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| System of Krafla, NE Iceland Knútur Árnason ÍSOR, Iceland GeoSurvey, 108 Reykjavík, Iceland; Knutur.Arnason@isor... Abstract: The complexity of the Krafla volcano and its geothermal system(s) has puzzled geoscientists...complexity. The geological structure and history of the volcano is more complex than hitherto believed. The visible...explain the bimodal behavior of evolved volcanos like Krafla and Askja, with occasional silicic, often phreatic...them causing a silicic eruption. Keywords: Krafla volcano; geothermal systems; conceptual models; volcanology |
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| Figure 1. Sketch of the cross-section of a strato-volcano. Adapted from Stimac et al. [48] and Richards [49]...Alteration trend with the equilibrium temperature in Iceland for the secondary minerals (modified from Kousehlar...Ushijima et al. [81]). (b) Krýsuvík geothermal area, Iceland (modified after Hersir et al. [82]). (c) Bacon-Manito...Tugawin et al. [83]). (d) Hengill geothermal fields, Iceland (modified after Gasperikova et al. [84]). Shallow...associated with monogenic domes (1630-dome) at Furnas volcano (San Miguel Island, Portugal) can be clearly identified |
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| Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Iceland 2 Division of Applied Geophysics, Department...extending north of the Álftafjörður central volcano in east Iceland are studied to test models of dyke swarm...and northwards directed away from the central volcano for nine dykes, and found to be vertical in three...extensional geodynamic environments, such as in Iceland, is complicated by interactions between magmatism...Geoffroy et al. 2002; Aubourg et al. 2008). In Iceland, such studies have been few. Apart from the early |
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| chamber processes in central volcanic systems of Iceland: constraints from layered gabbro of the Austurhorn...investigations of the largest gabbro outcrop in Iceland, the Hvalnesfjall gabbro of the 6–7 Ma Austurhorn...similar to known transitional olivine basalts from Iceland that had undergone about 20% crystallisation of...magma chambers over the Iceland mantle plume. The Austurhorn central volcano likely formed in an off-rift...off-rift flank zone proximal to the Iceland mantle plume during a major rift relocation. Communicated by |
 | Costa, S., Masotta, M., Gioncada, A., Pistolesi, M., Bosch, D., Scarlato, P. (2020) Magma evolution at La Fossa volcano (Vulcano Island, Italy) in the last 1000 years: evidence from eruptive products and temperature gradient experiments. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 175 (4) doi:10.1007/s00410-020-1669-0 | Journal (article/letter/editorial) |
| 175:31 ORIGINAL PAPER Magma evolution at La Fossa volcano (Vulcano Island, Italy) in the last 1000 years:...volcanic activity of the last 1000 years at La Fossa volcano (Vulcano Island, Italy) was characterized by the...inferred for the shallow plumbing system of La Fossa volcano (150 MPa and 1050–900 °C), indicate different paths...fact, common in the recent activity of La Fossa volcano (e.g. Piochi et al. 2009; Rossi et al. 2019). Significant...K2O of the entire eruptive history of La Fossa volcano (up to 7.5 wt.%; Fulignati et al. 2018). The petrological |
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| Richard A. Houghton (Eds.) 154 The Rocky Mountain Region—An Evolving Lithosphere: Tectonics, Geochemistry...(Eds.) 172 Volcanism and Subduction: The Kamchatka Region John Eichelberger, Evgenii Gordeev, Minoru Kasahara... and Roderick Heelis (Eds.) 182 The Stromboli Volcano: An Integrated Study of the 2002–2003 Eruption..........................67 Implications of the Iceland Deep Drilling Project for Improving Understanding...on faster spreading ridges. Taking advantage of Iceland as the part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge most accessible |
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| et al., 1988 Oversby, 1972 Indian Ocean Basin Krafla Vol. Surtsey Widom et al., 1992 Oskarsson et al...Verde F. Noronhodi Tristan da Cunha Azores Is. Iceland Dickey et al., 1977 H u m p h r i s et al., 1985...depleted-MORBmantle basalts of Iceland, like rocks from the Krafla volcano averaging 11.7 ppm Ce, are in...trations than those for MORB (Fig. 3B). Mauna Kea volcano on the island of Hawaii, the Pitcairn Islands,...Honolulu series on the island of Oahu and the Koloa volcano series on the island of Kauai, have more scattered |
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| NORTH ATLANTIC REGION The Geology of North America The Western North Atlantic Region . Frontispiece...North America Volume M The Western North Atlantic Region Edited by Peter R. Vogt Naval Research Laboratory...be photocopied purpose of scientific Atlantic region. and included for the noncommercial or educational...Atlantic Kristjan 6. and tectonics Macdonald in Iceland, and application submarine mid-ocean ridges Gudmundur...delimiting the geographic scope of a synthesis volume. Iceland has often been used as a boundary, but from the |
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| and fluxes of trace-element gases at Augustine volcano, Alaska: Insights into magma degassing and fumarolic...characteristics of young volcanic rocks from Egmont Volcano and comparisons with basalts and andesites from...Fe-Cl complexing in the low pressure supercritical region (NaCl fluid}: Iron ~Iubility constraints on pH...Katmai volcano, 56(4): 1429 solubility, peraluminous liquids, 56( 10): St. Augustine volcano, gases,...2235; 56( IO):3809 Nd, isotope composition, Egmont volcano, New Zealand, 56(3):941 partition coefficients |
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| Veidivötn, Grímsvötn and Katla volcanic systems, Iceland 103 OBENHOLZNER, J. H., SCHROETTNER, H., GOLOB...DELGADO, H. Particles from the plume of Popocatepetl volcano, Mexico - the FESEM/EDS approach 123 MCGONIGLE...emissions 149 GERLACH, T. M. Elevation effects in volcano applications of the COSPEC 169 CARN, S. A., KRUEGER...proxies for plume chemistry at Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat 203 Part III Field investigations...high-frequency gas monitoring at Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat 219 vi CONTENTS WARDELL, L. I |
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| Veidivétn, Grimsvotn and Katla volcanic systems, Iceland OBENHOLZNER, J. H., SCHROETTNER, H., GOLOB, P... H. Particles from the plume of Popocatépetl volcano, Mexico — the FESEM/EDS Ws approach McGONIGLE...emissions 149 GERLACH, T. M. Elevation effects in volcano applications of the COSPEC 169 CARN, S. A., KRUEGER...proxies for plume chemistry at Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat Part III Field investigations of degassing...high-frequency gas monitoring at Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat ING, Vi CONTENTS WARDELL, L. J |
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| degassing and fumarolic processes gases at Augustine volcano, 633 659 J. D, WEBSTER:Fluid-melt interactions...characteristics of young volcanic rocks from Egmont Volcano and comparisons with basalts and andesites from...Fe-Cl complexing in the Iow pressure supercritical region (NaCI fluid): Iron solubility constraints on pH...Vent, Katmai, 56(4): 1429 Katmai volcano, 56(4): I429 St. Augustine volcano, gases, 56(2):633 Tin r$e9ek... 56(6):2242 Pb. isotope composition. Egmont volcano. Sew Zealand. _i6(3):951 S. concentration. 56(5 |
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| which is softer. THIS OBSIDIAN outcrop is in Iceland, an island where acid igneous rocks are rare. ...Trachyte outcrops of trachyte are seen in this volcano on the island of Tenerife. DOME-SHAPED feldspar...margins. and pyroclastic dacite forms much of the volcano at Crater Lake, Oregon, USA. EXTRUSIVE hornblende...country rocks, which surround and lie beneath the volcano. Rounding of the clasts may have occurred in the...which plugs the main or a satellite vent of a volcano. The outcrop of this rock is circular on a geological |
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| Typhon is buried under Etna volcano. Whenever the giant stirs, the volcano erupts violently. Eighteenth...Science, New Zealand Stephen R. McNutt Alaska Volcano Observatory and University of Alaska Fairbanks...Hazard from Lahars and Jökulhlaups Synthesis of Volcano Monitoring 973 1121 John B. Murray, Hazel Rymer...McNutt Impacts of Eruptions on Human Health Volcano Warnings Volcanic Crises Management Peter J. Baxter...Related Phreatomagmatic Eruptions Synthesis of Volcano Monitoring 495 1165 Volcanic Lakes Volcanic Materials |
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| Ilmenite 7.28 Rutile 7.29 Uraninite 7.30 Pyrite 7.31 Pyrrhotite 7.32 Chalcopyrite 7.33 Apatite Summary Review...hidden by a nebular disc of material (diagonal dark region) similar in mass and size to the one that formed...lower side by the 660 km seismic discontinuity. The region between this depth and another prominent discontinuity...capable of moving, albeit very slowly. In this region, heat can be transferred by moving hot low-density...triple junction may be present beneath the Afar region of Ethiopia, with the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden |
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| Guttard studied the rocks of the Auvergne region of central France and recognized many recently...derived from vol- cani vicus, or the seat of a volcano. Desmarest (1771) also worked in the Auvergne and...growth in our knowledge of magmatic rocks of Iceland could be expressed in Hall used a primitive furnace...Sartorius von Waltershausen (1853) also worked in Iceland and he proposed that the different igneous rocks...work (1894-1933) on the igneous rocks of the Oslo region of Norway; (b) the publication in 1895 of Alfred |
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| Ilmenite 7.28 Rutile 7.29 Uraninite 7.30 Pyrite 7.31 Pyrrhotite 7.32 Chalcopyrite 7.33 Apatite Summary Review...hidden by a nebular disc of material (diagonal dark region) similar in mass and size to the one that formed...lower side by the 660 km seismic discontinuity. The region between this depth and another prominent discontinuity...capable of moving, albeit very slowly. In this region, heat can be transferred by moving hot low-density...triple junction may be present beneath the Afar region of Ethiopia, with the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden |
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| rocks Precambrian rocks Tectonics Basin and Range region _______ _______________ Stratigraphic and structural...Igneous rocks Geochronologic studies Pacific coast region Oregon Western United States Washington California...Geologic maps Water-resource investigations Northeastern region Connecticut Delaware Illinois Indiana Maryland...Water-resource investigations Continued Northeastern region Continued Virginia ________________________...___ Wisconsin ________________ Southeastern region ___________ Alabama _______________________ Florida |
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| rocks Precambrian rocks Tectonics Basin and Range region _______ _______________ Stratigraphic and structural...Igneous rocks Geochronologic studies Pacific coast region Oregon Western United States Washington California...Geologic maps Water-resource investigations Northeastern region Connecticut Delaware Illinois Indiana Maryland...Water-resource investigations Continued Northeastern region Continued Virginia ________________________...___ Wisconsin ________________ Southeastern region ___________ Alabama _______________________ Florida |
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| environments from ophiolites, contemporary oceanic crust, Iceland, continental rifts, and continental margins. Professor...open your eyes to the largest and most unexplored region on Earth – the global Mid-Ocean Ridge. My own introduction...ridges: fire and ice 4.2.1 Grimsey Field, north of Iceland 4.2.2 Trollveggen (Troll Wall) Field, Mohns Ridge...colonization 4.11.5 Wiring an active submarine volcano 4.12 Guaymas Basin: venting at sedimented ridges...historically difficult to image. In places such as Iceland, however, where volcanism has been ongoing for |
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| recorded history only by the 1815 eruption of Tambora Volcano (Indonesia). When this voluminous eruption occurred...was only about 50,000, living in a vast, remote region that was terra incognita to most of the world....ashfalls—reported from places distant from the volcano. The full story of the eruption and what actually...it fortunately occurred in a sparsely populated region, causing only a single fatality (not directly eruption...exponential increase in air traffic in the North Pacific region during recent decades, greater potential hazards |
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| Hydrothermal Fluid Circulation Hydrothermal Systems and Volcano Monitoring An Example of Assessing the Role of...Application of the Geostatistical Approach to Volcano Forecasting at Different Time Scales ix 471 ...consequence, not the cause of the collapse. At Kilauea Volcano in Hawaii, the concept of caldera formation by...long-term use of the FFM at a quiet or dormant volcano as an essential prerequisite to define the baseline...persistence of a given time series collected at a volcano. They note that a time series that does not keep |
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| is less, the viscous-dominated Stokes’ settling region also persists up to 100 mm. However, the fast falling...environment of the estuarine turbidity maximum above the region within a metre of the bed. Closer to the bed, high...sublayer, there is a transition (‘buffer layer’) to a region in which the flow speed varies as the logarithm...it is not suspended. This means that there is a region of bedload transport for all particles of settling...Suspension Once material is moved out of the near-bed region, it is held in suspension by the action of fluid |
