Cummingtonite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Kerry Gregory, Gemmology Rocks
About Cummingtonite
Formula:
◻{Mg2}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Cummingtonite is defined as a monoclinic amphibole belong to the magnesium-iron-manganese amphibole subgroup.
It is defined with Mg as the dominant element both in the B and C positions.
It is defined with Mg as the dominant element both in the B and C positions.
Colour:
Translucent dark green, brown, grey, colourless
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
5 - 6
Specific Gravity:
3.1 - 3.6
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Cummingtonite was originally named in 1824 by Chester Dewey for the type locality in Cummington, Massachusetts, USA. Dewey (1824) did not analyze the species, but noted its unusual physical appearance. Actual physical description and chemical analyses for cummingtonite were provided by Thomson (1831) and subsequently improved by Smith and Brush (1853). Leake (1978) published a report assigning cummingtonite the wide range Mg/Mg + Fe = 0.3-0.7. In 2006, Hawthorne and Oberti published new boundaries between cummingtonite and grunerite at Mg:Fe2+ = 1:1.
Dimorph of:
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1170
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1170:5
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
d11af867-8056-4809-a5e6-869c733b5d34
IMA Classification of Cummingtonite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
◻Mg2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2
Classification of Cummingtonite
9.DE.05
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
E : Inosilicates with 2-periodic double chains, Si4O11; Clinoamphiboles
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
E : Inosilicates with 2-periodic double chains, Si4O11; Clinoamphiboles
66.1.1.1
66 : INOSILICATES Double-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=2)
1 : Amphiboles - Mg-Fe-Mn-Li subgroup
66 : INOSILICATES Double-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=2)
1 : Amphiboles - Mg-Fe-Mn-Li subgroup
14.21.6
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
21 : Silicates of Fe and Mg
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
21 : Silicates of Fe and Mg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Cum | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Cum | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
Cum | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
Cum | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Cum | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Cummingtonite
Pronunciation:
Play | Recorded by | Country |
---|---|---|
Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Cummingtonite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Translucent dark green, brown, grey, colourless
Streak:
nd
Hardness:
5 - 6 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
on {110}
on {110}
Density:
3.1 - 3.6 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.3 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Cummingtonite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.639 - 1.671 nβ = 1.647 - 1.689 nγ = 1.664 - 1.708
2V:
Measured: 65° to 90°, Calculated: 70° to 90°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.025 - 0.037
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r > v or r < v
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
X = Y = colorless; Z = pale green.
Chemistry of Cummingtonite
Mindat Formula:
◻{Mg2}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Cummingtonite is defined as a monoclinic amphibole belong to the magnesium-iron-manganese amphibole subgroup.
It is defined with Mg as the dominant element both in the B and C positions.
Cummingtonite is defined as a monoclinic amphibole belong to the magnesium-iron-manganese amphibole subgroup.
It is defined with Mg as the dominant element both in the B and C positions.
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Mn,Ca,Al,Ti,Na,K
Crystallography of Cummingtonite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/m
Setting:
C2/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.53 Å, b = 18.23 Å, c = 5.32 Å
β = 101.97°
β = 101.97°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.523 : 1 : 0.292
Unit Cell V:
904.16 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Twinning:
Simple or multiple twinning parallel to {100}
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0000145 | Cummingtonite | Fischer K F (1966) A further refinement of the crystal structure of cummingtonite (Mg,Fe)7(Si4O11)2(OH)2 American Mineralogist 51 814-818 | 1966 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001266 | Cummingtonite | Ghose S, Yang H (1989) Mn-Mg distribution in a C2/m manganoan cummingtonite: Crystal-chemical considerations American Mineralogist 74 1091-1096 | 1989 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001752 | Cummingtonite | Yang H, Hirschmann M M (1995) Crystal structure of P2_1/m ferromagnesian amphibole and the role of cation ordering and composition in the P2_1/m - C2/m transition in cummingtonite American Mineralogist 80 916-922 | 1995 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001753 | Cummingtonite | Yang H, Hirschmann M M (1995) Crystal structure of P2_1/m ferromagnesian amphibole and the role of cation ordering and composition in the P2_1/m - C2/m transition in cummingtonite American Mineralogist 80 916-922 | 1995 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001754 | Cummingtonite | Yang H, Hirschmann M M (1995) Crystal structure of P2_1/m ferromagnesian amphibole and the role of cation ordering and composition in the P2_1/m - C2/m transition in cummingtonite American Mineralogist 80 916-922 | 1995 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001788 | Cummingtonite | Yang H, Smyth J R (1996) Crystal structure of a P2_1/m ferromagnesian cummingtonite at 140 K American Mineralogist 81 363-368 | 1996 | 0 | 140 | ||
0001789 | Cummingtonite | Yang H, Smyth J R (1996) Crystal structure of a P2_1/m ferromagnesian cummingtonite at 140 K American Mineralogist 81 363-368 | 1996 | 0 | 295 | ||
0001970 | Cummingtonite | Yang H, Hazen R M, Prewitt C T, Finger L W, Lu R, Hemley R J (1998) High-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopic studies of the C2/m-P2_1/m phase transition in cummingtonite American Mineralogist 83 288-299 | 1998 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001971 | Cummingtonite | Yang H, Hazen R M, Prewitt C T, Finger L W, Lu R, Hemley R J (1998) High-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopic studies of the C2/m-P2_1/m phase transition in cummingtonite American Mineralogist 83 288-299 | 1998 | 0.6 | 293 | ||
0001972 | Cummingtonite | Yang H, Hazen R M, Prewitt C T, Finger L W, Lu R, Hemley R J (1998) High-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopic studies of the C2/m-P2_1/m phase transition in cummingtonite American Mineralogist 83 288-299 | 1998 | 1.1 | 293 | ||
0001973 | Cummingtonite | Yang H, Hazen R M, Prewitt C T, Finger L W, Lu R, Hemley R J (1998) High-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopic studies of the C2/m-P2_1/m phase transition in cummingtonite American Mineralogist 83 288-299 | 1998 | 1.32 | 293 | ||
0001974 | Cummingtonite | Yang H, Hazen R M, Prewitt C T, Finger L W, Lu R, Hemley R J (1998) High-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopic studies of the C2/m-P2_1/m phase transition in cummingtonite American Mineralogist 83 288-299 | 1998 | 2.97 | 293 | ||
0001975 | Cummingtonite | Yang H, Hazen R M, Prewitt C T, Finger L W, Lu R, Hemley R J (1998) High-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopic studies of the C2/m-P2_1/m phase transition in cummingtonite American Mineralogist 83 288-299 | 1998 | 5.09 | 293 | ||
0001976 | Cummingtonite | Yang H, Hazen R M, Prewitt C T, Finger L W, Lu R, Hemley R J (1998) High-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopic studies of the C2/m-P2_1/m phase transition in cummingtonite American Mineralogist 83 288-299 | 1998 | 7.9 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
8.30 Å | (100b) |
3.06 Å | (90) |
3.26 Å | (80) |
2.754 Å | (70) |
1.403 Å | (60) |
9.12 Å | (50) |
2.623 Å | (50) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
8 : Mafic igneous rocks | |
Stage 4a: Earth’s earliest continental crust | >4.4-3.0 |
19 : Granitic intrusive rocks | |
20 : Acidic volcanic rocks | |
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
39 : High-𝑃 metamorphism (blueschist, eclogite, ultrahigh 𝑃 facies) | |
41 : Mantle metasomatism |
Geological Setting:
Commonly occurs in medium-grade regionally metamorphosed rocks; characteristic of metamorphosed iron formations; also as a late-stage mineral in some gabbros and norites; rarely in silicic
volcanic rocks.
volcanic rocks.
Synonyms of Cummingtonite
Other Language Names for Cummingtonite
Dutch:Cummingtoniet
Italian:Cummingtonite
Polish:Cummingtonit
Russian:Куммингтонит
Ukrainian:Кумінгтоніт
Relationship of Cummingtonite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Anthophyllite Root Name Group | ◻{X2}{Z5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Orth. |
Gedrite Root Name Group | ◻{X2+2}{Z2+3Z3+2}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 | Orth. |
Grunerite | ◻{Fe2+2}{Fe2+5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Papikeite Root Name Group | NaX2+2(Z2+3Al2)(Si5Al3)O22(OH)2 | |
Suenoite Root Name Group | ◻{X2}{Z5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
6 photos of Cummingtonite associated with Rhodonite | CaMn3Mn[Si5O15] |
5 photos of Cummingtonite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
4 photos of Cummingtonite associated with Chlorite Group | |
4 photos of Cummingtonite associated with Corkite | PbFe3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
4 photos of Cummingtonite associated with Garnet Group | X3Z2(SiO4)3 |
3 photos of Cummingtonite associated with Talc | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
2 photos of Cummingtonite associated with Spessartine | Mn2+3Al2(SiO4)3 |
2 photos of Cummingtonite associated with Fluorophlogopite | KMg3(Si3Al)O10F2 |
1 photo of Cummingtonite associated with Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
1 photo of Cummingtonite associated with Clino-ferro-suenoite | ◻{Mn2+2}{Fe2+5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
9.DE. | Clino-suenoite | ◻{Mn2+2}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE. | Scandio-winchite | ◻(NaCa)(Mg4Sc)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE. | Mangani-eckermannite | NaNa2(Mg4Mn3+)Si8O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.05 | Clino-holmquistite Root Name Group | ◻{Li2}{Z2+3Z3+2}(Si8O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 |
9.DE.05 | Grunerite | ◻{Fe2+2}{Fe2+5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.05 | Permanganogrunerite | ◻{Mn2+2}{Mn2+5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.05 | Ferri-fluoro-leakeite | {Na}{Na2}{Mg2Fe3+2Li}(Si8O22)F2 |
9.DE.10 | Actinolite | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.10 | Ferro-ferri-tschermakite | ◻{Ca2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.10 | Ferri-tschermakite | ◻{Ca2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.10 | Ferro-actinolite | ◻Ca2Fe2+5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.10 | Ferro-hornblende | ◻Ca2(Fe2+4Al)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.10 | Ferro-tschermakite | ◻{Ca2}{Fe2+3Al2}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.10 | Joesmithite | Pb2+Ca2(Mg3Fe3+2)(Si6Be2)O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.10 | Magnesio-hornblende | ◻Ca2(Mg4Al)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.10 | Tremolite | ◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.10 | Tschermakite | ◻(Ca2)(Mg3Al2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.10 | Cannilloite | CaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si5Al3O22)OH2 |
9.DE.10 | Fluoro-cannilloite | CaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si5Al3)O22F2 |
9.DE.10 | Parvo-manganotremolite | ◻{CaMn2+}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.10 | Fluoro-tremolite | ◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)F2 |
9.DE.10 | Magnesio-fluoro-hornblende | ◻Ca2Mg5(AlSi7O22)F2 |
9.DE.10 | Ferro-fluoro-hornblende | ◻Ca2(Fe2+4Al)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
9.DE.10 | Ferro-ferri-hornblende | ◻Ca2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.10 | Magnesio-ferri-hornblende | ◻Ca2(Mg4Fe3+)[(Si7Al)O22](OH)2 |
9.DE.10 | Ferro-cannilloite | CaCa2(Fe2+4Al)(Si5Al3O22)OH2 |
9.DE.10 | Ferro-ferri-cannilloite | CaCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si5Al3O22)OH2 |
9.DE.10 | Ferro-fluoro-actinolite | ◻{Ca2}{Fe5}(Si8O22)F2 |
9.DE.10 | Magnesio-ferri-fluoro-hornblende | ◻Ca2(Mg4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
9.DE.10 | Ferro-ferri-fluoro-hornblende | ◻Ca2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
9.DE.10 | Ferri-fluoro-tschermakite | ◻{Ca2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
9.DE.10 | Ferro-ferri-fluoro-tschermakite | ◻{Ca2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
9.DE.10 | Ferro-fluoro-tschermakite | ◻{Ca2}{Fe2+3Al2}(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
9.DE.10 | Fluoro-tschermakite | ◻{Ca2}{Mg3Al2}(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
9.DE.10 | Clino-ferro-suenoite | ◻{Mn2+2}{Fe2+5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.15 | Edenite | NaCa2Mg5(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.15 | Ferro-edenite | NaCa2Fe2+5(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.15 | Ferro-kaersutite | NaCa2{Fe2+3AlTi}(Si6Al2O22)O2 |
9.DE.15 | Ferro-pargasite | NaCa2(Fe2+4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.15 | Hastingsite | NaCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.15 | Kaersutite | NaCa2(Mg3AlTi4+)(Si6Al2)O22O2 |
9.DE.15 | Magnesio-hastingsite | NaCa2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.15 | Pargasite | NaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.15 | Sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Mg3Al2}(Si5Al3O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.15 | Fluoro-edenite | NaCa2Mg5(Si7Al)O22F2 |
9.DE.15 | Potassic-ferro-ferri-sadanagaite | {K}{Ca2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.15 | Ferro-ferri-sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.15 | Potassic-sadanagaite | {K}{Ca2}{Mg3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.15 | Potassic-pargasite | KCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.15 | Potassic-ferro-sadanagaite | {K}{Ca2}{Fe2+3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.15 | Magnesio-fluoro-hastingsite | NaCa2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22F2 |
9.DE.15 | Ferro-chloro-pargasite | NaCa2(Fe2+4Al)(Al2Si6O22)Cl2 |
9.DE.15 | Potassic-fluoro-hastingsite | KCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22F2 |
9.DE.15 | Potassic-chloro-hastingsite | KCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22Cl2 |
9.DE.15 | Fluoro-pargasite | NaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22F2 |
9.DE.15 | Parvo-mangano-edenite | {Na}{CaMn2+}{Mg5}(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.15 | Fluoro-hastingsite | NaCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
9.DE.15 | Potassic-chloro-pargasite | KCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22Cl2 |
9.DE.15 | Ferro-fluoro-pargasite | (Na)(Ca2)(Fe2+4Al)(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
9.DE.15 | Potassic-ferro-chloro-edenite | KCa2Fe2+5(AlSi7O22)Cl2 |
9.DE.15 | Potassic-magnesio-hastingsite | KCa2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.15 | Potassic-ferro-pargasite | KCa2(Fe2+4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.15 | Potassic-hastingsite | KCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.15 | Chromio-pargasite | NaCa2(Mg4Cr)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.15 | Potassic-fluoro-pargasite | KCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22F2 |
9.DE.15 | Ferri-kaersutite | NaCa2(Mg3Fe3+Ti)(Si6Al2O22)O2 |
9.DE.15 | Ferro-fluoro-edenite | NaCa2Fe2+5(AlSi7O22)F2 |
9.DE.15 | Ferri-sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.15 | Ferro-sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Fe3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.15 | Ferri-fluoro-sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Al3Si5O22)F2 |
9.DE.15 | Ferro-ferri-fluoro-sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Al3Si5O22)F2 |
9.DE.15 | Ferro-fluoro-sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Fe2+3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)F2 |
9.DE.15 | Fluoro-sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Mg3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)F2 |
9.DE.15 | Potassic-chloro-sadanagaite | {K}{Ca2}{Mg3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)Cl2 |
9.DE.15 | Potassic-ferro-chloro-sadanagaite | {K}{Ca2}{Fe2+3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)Cl2 |
9.DE.15 | Oxo-magnesio-hastingsite | NaCa2(Mg3(Fe3+2-x,Tix))5(Si6Al2O22)O2 |
9.DE.15 | Unnamed (F-dominant analogue of Ferri-kaersutite) | (Na,K)Ca2[Mg3(Fe3+,Fe2+)Ti](Si6Al2O22)(F,O)2 |
9.DE.15 | Vanadio-pargasite | NaCa2(Mg3+4V)(Al2Si6)O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.15 | Mangani-pargasite | NaCa2(Mg4Mn3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.20 | Potassic-ferro-ferri-katophorite | {K}{CaNa}{Fe2+4Fe3+}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2 |
9.DE.20 | Ferro-taramite | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+3Al2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.20 | Barroisite | ◻{CaNa}{Mg3Al2}(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.20 | Ferro-ferri-barroisite | ◻(CaNa)(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.20 | Ferro-ferri-winchite | ◻[CaNa][Fe2+4(Fe3+,Al)]Si8O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.20 | Ferri-barroisite | ◻(CaNa)(Mg3Fe3+2)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.20 | Ferro-ferri-taramite | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.20 | Ferro-ferri-katophorite | Na(NaCa)(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.20 | Ferro-barroisite | ◻{CaNa}{Fe2+3Al2}(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.20 | Ferro-richterite | {Na}{CaNa}{Fe2+5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.20 | Ferro-winchite | ◻{CaNa}{Fe2+4Al}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.20 | Ferro-katophorite | {Na}{CaNa}{Fe2+4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2 |
9.DE.20 | Ferri-katophorite | Na(CaNa)(Mg4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.20 | Ferri-taramite | Na(CaNa)(Mg3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.20 | Magnesiotaramite | {Na}{CaNa}{Mg3AlFe3+}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.20 | Richterite | Na(NaCa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.20 | Winchite | ◻{CaNa}{Mg4Al}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.20 | Taramite | Na(CaNa)(Mg3Al2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.20 | Fluoro-richterite | {Na}{CaNa}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(F,OH)2 |
9.DE.20 | Katophorite | {Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2 |
9.DE.20 | Potassic-fluoro-richterite | {K}{CaNa}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(F,OH)2 |
9.DE.20 | Potassic-richterite | {K}{CaNa}{Mg5}Si8O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.20 | Potassic-fluoro-katophorite | K(CaNa)(Mg4Al)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
9.DE.20 | Ferro-fluoro-katophorite | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+4Al)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
9.DE.20 | Ferro-ferri-fluoro-katophorite | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
9.DE.20 | Ferri-ghoseite | ◻[Mn2+Na][Mg4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.20 | Ferri-winchite | ◻(NaCa)(Mg4Fe3+)Si8O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.20 | Fluoro-taramite | {Na}{CaNa}{Mg3Al2}(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
9.DE.20 | Ferro-fluoro-richterite | {Na}{CaNa}{Fe2+5}(Si8O22)F2 |
9.DE.20 | Fluoro-katophorite | Na(CaNa)(Mg4Al)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
9.DE.20 | Potassic-ferri-katophorite | K(CaNa)(Mg4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.20 | Potassic-ferro-richterite | {K}{CaNa}{Fe2+5}Si8O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.20 | Ferri-fluoro-katophorite | Na(CaNa)(Mg4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
9.DE.20 | Potassic-ferro-taramite | K{CaNa}{Fe2+3Al2}{Si6Al2}O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.20 | Fluoro-winchite | ◻{CaNa}{Mg4Al}(Si8O22)F2 |
9.DE.20 | Ferro-fluoro-winchite | ◻{CaNa}{Fe2+4Al}(Si8O22)F2 |
9.DE.20 | Ferri-fluoro-barroisite | ◻{CaNa}{Mg3Fe3+2}(AlSi7O22)F2 |
9.DE.20 | Ferro-fluoro-barroisite | ◻{CaNa}{Fe2+3Al2}(AlSi7O22)F2 |
9.DE.20 | Ferro-ferri-fluoro-barroisite | ◻{CaNa}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(AlSi7O22)F2 |
9.DE.20 | Fluoro-barroisite | ◻{CaNa}{Mg3Al2}(AlSi7O22)F2 |
9.DE.20 | Ferri-fluoro-taramite | Na(CaNa)(Mg3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
9.DE.20 | Ferro-ferri-fluoro-taramite | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
9.DE.20 | Ferro-fluoro-taramite | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+3Al2)(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
9.DE.20 | Potassic-ferri-taramite | K(CaNa)(Mg3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH) |
9.DE.20 | Ghoseite | ◻[Mn2+Na][Mg4Al]Si8O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.20 | Potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite | K(CaNa)(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.20 | Clinoferroholmquistite | ◻Li2[Fe2+3Al2]Si8O22(OH,F)2 |
9.DE.20 | Hjalmarite | {Na}(NaMn}{Mg5}Si8O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Arfvedsonite | [Na][Na2][Fe2+4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Eckermannite | NaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Ferro-eckermannite | NaNa2(Fe2+4Al)Si8O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Ferro-glaucophane | ◻[Na2][Fe2+3Al2]Si8O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Glaucophane | ◻[Na2][Mg3Al2]Si8O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Potassic-mangani-leakeite | [(Na,K)][Na2][Mg2Mn3+2Li]Si8O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Mangano-ferri-eckermannite | {Na}{Na2}{Mn2+4Fe3+}Si8O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Ferri-leakeite | [Na][Na2][Mg2Fe3+2Li]Si8O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Magnesio-riebeckite | ◻{Na2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Magnesio-arfvedsonite | {Na}{Na2}{Mg4Fe3+}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Nybøite | NaNa2(Mg3Al2)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Riebeckite | ◻[Na2][Fe2+3Fe3+2]Si8O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Mangano-mangani-ungarettiite | NaNa2(Mn2+2Mn3+3)(Si8O22)O2 |
9.DE.25 | Ferro-ferri-nybøite | NaNa2[(Fe2+3,Mg)Fe3+2](AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Clino-ferro-ferri-holmquistite | ◻{Li2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Ferri-nybøite | NaNa2(Mg3Fe3+2](AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Ferro-ferri-leakeite | [Na][Na2][Fe2+2Fe3+2Li]Si8O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Ferro-ferri-fluoro-leakeite | Na(Na2)(Fe2+2Fe3+2Li)(Si8O22)(F)2 |
9.DE.25 | Sodic-ferri-clinoferroholmquistite | Na0.5{Li2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Magnesio-fluoro-arfvedsonite | [Na][Na2][Mg4Fe3+][Si8O22](F,OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Ferri-pedrizite | [Na][Li2][Mg2Fe3+2Li]Si8O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Potassic-ferri-leakeite | [K][Na2][Mg2Fe3+2Li]Si8O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Fluoro-nybøite | NaNa2(Mg3Al2)(AlSi7O22)(F,OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Mangano-ferri-fluoro-leakeite | NaNa2(Mn2+2Fe3+2Li)[Si8O22]F2 |
9.DE.25 | Clino-fluoro-holmquistite | ◻{Li2}{Mg3Al2}(Si8O22)F2 |
9.DE.25 | Mangani-dellaventuraite | NaNa2(MgMn3+2Ti4+Li)Si8O22O2 |
9.DE.25 | Fluoro-pedrizite | NaLi2(Mg2Al2Li)(Si8O22)F2 |
9.DE.25 | Potassic-arfvedsonite | [(K,Na)][Na2][Fe2+4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Mangani-obertiite | NaNa2(Mg3Mn3+Ti4+)Si8O22O2 |
9.DE.25 | Ferro-nybøite | NaNa2(Fe2+3Al2)(AlSi7)O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Clino-sodic-fluoro-holmquistite | {Na}{Li2}{Mg4Al}(Si8O22)F2 |
9.DE.25 | Potassic-magnesio-fluoro-arfvedsonite | [(K,Na)][Na2][Mg4Fe3+][Si8O22][(F,OH)2] |
9.DE.25 | Ferro-ferri-pedrizite | [Na][Li2][Fe2+2Fe3+2Li]Si8O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Potassic-magnesio-arfvedsonite | [K][Na2][Mg4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Ferro-fluoro-glaucophane | ◻[Na2][Fe2+3Al2]Si8O22F2 |
9.DE.25 | Pedrizite | NaLi2(LiMg2Al2)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Ferro-pedrizite | NaLi2(Fe2+2Al2Li)Si8O22(OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Ferro-fluoro-pedrizite | Na(Li2)(Fe2+2Al2Li)[Si8O22]F2 |
9.DE.25 | Fluoro-leakeite | NaNa2(Mg2Al2Li)(Si8O22)F2 |
9.DE.25 | Ferro-ferri-obertiite | NaNa2(Fe2+3Fe3+Ti)Si8O22O2 |
9.DE.25 | Fluoro-glaucophane | ◻[Na2][Mg3Al2]Si8O22F2 |
9.DE.25 | Fluoro-riebeckite | ◻{Na2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)F2 |
9.DE.25 | Magnesio-fluoro-riebeckite | ◻{Na2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)F2 |
9.DE.25 | Fluoro-eckermannite | NaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22F2 |
9.DE.25 | Ferro-fluoro-eckermannite | NaNa2(Fe2+4Al}Si8O22F2 |
9.DE.25 | Fluoro-arfvedsonite | [Na][Na2][Fe2+4Fe3+]Si8O22F2 |
9.DE.25 | Ferri-fluoro-nybøite | NaNa2(Mg3Fe3+2)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
9.DE.25 | Ferro-ferri-fluoro-nybøite | NaNa2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
9.DE.25 | Ferro-fluoro-nybøite | NaNa2(Fe2+3Al2)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
9.DE.25 | Ferro-leakeite | NaNa2(Fe2+2Al2Li)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Leakeite | NaNa2(Mg2Al2Li)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Potassic-leakeite | KNa2(Mg2Al2Li)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
9.DE.25 | Ferri-fluoro-pedrizite | NaLi2(LiMg2Fe3+2)(Si8O22)F2 |
9.DE.25 | Ferro-ferri-fluoro-pedrizite | NaLi2(LiFe2+2Fe3+2)(Si8O22)F2 |
9.DE.25 | Clino-ferro-ferri-fluoro-holmquistite | ◻{Li2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)F2 |
9.DE.25 | Clino-ferri-fluoro-holmquistite | ◻{Li2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)F2 |
9.DE.25 | Clino-ferro-fluoro-holmquistite | ◻{Li2}{Fe2+3Al2}(Si8O22)F2 |
9.DE.25 | Ferri-obertiite | NaNa2(Mg3Fe3+Ti)Si8O22O2 |
9.DE.25 | Oxo-mangani-leakeite | NaNa2(Mn3+4Li)Si8O22O2 |
9.DE.25 | Oxo-pargasite | NaCa2(Mg3(Al2-x,Tix))5(Si6Al2O22)O2 |
9.DE.25 | Unnamed (Possible K-analogue of Ferri-obertiite) | KNa2((Mg,Fe,Na)3Fe3+(Ti,Fe))Si8O22(O,F)2 |
9.DE.25 | Potassic-mangano-mangani-ungarettiite | KNa2(Mn2+2Mn3+3)Si8O22O2 |
9.DE.25 | Potassic-jeanlouisite | K(NaCa)(Mg4Ti)Si8O22O2 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Cummingtonite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1170.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Cummingtonite
Reference List:
Klein, Cornelis (1964) Cummingtonite-grunerite series: A chemical, optical and x-ray study. American Mineralogist, 49 (7-8) 963-982
Fischer, Karl F. (1966) A further refinement of the crystal structure of cummingtonite, (Mg,Fe)7(Si4O11)2(OH)2. American Mineralogist, 51 (5-6) 814-818
Ghose, Subrata, Hexiong, Yang (1989) Mn-Mg distribution in a C2/m manganoan cummingtonite: Crystal-chemical considerations. American Mineralogist, 74 (9-10) 1091-1096
Hirschmann, Marc, Evans, Bernard W., Yang, Hexiong (1994) Composition and temperature dependence of Fe-Mg ordering in cummingtonite-grunerite as determined by X-ray diffraction. American Mineralogist, 79 (9-10) 862-877
Klein, Ulrich, Sharp, Thomas G., Schumacher, John C. (1997) Analytical electron microscopy of nanometer-scale hornblende lamellae; low-temperature exsolution in cummingtonite. American Mineralogist, 82 (11) 1079-1090 doi:10.2138/am-1997-11-1205
Hawthorne, F. C., Oberti, R. (2006) On the classification of amphiboles. The Canadian Mineralogist, 44 (1) 1-21 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.44.1.1
Localities for Cummingtonite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Godard et al. (2017) |
| Schlüter et al. (2011) |
Australia | |
| Teale et al. (2006) |
| Warren et al. (1974) |
| Pigott et al. (1984) |
| Modat Mineral Occurrence database +1 other reference |
Modat Mineral Occurrence database +7 other references | |
| ref: AmMin 47:360 |
| - (1998) |
| www.centrexmetals.com.au (n.d.) |
www.centrexmetals.com.au (n.d.) | |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
www.centrexmetals.com.au (n.d.) | |
| Noble et al. (1983) |
| Bottrill & Taheri |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
R Bottrill 2018 Unpub. MRT report | |
| Steffen Robertson & Kirsten Pty Ltd (2004) |
| Nepean Nickel Deposit +2 other references |
| Porter Geo International Study Tour ... |
| www.portergeo.com.au (2003) |
| Hassan (2017) |
| MinMag 66 (6) |
Downes et al. (2002) | |
| Maggie Hays Nickel Mineralization +2 other references |
| Collins et al. (2012) |
| Neil Phillips et al. (1998) |
| Econ Geol (1988) |
| Marston (1984) |
| Grguric et al. (2018) |
| Hassan (2014) |
| Eilu (2003) |
Econ Geol (1984) | |
| Fraser Gold Deposit +3 other references |
Austria | |
| G.Blaß |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| J. E. Zirkl: Der Karinthin 43/44:175-188 (1961) |
| Götzinger (1981) +2 other references |
| Schermann (1971) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2018) |
| Arthofer et al. (2009) |
Bolivia | |
| Rivas et al. (1998) |
Brazil | |
| Misi et al. (1999) |
| [[1]]Santos et al. (2020) |
| de Oliveira et al. (2003) |
| Palermo et al. (2008) |
| Min Rec 39:125-130 |
| Teixeira (2014) |
| Salgado et al. (2019) |
| Huang et al. (2022) |
Dreher et al. (2008) | |
| Neto et al. (2008) |
Burkina Faso | |
| Neybergh et al. (1980) |
Canada | |
| Manor et al. (2014) |
| Ghent et al. (1990) |
| Canadian Mineralogist 38:545-550 (2000) |
Menard et al. (1996) | |
| Duff (2016) |
| A. Dogan Paktunc (1984) |
| Klein (1966) |
| Canadian Mineralogist 7 |
| Whitty (2007) |
| Thurston et al. (2014) |
| Econ Geol (1989) |
| Markland et al. (UNK) |
| Econ Geol (1997) |
| Brand |
| Olivier Langelier Collection |
| Galley et al. (2000) |
| Normand (2001) +1 other reference |
| Mathieu et al. (2022) |
| Canadian Mineralogist 31 +2 other references |
| W. W. Moorhouse and N. Shepherd (1963) |
| Thomson et al. (1981) |
| May 1984 +4 other references |
| Williams (1990) |
| Coombe Geoconsultants Ltd. (1991) |
Steadman et al. (2015) | |
China | |
| Castelli et al. (1998) |
| Yi et al. (2024) |
| Proceedings 30th Intl Geol Cong Vol 16 ... |
| USGS Open-File Report 03-220 |
wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) | |
| Qingchang Meng (1981) |
| Han et al. (2022) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Zhaochong Zhang et al. (2008) |
| Wang et al. (2006) |
Czech Republic | |
| Mochnacka et al. (2002) |
| Josef Vajdak (2002) |
| Prachař +7 other references |
Dominican Republic | |
| Saumur et al. (2013) |
Egypt | |
| Helmy et al. (1995) |
Finland | |
| Aumo |
| Le Vaillant et al. (2016) |
| Molnár et al. (2017) |
| Peltonen et al. (2008) |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2007 ... |
Geological Survey of Finland 2007 ... | |
| Mäki (1997) |
| Geological Survey of Finland ... |
Mäki (1997) | |
| Papunen |
| Papunen |
| Hytönen (1999) |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ... |
| Kärkkäinen et al. (1999) |
| Eilu (2003) |
| Geological Survey of Finland Liipola-N ... |
France | |
| |
| |
| Ph. D'arco |
| Arliguie M collection |
Le Règne Minéral 47: 5-21 | |
| Abdel-Karim et al. (1989) |
Ghana | |
| AmMin 46:642 |
Greece | |
| Tombros et al. (2023) |
Greenland | |
| Dymek et al. (6) +1 other reference |
Petersen et al. (1993) | |
| Friend (1982) |
Guyana | |
| AmMin 57:1540 |
India | |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
| C. S. Pichamuthu (1950) |
| Narayanan Kutty et al. (1977) |
| Sarkar et al. (1980) |
| Mineralogical Magazine (1967) +1 other reference |
| Baidya et al. (2018) |
| Deb (1980) |
Deb (1980) | |
Deb (1980) +1 other reference | |
| Singh et al. (2023) |
Indonesia | |
| Econ Geol (1997) |
Italy | |
| Martin et al. (1989) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Boriani A. (1965) +3 other references |
| Bosi et al. (2018) |
Japan | |
| Kobayashi H (1977) +1 other reference |
| Dr Kazumi Yokoyama analyses |
| Uchida (1983) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu ore collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) +4 other references |
| 奥村滋. (1986) |
| Matsubara (2003) |
| Fuzimoto (2006) |
| Nishiyama (1983) |
Aikawa (1979) | |
| Analyses by Dr Kazumi Yokoyama |
| Analyses by Dr Hideki Masago |
| Analyses by Dr Hideki Masago |
| photo in: Koubutsu Doshikai (2017) |
| Kato (2009) |
| Akira Kato (2011) |
Kosovo | |
| Lauf (2013) |
Libya | |
| GOUDARZI. G.H. (1970) |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1963) |
Mauritania | |
| Denver Region Exploration Geologists ... |
Kolb et al. (2006) | |
Mexico | |
| Megaw (2023) |
New Zealand | |
Railton et al. (1990) | |
| NZJGG |
NZJGG | |
NZJGG | |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
| Topping et al. (1973) |
| Service (1937) |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
Railton et al. (1990) | |
| Mason (1953) |
Mason et al. (1) | |
Norway | |
| Barton et al. (1984) |
| Maijer et al. (1987) |
| Markus Reime collection +1 other reference |
| Nilsen et al. (1972) |
Nilsen et al. (1972) | |
Nilsen et al. (1972) | |
Nilsen et al. (1972) | |
Nilsen et al. (1972) | |
Nilsen et al. (1972) | |
| Eskola (1921) |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... |
| Carstens (1919) +2 other references |
| Nordrum et al. (1981) |
| Bøe (2001) |
| Nilsen (1971) |
| Witsø (1995) |
| Lappin et al. (1978) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Gonzalez-Alvarez et al. (2013) |
Philippines | |
| Fournelle et al. (1996) |
Poland | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Romania | |
| Hârtopanu et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
Russia | |
| Belykh et al. (2007) |
| Belykh et al. (2007) |
Belykh et al. (2007) | |
| Talovina et al. (2003) |
| Sklyarov et al. (2023) |
| Novakov et al. (2021) |
Tararin et al. (2007) | |
Tararin et al. (2007) | |
| Zhmodik et al. (2016) |
| Yakich et al. (2020) |
Pekin et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Mitrofanov et al. (1990) |
... | |
| Golikov et al. (1999) |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| Gvozdev (2001) |
| Barkov et al. (2001) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
[World of Stones 12:49] | |
| USGS Open File Report 2005-1252 p11 |
| Gregor Borg et al (2001) |
| Prokof’ev et al. (2007) |
Saint Lucia | |
| Ph. D'arco |
Slovakia | |
| Pauliš |
| Koděra (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
South Korea | |
| Kinosaki (1941) |
Spain | |
| gr-mulhacen.foroactivo.com (n.d.) |
| Oen et al. (1980) |
| Romero Silva (2003) +1 other reference |
| I. S. Oen |
| Joan Abella i Creus (2012) |
| |
| Williams (1983a) |
Sweden | |
| Jansson (2001) |
| Lasskogen (2010) +1 other reference |
| |
| Öhman et al. (2000) |
| |
| Wilke (1976) |
| Joe Cilen |
| |
| |
| Wilke (1997) |
Wilke (1997) | |
Wilke (1997) | |
| Sundius (1924) |
| |
| |
| |
Econ Geol (1992) | |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Magnusson (1940) |
| |
| Damman (1989) |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
Ukraine | |
| Poliakovska et al. (2023) |
| Alexander Babynin & Eugenia Slivko (1999) +1 other reference |
Baranov et al. (2009) +1 other reference | |
| Wikipedia |
| Wikipedia |
USA | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| ... |
| The-Vug.com Collecting Minerals of La ... |
| Galbraith (1959) |
AmMin 21:607 | |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 395. +2 other references |
| Spry et al. (2021) |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Spry et al. (2021) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Spry et al. (2021) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Journal of Petrology (1991) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Spry et al. (2021) |
| Samuel Robinson (1825) +1 other reference |
| Harvard Mineralogical Museum |
Harvard Mineralogical Museum | |
| Schooner (circa 1985) |
| Ague (1995) |
| Cook (1978) |
Van Gosen (2005) | |
Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Windom et al. (1991) |
| King et al. (1994) |
... | |
... | |
... | |
| keck.wooster.edu (n.d.) |
| W. B. Thompson et al. (2005) |
| Rocks & Min.: 21:144-145 +1 other reference |
| Min Rec (1978) |
| Dewey (1824) +2 other references |
| Quinn (1945) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Morris Jr. (1983) |
| Morris Jr. (1983) |
| Slaughter (2023) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| David Frank and Lorraine Edmond (2001) |
| - (2005) |
| Chris Tucker and John Betts specimens. +1 other reference |
| Immega et al. (1976) |
| Econ Geol (1997) |
Koschmann et al. (1968) | |
USGS Prof Paper 999 | |
| AmMin 85:16061616 |
Morrill | |
| Dunn (1995) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| NMGS 21st Field Conference |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| John H. Betts (2009) |
gsa.confex.com (2003) | |
| Marian Lupulescu and R. Rowe (2011) |
NY State Museum spec. no. 18106 | |
Stapor | |
| Winter et al. (1981) |
Stapor | |
| Wood (1996) |
| Absher and McSween H.Y Jr |
Swanson (2008) | |
Stapor | |
| Gordon - Min. Penn. (1922) |
| Cox (1985) |
| - (2005) |
| Am Min (1936) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
Koschmann et al. (1968) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Travis A. Paris (2011) |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) |
Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) | |
| Veblen et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
| SPEAR (1982) |
Dietrich (1990) | |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Myers et al. (1974) |
| Kimball +1 other reference |
| Hollister (1982) |
| R&M 73:11-12 pp 378-399 Wisconsin ... |
| Adams (1996) |
| Cordua (1998) |
| Loucks (1976) |
Zambia | |
| MacIntyre (2019) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Bahnemann |
| Frei (2005) |
| - (2002) +1 other reference |
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Birkeland mines, Sauda, Rogaland, Norway