Ettringite
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About Ettringite
Formula:
Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12 · 26H2O
Colour:
Colourless; colourless in transmitted light.
Hardness:
2 - 2½
Specific Gravity:
1.77
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
After the type locality at Ettringen, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
Ettringite Group.
Although it is generally assumed that a solid solution series between ettringite and thaumasite exists, both species have different space groups and a possible discontinuity was identified, characterised by a gap in the a-dimension of the solid-solution phases (Barnett et al., 2000). Further work showed a miscibility gap in the solid solution (Barnett et al., 2003): ettringite can accept the replacement of 1/2 its Al by Si, while thaumasite tolerates little or no Al in its structure.
The Al analogue of bentorite. The S (sulfate) analogue of siwaqaite.
Well-known as a synthetic phase in concrete.
Has been discussed as a potential phase for immobilisation of toxic metals.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Ettringite.
Although it is generally assumed that a solid solution series between ettringite and thaumasite exists, both species have different space groups and a possible discontinuity was identified, characterised by a gap in the a-dimension of the solid-solution phases (Barnett et al., 2000). Further work showed a miscibility gap in the solid solution (Barnett et al., 2003): ettringite can accept the replacement of 1/2 its Al by Si, while thaumasite tolerates little or no Al in its structure.
The Al analogue of bentorite. The S (sulfate) analogue of siwaqaite.
Well-known as a synthetic phase in concrete.
Has been discussed as a potential phase for immobilisation of toxic metals.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Ettringite.
Classification of Ettringite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
6/D.13-10
7.DG.15
7.DG.15
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
D : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, with H2O
G : With large and medium-sized cations; with NO3, CO3, B(OH)4, SiO4 or IO3
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
D : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, with H2O
G : With large and medium-sized cations; with NO3, CO3, B(OH)4, SiO4 or IO3
31.10.2.1
31 : HYDRATED SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
10 : Miscellaneous
31 : HYDRATED SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
10 : Miscellaneous
25.4.13
25 : Sulphates
4 : Sulphates of Ca, Sr and Ba
25 : Sulphates
4 : Sulphates of Ca, Sr and Ba
Pronounciation of Ettringite
Pronounciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon & Katya Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Ettringite
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Colourless; colourless in transmitted light.
Comment:
Turns white upon partial dehydration.
Hardness:
2 - 2½ on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {10_10}, perfect.
On {10_10}, perfect.
Density:
1.77 g/cm3 (Measured) 1.76 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Ettringite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 1.491 nε = 1.470
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.021
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Comments:
Becomes uniaxial positive on dehydration.
Chemical Properties of Ettringite
Formula:
Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12 · 26H2O
Crystallography of Ettringite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m - Ditrigonal Pyramidal
Space Group:
P3 1c
Cell Parameters:
a = 11.23 Å, c = 21.44 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 1.909
Unit Cell V:
2,341.61 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Crystals small and prismatic [0001], commonly without terminal faces.
Type Occurrence of Ettringite
Co-Type Localities:
Geological Setting of Type Material:
In cavities of metamorphosed limestone inclusions in a leucite-nepheline-tephrite rock.
Synonyms of Ettringite
Other Language Names for Ettringite
Relationship of Ettringite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Bentorite | Ca6(Cr3+,Al)2(SO4)3(OH)12 · 26H2O | Trig. 3m : P3 1c |
| Buryatite | Ca3(Si,Fe,Al)(SO4)[B(OH)4]O(OH)5 · 12H2O | |
| Carraraite | Ca3(SO4)[Ge(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O | Hex. |
| Charlesite | Ca6(Al,Si)2(SO4)2[B(OH)4](OH,O)12 · 26H2O | Trig. 3m : P3 1c |
| Chiyokoite | Ca3Si(CO3){[B(OH)4]0.5(AsO3)0.5}(OH)6·12H2O | Hex. 6 : P63 |
| Hielscherite | Ca3Si(SO4)(SO3)(OH)6 · 11H2O | Hex. 6 : P63 |
| Imayoshiite | Ca3Al(CO3)[B(OH)4](OH)6 · 12H2O | Hex. 6 : P63 |
| Jouravskite | Ca3Mn4+(SO4)(CO3)(OH)6 · 12H2O | Hex. 6 : P63 |
| Kottenheimite | Ca 3Si(SO4)2(OH)6·12H2O | Hex. 6/m : P63/m |
| Micheelsenite | (Ca,Y)3Al(HPO4,CO3)(CO3)(OH)6 · 12H2O | Hex. |
| Siwaqaite | Ca6Al2(CrO4)3(OH)12·26H2O | Trig. 3m : P3 1c |
| Sturmanite | Ca6(Fe3+,Al,Mn3+)2(SO4)2[B(OH)4](OH)12 · 25H2O | Trig. 3m : P3 1c |
| Tatarinovite | Са3Al(SO4)[B(OH)4](OH)6·12H2O | Hex. 6 : P63 |
| Thaumasite | Ca3(SO4)[Si(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O | Hex. 6 : P63 |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 60 photos of Ettringite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 39 photos of Ettringite associated with Oyelite | Ca10Si8B2O29 · 12.5H2O |
| 19 photos of Ettringite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 19 photos of Ettringite associated with Hausmannite | Mn2+Mn3+2O4 |
| 16 photos of Ettringite associated with Manganite | Mn3+O(OH) |
| 15 photos of Ettringite associated with Gaudefroyite | Ca4Mn3+2-3(BO3)3(CO3)(O,OH)3 |
| 12 photos of Ettringite associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 11 photos of Ettringite associated with Brucite | Mg(OH)2 |
| 9 photos of Ettringite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 8 photos of Ettringite associated with Sturmanite | Ca6(Fe3+,Al,Mn3+)2(SO4)2[B(OH)4](OH)12 · 25H2O |
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping
| 7.DG. | Mathesiusite | K5(UO2)4(SO4)4(VO5)·4H2O | Tet. 4/m : P4/n |
| 7.DG.05 | Darapskite | Na3(SO4)(NO3) · H2O | Mon. 2/m |
| 7.DG.10 | Clinoungemachite | (Na, K, Fe, SO4) | Mon. 2/m |
| 7.DG.10 | Humberstonite | Na7K3Mg2(SO4)6(NO3)2 · 6H2O | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| 7.DG.10 | Ungemachite | K3Na8Fe(SO4)6(NO3)2 · 6H2O | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| 7.DG.15 | Bentorite | Ca6(Cr3+,Al)2(SO4)3(OH)12 · 26H2O | Trig. 3m : P3 1c |
| 7.DG.15 | Charlesite | Ca6(Al,Si)2(SO4)2[B(OH)4](OH,O)12 · 26H2O | Trig. 3m : P3 1c |
| 7.DG.15 | Jouravskite | Ca3Mn4+(SO4)(CO3)(OH)6 · 12H2O | Hex. 6 : P63 |
| 7.DG.15 | Sturmanite | Ca6(Fe3+,Al,Mn3+)2(SO4)2[B(OH)4](OH)12 · 25H2O | Trig. 3m : P3 1c |
| 7.DG.15 | Thaumasite | Ca3(SO4)[Si(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O | Hex. 6 : P63 |
| 7.DG.15 | Carraraite | Ca3(SO4)[Ge(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O | Hex. |
| 7.DG.15 | Buryatite | Ca3(Si,Fe,Al)(SO4)[B(OH)4]O(OH)5 · 12H2O | |
| 7.DG.20 | Rapidcreekite | Ca2(SO4)(CO3) · 4H2O | Orth. |
| 7.DG.20 | Korkinoite | Ca4(SO4)2(CO3)2 · 9(H2O) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmmm |
| 7.DG.25 | Tatarskite | Ca6Mg2(SO4)2(CO3)2(OH)4Cl4 · 7H2O | Orth. |
| 7.DG.30 | Nakauriite | Cu8(SO4)4(CO3)(OH)6 · 48H2O | Orth. |
| 7.DG.35 | Chessexite | (Na,K)4Ca2(Mg,Zn)3Al8(SO4)10(SiO4)2 · 40H2O | Orth. |
| 7.DG.40 | Carlosruizite | K6(Na,K)4Na6Mg10(SeO4)12(IO3)12 · 12H2O | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3c1 |
| 7.DG.40 | Fuenzalidaite | K6(Na,K)4Na6Mg10(SO4)12(IO3)12 · 12H2O | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3c1 |
| 7.DG.45 | Chelyabinskite | (Ca,Mg)3(SO4,CO3)2[Si(OH)6] · 9H2O (?) | Orth. |
Related Minerals - Dana Grouping (8th Ed.)
| 31.10.2.2 | Bentorite | Ca6(Cr3+,Al)2(SO4)3(OH)12 · 26H2O | Trig. 3m : P3 1c |
Related Minerals - Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals Grouping
| 25.4.1 | Anhydrite | CaSO4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| 25.4.2 | Bassanite | Ca(SO4) · 0.5H2O | Mon. 2 : B2 |
| 25.4.3 | Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O | Mon. 2/m |
| 25.4.4 | Glauberite | Na2Ca(SO4)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| 25.4.5 | Cesanite | Na3Ca2(SO4)3(OH) | Hex. 6 : P6 |
| 25.4.6 | Eugsterite | Na4Ca(SO4)3 · 2H2O | Mon. |
| 25.4.7 | Hydroglauberite | Na10Ca3(SO4)8 · 6H2O | Mon. |
| 25.4.8 | Syngenite | K2Ca(SO4)2 · H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| 25.4.9 | Görgeyite | K2Ca5(SO4)6 · H2O | Mon. |
| 25.4.10 | Polyhalite | K2Ca2Mg(SO4)4 · 2H2O | Tric. 1 |
| 25.4.11 | Koktaite | (NH4)2Ca(SO4)2 · H2O | Mon. |
| 25.4.12 | Ye'elimite | Ca4Al6(SO4)O12 | Iso. |
| 25.4.14 | Bentorite | Ca6(Cr3+,Al)2(SO4)3(OH)12 · 26H2O | Trig. 3m : P3 1c |
| 25.4.15 | Celestine | SrSO4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
| 25.4.16 | Kalistrontite | K2Sr(SO4)2 | Trig. |
| 25.4.17 | Baryte | BaSO4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
Other Information
Notes:
Readily soluble in dilute acids. Partially decomposed by water, rendering an alkaline solution.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
References for Ettringite
Reference List:
Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)
Vom Rath, G. (1873) Über ein neues Mineral (Chalkomorphit) auf einem Einschluß in der Lava von Niedermendig. Annalen der Chemie und Physik, Ergänzungsband VI: 376-378.
Lehmann, J. (1874) Untersuchungen über die Einwirkung eines feurig-flüssigen basaltischen Magmas auf Gesteins- und Mineraleinschlüsse. Verhandlungen des naturhistorischen Vereins der preußischen Rheinlande und Westfalens, in Kommission bei M. Cohen: 31: 1-40.
Lehmann, J. (1874) Über den Ettringit, ein neues Mineral in Kalkeinschlüssen der Lava von Ettringen (Laacher Gebiet). Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie: 273-275.
Moses, A.J. (1893) Mineralogical notes. American Journal of Science: 45: 488-492.
Brauns, R.A. (1922) Die Mineralien der niederrheinischen Vulkangebiete. 225pp., 4to, Stuttgart: 173.
Bannister, M.A. (1936) Ettringite from Scawt Hill, Co. Antrim. Mineralogical Magazine: 24: 324-329.
Palache, C., Berman, H., Frondel, C. (1951) The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 1124 pp.: 589-590.
Fleischer, M. (1959) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 44: 464-470.
Murdoch, J., Chalmers, R.A. (1960) Ettringite (“woodfordite”) from Crestmore, California. American Mineralogist: 45: 1275-1278.
McConnell, D., Murdoch, J. (1962) Crystal chemistry of ettringite. Mineralogical Magazine: 33: 59-64.
Carpenter, A.B. (1963) Oriented overgrowths of thaumasite on ettringite. American Mineralogist: 48: 1394–1396.
Moore, A., Taylor, H.F.W. (1968) Crystal structure of ettringite. Nature: 218: 1048-1049.
Moore, A.E., Taylor, H.F.W. (1970) Crystal structure of ettringite. Acta Crystallographica: B26: 386-393.
Taylor, H.F.W. (1973) Crystal structures of some double hydroxide minerals. Mineralogical Magazine: 39: 377-389.
Kumarathasan, P., McCarthy, G.J., Hassett, D.J., Pflughoeft-Hassett, D.F. (1990) Oxyanion substituted ettringites: synthesis and characterization; and their potential role in immobilization of arsenic, boron, chromium, selenium and vanadium. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 178 (Fly Ash and Coal Conversion By-Products): 83-104.
McCarthy, G.J., Hassett, D.J., Bender, J.A. (1992) Synthesis, crystal chemistry and stability of ettringite, a material with potential applications in hazardous waste immobilization. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc.: 245: 129-140.
Myneni, S.C.B., Traina, S.J., Waychunas, G.A., Logan, T.J. (1998) Vibrational spectroscopy of functional group chemistry and arsenate coordination in ettringite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta: 62: 3499-3514.
Barnett, S.J., Adam, C.D., Jackson, A.R.W. (2000) Solid solutions between ettringite, Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12·26H2O, and thaumasite, Ca3SiSO4CO3(OH)6·12H2O. Journal of Materials Science: 35: 4109-4114.
Barnett, S.J., Adam, C.D., Jackson, A.R.W. (2001) An XRPD profile fitting investigation of the solid solution between ettringite, Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12.26H2O and carbonate ettringite, Ca6Al2(CO3)3(OH)12.26H2O. Cement and Concrete Research: 31: 13-17.
Antao, S.M., Duane, M.J., Hassan, I. (2002) DTA, TG, and XRD studies of sturmanite and ettringite. The Canadian Mineralogist: 40: 1403-1409.
Grier, D.G., Jarabek, E.L., Peterson, R.B., Mergen, L.E., McCarthy, G.J. (2002) Rietveld structure refinement of carbonate and sulfite ettringite. Advances in X-ray Analysis: 45: 194-199.
Barnett, S.J., Macphee, D.E., Lachowski, E.E., Crammond, N.J. (2002) XRD, EDX and IR analysis of solid solutions between thaumasite and ettringite. Cement and Concrete Research: 32: 719-730.
Barnett, S.J., Macphee, D.E., Crammond, N.J. (2003) Extent of immiscibility in the ettringite–thaumasite system. Cement and Concrete Composites: 25: 851-855.
Zhou, Q., Lachowski, E.E., Glasser, F.P. (2004) Metaettringite, a decomposition product of ettringite. Cement and Concrete Research: 34: 703-710.
Goetz-Neunhoeffer, F., Neubauer, J. (2006) Refined ettringite (Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12•26H2O) structure for quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis. Powder Diffraction: 21: 4-11.
Hartman, M.R., Berliner, R. (2006) Investigation of the structure of ettringite by time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction techniques. Cement and Concrete Research: 36: 364-370.
Moschner, G., Lothenbach, B., Winnefeld, F., Ulrich, A., Figi, R., Kretzschmar, R. (2009) Solid solution between Al-ettringite and Fe-ettringite (Ca6[Al1-xFex(OH)6]2(SO4)3.26H2O). Cement and Concrete Research: 39: 482-489.
Sokol, E.V., Gaskova, O.L., Kokh, S.N., Kozmenko, O.A., Seryotkin, Y.V., Vapnik, Y., Murashko, M.N. (2011) Chromatite and its Cr3+- and Cr6+-bearing precursor minerals from the Nabi Musa Mottled Zone complex, Judean Desert. American Mineralogist: 96: 659-674. [with data on Cr(VI)-bearing ettringite]
Scholtzová, E., Kucková, L., Kožíšek, J., Tunega, D. (2015) Structural and spectroscopic characterization of ettringite mineral – combined DFT and experimental study. Journal of Molecular Structure: 1100: 215-224.
Skibsted, J., Pedersen, M.T., Holzinger, J. (2017) Resolution of the two aluminum sites in ettringite by 27Al MAS and MQMAS NMR at very high magnetic field (22.3 T). Journal of Physical Chemistry C: 121: 4011-4017.
Geng, G., Myers, R.J., Kilcoyne, A.L.D., Ha, J., Monteiro, P.J.M. (2017) Ca L2,3-edge near edge X-ray absorption fine structure of tricalcium aluminate, gypsum, and calcium (sulfo)aluminate hydrates. American Mineralogist: 102: 900-908.
Yurii V. Seryotkin, Ella V. Sokol, Svetlana N. Kokh, Mikhail N. Murashko (2018): Natural Cr3+-rich ettringite: occurrence, properties, and crystal structure. Phys. Chem. Minerals 45, 279-292. [Cr/(Cr + Al) ratios up to 0.40–0.50]
G. Diego Gatta, Ulf Hålenius, Ferdinando Bosi, Laura Cañadillas-Delgado, Maria Teresa Fernandez-Diaz (2019): Minerals in cement chemistry: A single-crystal neutron diffraction study of ettringite, Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12·27H2O. American Mineralogist 104, 73-78.
Internet Links for Ettringite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1414.html
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Localities for Ettringite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Austria | |
| Löffler, E. & Kolitsch, U. (2011): Die Mineralien der Loja bei Persenbeug, Niederösterreich (II). Mineralien-Welt. 22 (4): 51-62 |
| Kolitsch, U., Auer, C., Slama, M. & Jakely, D. (2017): 2048) Aikinit, Arsenopyrit, Bismuthinit, Ettringit, Tennantit und Zálesíit sowie weitere Funde vom niederösterreichischen Anteil des Semmering-Basistunnels, Niederösterreich. Pp. 268-270 in Walter, F. et al. (2017): Neue Mineralfunde aus Österreich LXVI. Carinthia II, 207./127., 217-284. |
| Kolitsch, U. (2016): 1989) Ettringit aus einer Schlacke von Eisenerz, Steiermark. Pp. 235-236 in Walter, F. et al. (2016): Neue Mineralfunde aus Österreich LXV. Carinthia II, 206./126., 203-250. |
| Annalen 1999, p.11-22 |
| C.Auer (2012) |
| Postl, W., Taucher, J. & Moser, B. (1996): Neue Mineralfunde im oststeirischen Vulkangebiet. Mitt. Abt. Miner. Landesmuseum Joanneum, 60/61, 3-76. |
| Postl, W. & Walter, F. (1983); R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs, 1993 |
| Lapis 19 (7/8):69 (1994) |
| G. Brandstetter collection |
| peter neschen collection | |
Belgium | |
| |
| No reference listed |
France | |
| Chollet, P. & Devouard, B. (2013): La mine de cuivre et de plomb des Rats, Le Crozet (Loire). Le Règne Minéral, 109, 7-46. |
| Grünhagen, H. and Mergoil, J. (1963) Découverte d'hydrocalumite et afwillite associées à l'ettringite dans les porcélanites de Boisséjour près Ceyrat (Puy de Dôme). Bulletin de la Société Française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie, 86, 149-157.; Belot, Victor R. (1978) Guide des minéraux, coquillages et fossiles: où les trouver en France, comment les reconnaître et les collectionner (Guides Horay). Pierre Horay (Ed.), 224 pp. |
| |
| Boutry C., Pelisson P., Pillard F. (1986), Les zéolites d'Espalion, Le Cahier des Micromonteurs, n°2, pp: 3-7 |
| Eytier J.R. & Ch., Favreau G., Devouard B., Vigier J. (2004), Minéraux de pyrométamorphisme de Lapanouse-de Sévérac (Aveyron), Cahier des Micromonteurs, n°85, pp: 3-58 | |
Germany | |
| K. Walenta: "Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes", Weise (Munich), 1992 |
| Habel, M. (2011): Neufunde aus dem östlichen Bayerischen Wald (VIII). Mineralien Welt. 22 (1),80-87 |
| Pöllmann, H. (1991): Die Afwillit-Portlandit Paragenese im Basalt des Zeilbergs bei Maroldsweisach/Unterfranken. Aufschluss, 42, 257-266 |
| S. Weiß: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990 |
| Schnorrer, G., Stahlmann, W., Mollenkamp, A. (2001): Sekundärmineralisation in den Hochofenschlacken des Hüttenwerkes in Georgsmarienhütte, heutige Georgsmarienhütte GmbH. Aufschluss 52, 99-108. |
| Weiss, S. (1990) Mineralfundstellen Atlas, Deutschland West. Weise Verlag, München, 320 pages. |
| Bender, D. and Krimmelbein, W. (1994) Aktuelle Übersicht: Mineralien der Zinkhütte Genna/Sauerland. Stand Juni 1994. Mineralien-Welt, 4/94, 10.; http://www.mg-mineralien-fossilien.de/?Rpage=sauerland/?Rpage=letmathe1.html |
| |
| |
| International Association of Collectors of Slag; Blaß, G. & Graf, H. W. (1995): Neufunde von Schlackenhalden in der nördlichen Eifel (II). Mineralien-Welt, 6 (3), 28-31. | |
| Blaß, G. & Graf, H. W. (1995): Neufunde von Schlackenhalden in der nördlichen Eifel (II). Mineralien-Welt, 6 (3), 28-31. |
| Hentschel, G., Ettringit vom Schellkopf bei Brenk in der Eifel, Der Aufschluss, 19, 198-200, 1968 |
| Hentschel, G., Die Mineralien der Eifelvulkane, Weise Verlag München, 1983 |
| Peacor, D.R., Dunn, P.J., Simmons, W.B., Tillmanns, E., Fischer, R.X., (1984): Willhendersonite, a new zeolite isostructural with chabazite, Amer. Mineral. 69, 186-189 |
| Hentschel, G., Die Mineralien der Eifelvulkane, Weise (München), 1983 |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer | |
| Galuskin, E.V., Krüger, B., Krüger, H., Blass, G., Widmer, R., Galuskina, I.O. (2016): Wernerkrauseite, CaFe3+2Mn4+O6 - the first non-stoichiometric post-spinel mineral, from Bellerberg volcano, Eifel, Germany. European Journal of Mineralogy, 28, 485-493 | |
| Lehmann, J. (1874): Untersuchungen über die Einwirkung eines feurig-flüssigen basaltischen Magmas auf Gesteins- und Mineraleinschlüsse, Verhandlungen des naturhistorischen Vereins der preußischen Rheinlande und Westfalens, Vol. 31, Cohen Bonn, p 1-40 |
| Lehmann, J. (1874): Untersuchungen über die Einwirkung eines feurig-flüssigen basaltischen Magmas auf Gesteins- und Mineraleinschlüsse, Verhandlungen des naturhistorischen Vereins der preußischen Rheinlande und Westfalens, Vol. 31, Cohen Bonn, p 1-40 |
| Lehmann, J. (1874): Untersuchungen über die Einwirkung eines feurig-flüssigen basaltischen Magmas auf Gesteins- und Mineraleinschlüsse, Verhandlungen des naturhistorischen Vereins der preußischen Rheinlande und Westfalens, Vol. 31, Cohen Bonn, p 1-40 |
| Hentschel, G., Die Mineralien der Eifelvulkane, Weise (München), 1983 | |
| Hentschel, G., Die Mineralien der Eifelvulkane, Weise Verlag München, 1983 |
| Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001 |
| Schnorrer-Köhler, G. & David, W. (1991): Die Blei- und Silberhütte Braubach und ihre Haldenminerale. Lapis, 16 (1), 38-49; 58 (in German). |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55, March/April 2004 |
| Hentschel, G., Die Mineralien der Eifelvulkane, Weise Verlag München, 1983 |
| Blaß, G. & Schüller, W. (2012): Der Rother Kopf in der Vulkaneifel. Lapis, 37 (3), 20-29. |
| G. Blaß, F.J. Emmerich, H.W. Graf, Minerale der Vulkaneifel, DVD Version 2013/1.1 |
| Blass, G., Emmerich, F., Graf, HW., Schäfer, Ch., Tschörtner, J., (2006): Minerale der Eifelvulkane, Version 1.0, CD, published by authors |
| Hajek, W. (2010): Kristallwelten Marienberg. Weise Verlag, München. |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998(7/8), 26-64 |
Greece | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler, G., Rewitzer, C., Standfuss, L. & Standfuss, K. (1988): Weitere Neufunde aus Lavrions antiken Schlacken. Lapis 13 (2), 11-14. |
| Gelaude, Piet, van Kalmthout, Piet, and Rewitzer, Christian (1996) Laurion: The Minerals of the Ancient Slags, Janssen Print, Nijmegen, The Netherlands |
| Laurion The minerals in the ancient slags by Piet Gelaude etc. |
| Gelaude, Piet, van Kalmthout, Piet and Rewitzer, Christian, (1996) Laurion: The Minerals in the Ancient Slags, Janssen Print, Nijmegen, The Netherlands | |
| Gelaude, Piet, van Kalmthout, Piet and Rewitzer, Christian (1996) Laurion: The Minerals in the Ancient Slags, Janssen Print, Nijmegen, The Netherlands |
| Gelaude, Piet, van Kalmthout, Piet, and Rewitzer, Christian (1996) Laurion: The Minerals in the Ancient Slags, Janssen Print, Nijmegen, The Netherlands |
Israel | |
| Gross, S. (1977): The Mineralogy of the Hatrurim Formation, Israel. Geological Survey of Israel, Bulletin no. 70, 80 pp.; Mineralogical Magazine 1963 33 : 723-724. | |
| Juroszek, R.; Krüger, B.; Galuskina, I.; Krüger, H.; Tribus, M.; Kürsten, C. (2020) Raman Spectroscopy and Single-Crystal High-Temperature Investigations of Bentorite, Ca6Cr2(SO4)3(OH)12·26H2O. Minerals 10, 38. | |
| Galuskin, E.V., Gfeller, F., Armbruster, T., Sharygin, V.V., Galuskina, I.O., Krivovichev, S.V., Vapnik, Y., Murashko, M., Dzierżanowski, P., Wirth, R. (2015): Mayenite supergroup, part III: Fluormayenite, Ca12Al14O32[□4F2], and fluorkyuygenite, Ca12Al14O32[(H2O)4F2], two new minerals from pyrometamorphic rocks of the Hatrurim Complex, South Levant. European Journal of Mineralogy, 27, 123-136 | |
| Sokol, E.V., Seryotkin, Y.V., Kokh, S.N., Vapnik, Ye., Nigmatulina, E.N., Goryainov, S.V., Belogub, E.V., Sharygin, V.V. (2015): Flamite, (Ca,Na,K)2(Si,P)O4, a new mineral from ultrahigh-temperature combustion metamorphic rocks, Hatrurim Basin, Negev Desert, Israel. Mineralogical Magazine, 79, 583-596. | |
| Sharygin, Victor V.; Yakovlev, Grigory A.; Wirth, Richard; Seryotkin, Yurii V.; Sokol, Ellina V.; Nigmatulina, Elena N.; Karmanov, Nikolai S.; Pautov, Leonid A. (2019) Nataliakulikite, Ca4Ti2(Fe3+,Fe2+)(Si,Fe3+,Al)O11, a New Perovskite-Supergroup Mineral from Hatrurim Basin, Negev Desert, Israel. Minerals 9, no. 11: 700. |
Italy | |
| Stoppa, F., Jones, A.P., and Sharygin, V.V. (2009): Central European Journal of Geosciences 1(2), 131-151 |
| Russo, M., Punzo, I. (2004): I minerali del Somma-Vesuvio, AMI |
| Caponera, I., Fiori, S., Pucci, R., & Signoretti, E. (2007). I minerali dei Colli Albani. Un aggiornamento sugli ultimi dieci anni di ricerche. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 31 (2), 74-91. |
| Barbieri M., Voltaggio M. (1982): Ettringite dell'Acqua Acetosa (Colli Albani, Roma). Per. Mineral., 51, 2, 205-216. |
| Luigi Mattei specimen | |
| Stoppani, F.S., and Curti, E. (1982) I minerali del Lazio. Editoriale Olimpia, Firenze, 291 pp.; Liotti, L. (1995) I minerali del complesso vulcanico dei Colli Albani. Seconda parte. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 18, 1 (1-1995), 55-70; Carlini, R., and Signoretti, E. (2018) Il Lazio classico: le cave di leucitite della provincia di Roma (Vallerano, Laghetto e Osa). Fossils & Minerals, 4, 24-53. |
| Passaglia, E. & Turconi, B. (1982): Silicati ed altri minerali di Montalto di Castro - VT. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 4/1982, 97-110. |
| http://www.comune.pisa.it/apsn/Articoli/Scorie/Capattoli.htm |
| Franzini, M., Perchiazzi, N. (1992): I minerali delle scorie ferrifere etrusche di Baratti (Livorno). Atti della Società Toscana di Scienze Naturali, Memorie, Serie A, 99, 43-77. |
| Menchetti, S., Batoni, M., Batacchi, C., Borselli, G., Brogi, A., Ceccantini, L., Fassina, B., Marchesini, M., Rossellini, A. & Ruggieri, G. (2015): Le Cetine di Cotorniano. Miniera e minerali. Associazione Micro-Mineralogica Italiana, Cremona, 354 p. |
| Stoppa F., Scordari F., Mesto E., Sharygin V.V. and Bortolozzi G. - Calcium-aluminium-silicate-hydrate "cement" phases and rare Ca-zeolite association at Colle Fabbri, Central Italy (2010). Centr.Eur.J.Geosci. 2 (2), pag. 175-187 .; Wheeler, S., Spigarelli, S., Stoppa, F., & Rinaldi, R. (1996). Secondary minerals from the igneous complex of Colle Fabbri, Spoleto (PG). Plinius, 16(2), 1. |
| Fabris, L., Guastoni, A. (2014) Provincia di Padova. In: Zorzi, F., Boscardin, M., (eds.), Minerali del Veneto. Alla scoperta dei tesori della nostra regione. Museo di Storia Naturale e Archeologia di Montebelluna - Treviso, Cierre Edizioni, Sommacampagna, pages 121-141. |
| Fabris, L., Guastoni, A. (2014): Provincia di Padova. In: Zorzi, F., Boscardin, M., (eds.), Minerali del Veneto. Alla scoperta dei tesori della nostra regione. Museo di Storia Naturale e Archeologia di Montebelluna - Treviso, Cierre Edizioni, Sommacampagna, pages 121-141. |
| Lapis, 15 (12), 27-32+50.; Boscardin M.,Daleffe A.,Rocchetti I., Zordan A. (2011) " Minerali del Vicentino - Aggiornamenti, località e nuove determinazioni " Museo di Archeologia e Scienze Naturali “G. Zannato” – Montecchio Maggiore (Vicenza), pp.183 |
| Boscardin M., Daleffe A., Rocchetti I., Zordan A. “I minerali nel Vicentino”, Museo “G. Zannato”, Montecchio Maggiore (Vicenza), 2011. |
| Boscardin, M., Daleffe, A., Rocchetti, I., Zordan, A. (2011): Minerali del Vicentino - Aggiornamenti, località e nuove determinazioni. Museo di Archeologia e Scienze Naturali “G. Zannato”, Montecchio Maggiore (Vicenza), 183 pp.; Zordan, A. (2014): Provincia di Vicenza. In: Zorzi, F., Boscardin, M., (eds.), Minerali del Veneto. Alla scoperta dei tesori della nostra regione. Museo di Storia Naturale e Archeologia di Montebelluna - Treviso, Cierre Edizioni, Sommacampagna, 173-246. |
Japan | |
| Matsuyama, F. (2001) |
Jordan | |
| Handbook of Mineralogy - Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols |
| Khoury, H. N. (2014). Geochemistry of Surficial Uranium Deposits from Central Jordan. | |
| Fleurance, S., Cuney, M., Malartre, F., & Reyx, J. (2013). Origin of the extreme polymetallic enrichment (Cd, Cr, Mo, Ni, U, V, Zn) of the Late Cretaceous–Early Tertiary Belqa Group, central Jordan. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 369, 201-219. | |
| http://www.natural-analogues.com/maqarin.htm; Khoury, H. N., Salameh, E., & Abdul-Jaber, Q. (1985). Characteristics of an unusual highly alkaline water from the Maqarin area, northern Jordan. Journal of Hydrology, 81(1), 79-91.; Pitty, A. F., & Alexander, W. R. (2010). A natural analogue study of cement buffered, hyperalkaline groundwaters and their interaction with a repository host rock IV: an examination of the Khushaym Matruk (central Jordan) and Maqarin (northern Jordan) sites. NDA-RWMD Technical Report, NDA, Moors Row, UK.; Khoury, H. and Nassir, S. (1982): High temperature mineralization in the bituminous limestone in Maqarin area - North Jordan. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen, 144, 197-213. |
Palestine | |
| Galuskin, E.V., Gfeller, F., Armbruster, T., Sharygin, V.V., Galuskina, I.O., Krivovichev, S.V., Vapnik, Y., Murashko, M., Dzierżanowski, P., Wirth, R. (2015): Mayenite supergroup, part III: Fluormayenite, Ca12Al14O32[□4F2], and fluorkyuygenite, Ca12Al14O32[(H2O)4F2], two new minerals from pyrometamorphic rocks of the Hatrurim Complex, South Levant. European Journal of Mineralogy, 27, 123-136. |
| Sokol, E.V., Gaskova, O.L., Kokh, S.N., Kozmenko, O.A., Seryotkin, Y.V., Vapnik, Y., Murashko, M.N. (2011): Chromatite and its Cr3+- and Cr6+-bearing precursor minerals from the Nabi Musa Mottled Zone complex, Judean Desert. American Mineralogist 96, 659-674.; Rafał Juroszek, Biljana Krüger, Yevgeny Vapnik, Irina Galuskina, Evgeny Galuskin (2018) Blue afwillite from Ma’ale Adummim, Judean Desert, Israel. in abstracts of the 22nd IMA Meeting Melbourne p 357; Juroszek, R.; Krüger, B.; Galuskina, I.; Krüger, H.; Tribus, M.; Kürsten, C. (2020) Raman Spectroscopy and Single-Crystal High-Temperature Investigations of Bentorite, Ca6Cr2(SO4)3(OH)12·26H2O. Minerals 10, 38. | |
| Ella V. Sokol, Olga L. Gaskova, Svetlana N. Kokh, Olga A. Kozmenko, Yuri V. Seryotkin, Yevgeny Vapnik, and Michail N. Murashko (2011): Chromatite and its Cr3+- and Cr6+-bearing precursor minerals from the Nabi Musa Mottled Zone complex, Judean Desert. American Mineralogist, 96, 659-674. | |
| Galuskina, I. O., Gfeller, F., Galuskin, E. V., Armbruster, T., Vapnik, Y., Dulski, M., ... & Murashko, M. (2018). New minerals with modular structure derived from hatrurite from the pyrometamorphic rocks, part IV: Dargaite, BaCa 12 (SiO 4) 4 (SO 4) 2 O 3, from Nahal Darga, Palestinian Autonomy. Mineralogical Magazine, 1-22. | |
Romania | |
| Szakáll, S., Kristály, F., 2010. Mineralogy of Székelyland, Eastern Transylvania, Romania. Sfântu Gheorghe-Miercurea Ciuc-Târgu Mureş. 2010. |
| Szakáll, S., Almási, E., Köllı, A., Sajó, I., Vezzalini, G. (2006): New data about the minerals of the copper ore deposit at Balan (East Carpathians) and of limestone xenolithes from basalt at Racosu de Jos (Persani Mts.), Romania. Acta Mineral.-Petrogr., Abstr. Ser. 5, p. 112. [http://www.mineral.hermuz.hu/acta_05/pdf/szakalls1.pdf] |
Russia | |
| Bailau, R., Gałuskin, E. V., Gazeev, V. M., & Gałuskina, I. O. Raman investigation of potential new mineral-Fe 3-analogue of wadalite from calcareous-silicate xenoliths of the Upper Chegem caldera, Northern Caucasus, Russia. |
| A. E. Zadov data | |
| Galuskin, E. V.; Gazeev, V. M.; Lazic, B.; Armbruster, T.; Galuskina, I. O.; Zadov, A. E.; Pertsev, N. N.; Wrzalik, R.; Dzierzanowski, P.; Gurbanov, A. G. & Bzowska, G. (2009): Chegemite Ca7(SiO4)3(OH)2 - a new humite-group calcium mineral from the Northern Caucasus, Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia. European Journal of Mineralogy 21, 1045-1059. | |
| [World of Stones 12:49] |
South Africa | |
| Rob Lavinsky photo |
| |
| Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) The Kalahari manganese field: An Update, Mineralogical Record 22(4) 279-302; | |
| No reference listed |
| Minerals of South Africa + Hochleitner, R. (1986). Sturmanit und Ettringit aus den Kalahari-Manganfeldern. LAPIS 11 (10), 19-24 | |
| Debbie Woolf - Bruce Cairncross private communication | |
Spain | |
| Vizcayno, C., Garcia-Gonzalez, M. T., Gutierrez, M., & Rodriguez, R. (1995). Mineralogical, chemical and morphological features of salt accumulations in the Flumen-Monegros district, NE Spain. Geoderma, 68(3), 193-210. |
| Calvo, M., Calvo Sevillano, G., Viñals, J. y Sanz, A. (2010). Presencia de ettringita y thaumasita en vacuolas de los basaltos del Campo de Calatrava (Ciudad Real). Macla, 11, 53-54. |
| Calvo, M., Calvo Sevillano, G., Viñals, J. y Sanz, A. (2010). Presencia de ettringita y thaumasita en vacuolas de los basaltos del Campo de Calatrava (Ciudad Real). Macla, 11, 53-54. |
Switzerland | |
| Marco Bonifazi |
Tuvalu | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1988 52 : 411-414. |
UK | |
| Goley, P. and Williams R. (1995) Cornish Mineral Reference Manual. Endsleigh Publications |
| Braithwaite, R.S.W., Lamb, R.P.H. and Nattrass, A.L. (2006): Secondary species associated with weathering of industrial residues at Tindale Fell Spelter Works, Cumbria. Journal of the Russell Society 9, 61-64.; Norman Wilson collection |
| Rust, S. Seltene Mineralien aus dem Steinbruch Milltown bei Ashover LAPIS Mineralienmagazin 1994, 12, p.13-17, 58; Ford, T., A. Sarjeant & M. Smith (1993) The minerals of the Peak district of Derbyshire UK Jour. Mines & Minerals 13:16-55 |
| Smith, F.W., Dearlove, J.P.L., Kemp, S.J., Bell, C.P., Milne, C.J. and Pottas, T.L. (2014) Potash – Recent exploration developments in North Yorkshire. Pp. 45-50 in Hunger, E., Brown, T. J. and Lucas, G. (Eds.) Proceedings of the 17th Extractive Industry Geology Conference, EIG Conferences Ltd. 202pp |
| Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 590.; Mineralogical Magazine 1942 26 : 190-196 |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1965 34 : 1-15. |
USA | |
| Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 590; Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 217; Butler, B.S., et al (1938b), Geology and ore deposits of the Tombstone district, AZ, AZ Bur. Mines Bull. 143.; Moses, A. J. (1903): Ettringite and alabandine from Arizona. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie und Mineralogie, 22, 16-9. |
| Murdoch, Joseph & Robert A. Chalmers (1960), Ettringite (“woodfordite”) from Crestmore, California: American Mineralogist: 45: 1275-1278; Mineralogical Magazine (1962): 33: 59-64; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 180; Berry, Leonard G. (1963a), The unit cell of ettringite: American Mineralogist: 48: 939; Carpenter, A.B. (1963), Oriented Overgrowths of thaumasite on ettringite: American Mineralogist: 48: 1394-1395; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 265. |
| Rocks & Min. vol. 71, (1996); Rocks & Minerals, v. 71, no. 5, pg. 334 |
| Minerals of Virginia 1990 by R. V. Dietrich | |
| Minerals of Virginia, 1990 by R. V. Dietrich |
Caspar quarry, Bellerberg volcano, Ettringen, Mayen, Mayen-Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany