 | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | Qinghai, China B. Zhou College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Tongji, China Y. Yao...Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Shanghai, China Y. Pan (&) Department of Geological Sciences, University... Location/source Ref. Sassolite B(OH)3 D Tibet/CAGS Gajhede et al. (1986) Suanite Mg2[B2O5]...Kazakhstan/CAGS Grice 2008 Metaborite a-HBO2 3D:3D Tibet/QISL Peters and Milberg (1964) Inderite Mg[B3O3(OH)5](H2O)4H2O...Na2B4O5(OH)48H2O 2D2h:\D2h[=\D2h[ 2D2h:\D2h[=\D2h[ Tibet/QISL Tibet/QISL Wan and Ghose (1977) Levy and Lisensky |  | | Report (issue) | | Peru ••• ••• ... China •• Iraq • • ••• Japan ••• ••• .. . Persia • Syria .' . Tibet ••• ••• Turkey •••...-deposits are colemanite, priceite, ulexite and kernite. Deposits of this character are known in California...s11rh d8jposits are known in Ca]ifornia, Neva,da, Tibet a.µd South America.. Lake Brines.-Salt-water lakes...from brine. 1 Borax from Kernite (rasorite). The single deposit of kernite, tl1e chief borax mineral...worked from shafts. Uncler ordinary conaitions kernite is only slowly solt1ble in water, b11t it "rill |  | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | University and include halite, cryolite, borax, kernite, nitre, soda nitre, colemanite and sylvite. The...oOOo F@OO a HALITE CRYOLITE \1 "goRax" \/ V KERNITE NITRE v \ SODA NITRE @LEUANITE SYLVITE r...D.T.A. curves for selectedevaporite minerals. Kernite-Two endothermic peaks, at 160" C. and 188. C. are...endothermic peak temperature noted by Allen (1957) for kernite is 185oC. The peak at 160' C. probably reflectsthe...which may result from partial hydration of the kernite. Nitre-The first endothermic reaction at I25" C |  | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | California (USA), Central Andes (South America) and Tibet (Central Asia). The origin of borate deposits is...salars (Andes) and playalakes and salt pans (USA-Tibet). Boron is a rare element in the Earth’s crust,...Marco Polo, and since that time by traders from Tibet and Kashmir. By the 1770s, the French had developed...in the Mojave Desert of California; borax and kernite are mined from a large deposit at Boron. Borate...Na2O2CaO5B2O3.16H2O Inyoite Ca-Na-Borates Na-Borates Kernite Na2(B4O6(OH)2).3H2O Na2B4O7.4H2O Na2O2B2O3.4H2O |  | | Report (issue) | | regions. Association: Inyoite, ulexite, colemanite, kernite, kurnakovite, trona, aphthitalite, glauberite,...Ladakh district, Kashmir to north of Lhasa, Tibet, China, along the Qinghai Province-Xizang Plateau. |  | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | (10H20) throughtincalconite (5H•O, but metastable),kernite (4H•O), to metakernite (2t-I•O). This suggeststhat...the high hydrateof the series. Borax Series.--Kernite, the low hydrateof the borax series,occursonly...deposits. Borax is knownas a primarymineralfrom Tibet, Borax Lake, California (13), Turilari, Argentina |  | | Report (issue) | | states . 10 World. ocourrencea •• 11 U. s. Tibet . • . . ll Italy; Germany; Russia _: Australia...cOIIQ)081tion Borao content' percent percent B ~O:i Kernite ( "Basori te" ) ~40..,. 411c20 15.8 50-9 Borax... ( See also Anonymous , 1933, p . 20 - 44 ). Tibet and nearby parts of the high region north of India...about 1250 (the time ot Marco Polo), the borax from Tibet was the chief supply until about t he Jliddle ot...reaton, California. (a) Core lop troa cr~>ene, China, Searles, and ~nt bu1rus, c.l.1 tom1a, by G. I. |  | | Journal (issue) | | Above: An intricately carved /apis lazuli pendant (China). Right: An ancient Egyptian effigy with an ultramarine...Germany in the 1920s from rough ly equal amounts of china clay, sulphur and sodium carbonate, with lesser...or from closely related borate minerals such as kernite and tinc:alconite which are recrystallised after...sulphates and other borates, such as colemanite and kernite. Some of the most extensive and industrially productive...productive borax deposits are found in Kashmir and Tibet. In the USA, there are intensively mined deposits |  | | Journal (issue) | | of Tibet and used in China and India. Transportation by coolie-back from the high lakes of Tibet to the...silversmith and the maker of fine porcelain and china. The first production of borates in Europe wa s...minerals mined are mainly tineal and rasorite (kernite). Southern California produces 98~ of the entire...making glazes for pottery, tile, porcelain and china, and in making special heat reSisting glassWare |  | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | (continued) Sample description Da Qaidam Lake, Tibet Brines and salt minerals Boron minerals Lake sediments...Turkey Kashmir, India New Caledonia, NE Australia Tibet Madagascar Canada Carbonates Modern marine carbonates...(Orinoco Basin, Venezuela) Late Archaean (W Australia) Tibet Rhyolites Fresh (Yellowstone National Park, USA)...hambergite, howlite, hydroboracite, inderite, inyoite, kernite, meyerhofferite, pandermite, szaibelyite, tincalconite...1991a). In contrast, brines from the Da Qaidam Lake (Tibet) display a range in 6a 1B from 0,0 to + 14.6%o (Vengosh |  | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | located in the USA, Argentina, Chile, Peru, and China, with the largest borate reserves in the world being...brought to Europe in the 13th century by traders from Tibet and Kashmir (Ozol 1977; Travis and Cocks 1984; Kistler...NaCa[B5O6 (OH) 6]·5H2O Na-borates Tincalconite Borax Kernite Na2 [B 4O5 (OH) 4]·3H2O Na2 [B 4O5 (OH) 4]·8H2O...Precambrian borate deposits of Liaoning Province (China) were initially classed as skarn deposits on the...80,000 28 55 Russia 40,000 60,000 28 69 China 27,000 36,000 19 25 Chile 8,000 41,000 6 |  | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | borate formations, characterized by borax (and kernite) facies, and (3) Mg borate formations. Studies...of kernite crystals in this deposit suggests that the alteration of the borax crystals to kernite, which...valid for Kırka, where the extent of the borax-to-kernite transformation is limited, in contrast to the Kramer...lakes has been cited by Sun & Li (1993) in the Tibet Plateau, but detailed descriptions of such occurrences...lower part the borax has been largely replaced by kernite (Kistler & Helvacı 1994). Barnard & Kistler (1966) |  | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | lustrous (satin spar) mass of ulexite; and the best kernite we ever saw—translucent, colorless masses (keep...place—note on label). Both the ulexite and the kernite come from the Pacific Coast Co. borax mine at Boron...is used in the plant. TIBET—Two nice red jade cabochons, brought from Tibet by Sgt. Lee Elmore of Austin |  | | Book | | gypsum, calcite, colemanite, kernite, ulexite. Found in: Nevada/USA; Tibet/China; Kashmir/Pakistan/ India;...India; Kazakhstan/USSR; Iran. Similar to: kernite, _colemanite, sassolite, soda, trona. 3◄ 4 ◄ 5 ◄ 6◄ 7...Ladakh/India; California, Nevada/USA. Similar to: borax, kernite. 8◄ Sal Ammoniac g◄ Q) Death Valley, California/USA...Czechoslovakia; Seine/France, Tula/ USSR. Similar to: amber. Kernite G) Kern Co., Californ ia/USA Na2[8 4 0 s( 0Hh]...Kazakhstan/USSR; Egypt; Tanzania; Gobi desert/Mongolia; Tibet/China; California, Nevada/USA. Similar to: borax, colemanite | | | Book | | gypsum, calcite, colemanite, kernite, ulexite. Found in: Nevada/USA; Tibet/China; Kashmir/Pakistan/ India;...India; Kazakhstan/USSR; Iran. Similar to: kernite, colemanite, sassolite, soda, trona. 3◄ 4 ◄ 5 ◄ Sassolite...Ladakh/India; California, Nevada/USA. Similar to: borax, kernite. Sal Ammoniac @ Paricutin/Mexico Ammonium Chloride...Czechoslovakia; Seine/France, Tula/ USSR. Similar to: amber. Kernite G) Kern Co., California/USA Na2(840s(0Hh] •3...Kazakhstan/USSR; Egypt; Tanzania; Gobi desert/Mongolia; Tibet/China; California, Nevada/USA. Similar to: borax, colemanite | | | Book | | Centre, NSW 215:l , Aw,trnlia Printed wul bound i11 China All right~ resen ·ed Sterling ISBN 0-8069-8570-4...gypsum, calcite, colemanire, kernite, ulexite. Found in: Nevada/USA; Tibet/China; Kashmir/Pakistan/ India;...India; Kazakhstan/USSR; Iran. Similar to: kernite, colemanite, sassolite, soda, trona 2 3◄ 4 ◄ 6 ◄ 7 ◄...Ladakh/lndia; California, Nevada/USA. Similar to: borax, kernite. Sal Ammoniac © Paricutin/Mexico Ammonium Chloride...Seine/France, Tula/ USSR. Similar to: amber. Kernite Q) Kern Co., California/USA Na2[B.0 6(0H)2) •3 |  | | Book | | minerals to the best advantage, by illuminating an old china cabinet with concealed strings of white Christmas-tree...cents as streak plates, but the edge of a broken china cup or dish is adequate though not so convenient...stibnite is produced in quantity in Hunan Proyince, China, where the world’s largest deposits are situ-...most important ore furnishing half of the world’s China. The richest source of Range in the southern part...supply from deposits in all is in the Nan Ling China. Large reserves are also known in Burma, Malaya |  | | Book | | translucent. This ware is called “porcelain” or “fire china” after the country where it was first made. The...Pottery Industry Although porcelain was first made in China, European potters eventually learned the secret...are the borates and of these only four, borax, kernite, colemanite, and ulexite, are abundant. Through...Composition Sassolite H3BO3 Priceite Ca4BI0OI9 • Kernite Na2B407 • 4H20 Na2B407 • 5H20 Colemanite Inyoite...remove the mud impurities, and recrystallize it. Kernite, as the formulas show, is similar chemically to |  | Grew, Edward S., Hystad, Grethe, Hazen, Robert M., Krivovichev, Sergey V., Gorelova, Liudmila A. (2017) How many boron minerals occur in Earth’s upper crust?. American Mineralogist, 102 (8) 1573-1587 doi:10.2138/am-2017-5897 | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | al. 2015). (b) Colorless cleavage fragment of kernite [Na2B4O6(OH)2·3H2O] from Boron, Kern County, California...inclusion in chromite ore in the Luobusa ophiolite, Tibet, China (Dobrzhinetskaya et al. 2009, 2014). Composition...adequately specified. Reports of specimens from China and the former Soviet Union dating from the 1950s...available in the late 1970s in countries such as China and the former Soviet Union, where many boron minerals...substitution of carbon for boron in warwickite from China; Peter Burns for information on trembathite; Christian | | | Book | | gypsum, calcite, colemamte, kernite, ulexite. Found in: Nevada/USA; Tibet/China; Kashmir/Pakistan/ India;...India; Kazakhstan/USSR; Iran. Similar to: kernite, colemanite, sassolite, soda, trona. 2i SaSSOlite 34 ...Ladakh/India; California, Nevada/USA. Similar to: borax, kernite. Sal Ammoniac 0 Paricutin/Mexico Ammonium Chloride...Kazakhstan/USSR; Egypt; Tanzania; Gobi desert/Mongolia; Tibet/China; California, Nevada/USA. Similar to: borax, colemanite...Wyoming, California/USA; Venezuela; Iran; 8i Tibet/China; Manchuria. Similar to: borax. 9 i Kainite |  | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | Bolivia and Perú), and (3) saline lakes in the Tibet-Qinghai Plateau. In all three regions, highly hydrated...the intermediate ulexite unit; and Na-borates (kernite (Na2(B4O6(OH)2).3H2O) and tincalconite) related |  | | Journal (issue) | | t:SA. Other 1pajor sources are in Kashmir and Tibet. Colemanite Colemanitc - a bonnc of colci111n...mineral c.'Ollectors have them faceted for display. Kernite Each molecule ofthis borate of sodium is hydrated |  | | Book (edition) | | Bittner-Zastrow Edited by Dan Brownell Printed in China Contents |AUS OG ts Ci, Hee PER OW CUM MC ...found, including Arizona, USA; Afghanistan, Norway, China, and Ukraine. The crystals from these locations...agate, Arizona, SP IEE, Occurrences: Brazil, China, Hungary, Mexico; Arizona, California, Michigan...Occurrences: Inlaid dendritic jasper bracelet. Brazil, China, Mexico; Arizona, California, Michigan, Oregon,... California, 4" x2-1/2". Occurrences: Africa, China, Egypt; California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Texas |  | | Journal (volume) | | shipped during the year included the sodium borates, kernite (rasorite), kramerite from Kern County; also crystallized...In pocket ; B, Geologic 346 specimen from kernite deposit Mine map and projection of underground...district is famous since its principal borax mineral, kernite, has been found nowhere else but in this one locality...sodium borate minerals tincal or native borax and kernite, found later, have proved to be by far the most...sediment, as it occurs in the Kramer deposit. Kernite seems to have been formed from the original bedded |  | | Book | | of one form or another are: the tungsten ores of China; the quartz of Brazil; the diamonds of Africa; the...worked long ago in England (Cornwall), western China, Bohemia, and Spain that the ancients could hardly...(German silver), were first accidentally produced in China from complex ores. It was not until about 2500 B...the flame of barium-bearing minerals. Ex. Borax, kernite, colemanite, datolite. Bromine, Br AgNO3 solution...splintery cleavage fragments; soluble in hot water KERNITE Vitreous White 3 Rhombohedral cleavage; effervescent |
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