P. A. (2009). Phosphate fractionation in pegmatites of Pedra da Moura II claim–Ponte da Barca–Portugal. Estudos Geológicos, 19(2), 172. |
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Romania | |
| Ciobanu, C. L., Cook, N. J., Damian, F., & Damian, G. (2006). Gold scavenged by bismuth melts: An example from Alpine shear-remobilizates in the Highiş Massif, Romania. Mineralogy and Petrology, 87(3-4), 351-384. |
| Cook, N. J., Ciobanu, C. L., & Bogdanov, K. (2002) Trace mineralogy of the Upper Cretaceous banatitic Magmatic and metallogenetic Belt, SE Europe. In 11th Quadrennial IAGOD symposium–Geocongress 2002, Windhoek, Namibia, July 2002. CD Volume of extended abstracts. |
Shimizu, M., Kato, A., Cioflica, G., Lupulescu, M., Shimizu, M. (1998): Friedrichite from Băița Bihor, Romania. Canadian Mineralogist 36, 861-868. | |
Shimizu, M., Kato, A., Cioflica, G., Lupulescu, M., Shimizu, M. (1998): Friedrichite from Băița Bihor, Romania. Canadian Mineralogist 36, 861-868. | |
| Cook, N. J., Ciobanu, C. L., & Bogdanov, K. (2002) Trace mineralogy of the Upper Cretaceous banatitic Magmatic and metallogenetic Belt, SE Europe. In 11th Quadrennial IAGOD symposium–Geocongress 2002, Windhoek, Namibia, July 2002. CD Volume of extended abstracts. |
Cook, N. J., Ciobanu, C. L., & Bogdanov, K. (2002) Trace mineralogy of the Upper Cretaceous banatitic Magmatic and metallogenetic Belt, SE Europe. In 11th Quadrennial IAGOD symposium–Geocongress 2002, Windhoek, Namibia, July 2002. CD Volume of extended abstracts. | |
| Ciobanu, C.L. and Cook, N.J. (2000) Intergrowths of bismuth sulphosalts from the Ocna de Fier Fe-skarn deposit, Banat, Southwest Romania. European Journal of Mineralogy: 12: 899–917. |
| Udubașa, G., Ďud'a, R., Szakáll, S., Kvasnytsya, V., Koszowska, E., Novák, M. (2002): Minerals of the Carpathians (Szakáll, S., ed.). Granit, Prague, Czech Rep., 482 pp. |
Russia | |
| Mozgova, N. N., Nenasheva, S. N., Borodaev, Y. S., & Yudovskaya, M. A. (1994). Nuffieldite from the Maleevskoe massive sulfide deposit, Russia. The Canadian Mineralogist, 32(2), 359-364. |
| Potseluev, A.A., Babkin, D.I., and Kotegov, V.I. (2006): Geology of Ore Deposits 48(5), 384-401. |
| Igor Savin's data |
| http://www.igem.ru/igem/chem/pt/sukhloge.htm; Distler, V. V., Mitrofanov, G. L., Yudovskaya, M. A., Lishnevsky, E. N., & Prokof’ev, V. Y. (2005). Deep structure and ore-forming processes of the Sukhoi Log gold-platinum deposit, Russia. In Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge (pp. 921-923). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. |
| Volkov, A. V., Cherepanova, N. V., Prokof’ev, V. Y., Savva, N. E., Smil’gin, S. V., Trubkin, N. V., & Alekseev, V. Y. (2013). Gold deposit in the Butarny granitoid stock, Russian Northeast. Geology of Ore Deposits, 55(3), 185-206. |
| Groznova, E.O., Dobrovol’skaya, M.G., Kovalenker, V.A., Davydov, K.V., Bitarov, V.T., and Razin, M.V. (2006): Geology of Ore Deposits 48(2), 108-133.; Groznova et al (2005) New Data on Minerals Vol 40 pp72-79 |
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| Min Rec vol 32, pp 7-30 (2001); Rogulina, L.I., and Sveshnikova, O.L. (2008): Geology of Ore Deposits 50(1), 60-74. |
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| Simanenko, L. F. (2007). Modes of trace element occurrence in galena from the Partizansky base metal-skarn deposit, Primorye. Russian Journal of Pacific Geology, 1(2), 144-152. |
| Ivashchenko, V. I., Valkama, M., Sundblad, K., Golubev, A. I., & Alekseev, V. Y. (2011, September). New data on mineralogy and metallogeny of scarns in the Pitkyaranta ore region. In Doklady Earth Sciences (Vol. 440, No. 1, pp. 1307-1311). SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica; Ivashchenko, V. I., & Lavrov, О. В. (2006) Ore Deposits and Occurrences in the North Ladoga Region, Southwest Karelia. in Ore Deposits And Occurrences In The North Ladoga Region, Southwest Karelia Field Trip Guidebook. Understanding the genesis of ore deposits to meet the demands of the 21st century 12th Quadrennial IAGOD Symposium 2006. Moscow. P.41-64. |
[World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow |
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| Tauson, V. L., Kravtsova, R. G., Makshakov, A. S., Lipko, S. V., & Arsent’ev, K. Y. (2017). Contrasting Surficial Composition of Native Gold from Two Different Types of Gold Ore Deposits. Minerals, 7(8), 142. |
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Handbook of Mineralogy | |
| Lyubimtseva, N. G., Bortnikov, N. S., Borisovsky, S. E., Prokofiev, V. Y., & Vikent’eva, O. V. (2018). Fahlore and Sphalerite from the Darasun Gold Deposit in the Eastern Transbaikal Region, Russia: I. Mineral Assemblages and Intergrowths, Chemical Composition, and Its Evolution. Geology of Ore Deposits, 60(2), 93-120. |
Slovakia | |
| Pršek J.,2004: Štruktúra a kryštálochémia sulfosolí zo sulfidických mineralizácii Západnych Karpát (Kandid. Diz.práca).Archív Katedry miner. a petrografie Prírodoved. Fak. UK,Bratislava, 135 s. |
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| Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590k |
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South Africa | |
| Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa, PO Box 44283, Linden 2104, South Africa. |
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South Korea | |
| Mineralogical Journal Vol. 13 (1986) , No. 2 pp 65-74 |
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Spain | |
| Mateo, Ester; Fanlo, Isabel; Subias, Ignacio; Recio, Clemente; Billstrom, Kjell (2010): Geological, mineralogical and geochemical constraints on the genesis of the Chinipi arsenopyrite-pyrite-invisible gold vein (Canfranc, Central Spanish Pyrenees). Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen 187, 313-327. |
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Sweden | |
| Lasskogen, J. (2010). Volcanological and volcano-sedimentary facies stratigraphical interpretation of the Falun Cu-Zn-Pb-(Ag-Au) sulphide deposit, Bergslagen district, Sweden. MS Thesis |
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Switzerland | |
| Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 178. |
| Cuchet, S., Schnyder, C. & Meisser, N. (2003): Les minéraux de L'A Neuve. Schweizer Strahler / Le Cristallier Suisse, Nr. 3, 28-37.; Cuchet, S., Schnyder, C. & Meisser, N. (2003): Les minéraux de L'A Neuve. Schweizer Strahler / Le Cristallier Suisse, Nr. 3, 28-37. |
| Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 178. |
| Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 178. |
| Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 178.; Ansermet, S. (2012): Mines et minéraux du Valais - II. Anniviers et Tourtemagne. With contributions by N. Meisser, Ed. Porte-plumes (Ayer) |
| Graeser, S. (1984): Die Mineralien des Strassentunnels Mittal-Hohtenn/VS. Schweizer Strahler 12(6), 293-309. [as unknown mineral M1]; Schweizer Strahler, 4/2001 p19-23 |
Tajikistan | |
| Lur'ye, L. M., Shadlun, T. N., Ugaste, Y. A., & Vyal'sov, L. N. (1971). Lead, silver, and copper sulfobismuthite from the benjaminite-pavonite group in Kaptarkhan ore deposit, East Karamazar, Central Asia. International Geology Review, 13(11), 1628-1642. |
| Evseev, A. A. (1995) Kazaknstan and Middle Asia. A brief Mineralogical Guide. World of Stone 8:24-30 |
UK | |
| http://www.minerals.f9.co.uk/minloc/meldon/meldon.htm |
| Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990 |
| Livingstone, A. and Macpherson, H.G. (1983) Fifth supplementary list of British minerals (Scottish). Mineralogical Magazine, vol. 47, n° 342, p. 99-105.; Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols (1990) Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 1. |
| No reference listed |
USA | |
| Walsh, D. E., & Rao, P. D. (1991). Gravity recoverable gold from− 13 mm crushed ore, Ester Dome, Alaska. Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration, 8(4), 179-183. |
| Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California: 137. |
Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 137.; Dunning, G.E., Moelo, Yves, Roberts, A.c., & Cooper, J. F (2000)., Ag-Cu-Pb-Bi Sulfosalts New To Darwin, Inyo County, California. Occasional Web Publication of the Bay Area Mineralogists, 2000 | |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B. |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B. |
| Mineralogical Record:16(3):171-201 |
| Dana 7:I:446, 476; Dana 6:114, 1091; Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Mon.:555-576 (1992). |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B.; Foord, E. E., & Shawe, D. R. (1989). The Pb-Bi-Ag-Cu-(Hg) Chemistry Of Galena And Some Associated Sulfosalts: A Review and Some New Data From Colorado, California And Pennsylvania. Canadian Mineralogist, 27, 363-382. |
Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B. | |
| Januzzi, 1976. Mineral Localities of CT and Southeastern NY State |
| USGS Prof Paper 610 "Principal Gold Producing Districts of the United States" |
| Dana 7:I:472.; Young, Allan (2012) The Belshazzar Mine, Boise County, Idaho. Mineralogical Record 43:325-336. |
R&M 70:4 pp 242-263 | |
R&M 70:4 pp 242-263 | |
| Dan Fountain Collection |
| NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada |
| NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada |
| NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada |
NBMG Open File Report 79-3 | |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 26, pp. 355-376(1988) |
| Don Saathoff specimen (Now in Jeremy Zolan collection) Microanalyzed |
Don Saathoff collection | |
Michael C Michayluk collection | |
| http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/staff/dunbar/abstract/dm99.html.; Kelly M. Donahue (2002) Geochemistry, geology, and geochronology of the Victorio mining district, Luna County, New Mexico: Linking skarn and porphyry systems to carbonate-hosted lead-zinc replacement deposits. NMBGMR Open-file Report OF-471 Virginia T. McLemore, Nelia Dunbar, Matt T. Heizler, Kelly Donahue (2000): Geology and mineral deposits of the Victorio mining district, Luna County , New Mexico- Preliominary observations, New Mexico Geologic Society Guidebook, 51st field Conference, Southwest passage – A trip through the Phanerozoic, pp267-278 |
| Minerals of Virginia, 1990 by R. V. Dietrich |
| Rocks & Min.:60:168. |
| ```Inventory of Washington Minerals, Part II, Metalic Minerals, Vol. 1; M. Huntting, 1956; Minerals of Washington, B. Cannon, 1975; Metal Mines of Washington-Preliminary Report; R. Derkey, N. Joseph, R. Lasmanis, 1990 |
| Minerals of Washington, Bart Cannon 1975; Wolff, F. E., Garcia, B. T., McKay, D. T., & Norman, D. K. (2014). Inactive and Abandoned Mine Lands: Germania Mine, Cedar Canyon Mining District, Stevens County, Washington. Washington State Department of Natural Resources. |
| Cannon, B. (1975): Minerals of Washington, p.60 |
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