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Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa Province, Tuscany, Italyi
Regional Level Types
LarderelloVillage
PomaranceCommune
Pisa ProvinceProvince
TuscanyRegion
Italy- not defined -

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PhotosMapsSearch
Type:
Village
Largest Settlements:
PlacePopulation
Larderello342 (2014)
Mindat Locality ID:
2067
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:2:2067:4
GUID (UUID V4):
24430d35-c379-4c3d-bc73-0ac297ebbbb3
Other Languages:
View 12 more...
French:
Larderello, Pomarance, Province de Pise, Toscane, Italie
German:
Larderello, Pomarance, Provinz Pisa, Toskana, Italien
Italian:
Larderello, Pomarance, Provincia di Pisa, Toscana, Italia
Russian:
Лардерелло, Помаранче, Провинция Пиза, Тоскана, Италия
Spanish:
Larderello, Pomarance, Provincia de Pisa, Toscana, Italia
Azeri:
Larderello, Piza əyaləti, Toskana, İtaliya
Cebuano:
Larderello, Pomarance, Province of Pisa, Toscana, Italya
Chechen:
Лардерело, Тоскана, Итали
Dutch:
Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa, Toscane, Italië
Farsi/Persian:
لاردریلو, پومارانچه, استان پیزا, توسکانی, ایتالیا
Norwegian (Nynorsk):
Larderello, Provinsen Pisa, Toscana, Italia
Romanian:
Larderello, Pomarance, Provincia Pisa, Toscana, Italia
Serbian:
Лардерело, Pomarance, Пиза, Тоскана, Италија
Serbo-Croatian:
Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa, Toskana, Italija
Slovak:
Larderello, Pisa, Toskánsko, Taliansko
Slovenian:
Larderello, Pisa, Toskana, Italija
Tatar:
Лардерело, Тоскана, Италия


Larderello is a frazione of the comune of Pomarance, in Tuscany in central Italy, renowned for its geothermal productivity.

The region of Larderello has experienced occasional phreatic eruptions, caused by explosive outbursts of steam trapped below the surface. The water is contained in metamorphic rocks where it is turned to steam, which is then trapped beneath a dome of impermeable shales and clay. The steam escapes through faults in the dome and forces its way out in the hot springs. It possesses a dozen explosion craters, 30–250 m in diameter. The largest is the Lago Vecchienna crater which last erupted around 1282, now filled by the Boracifero Lake.

Larderello now produces 10% of the world's entire supply of geothermal electricity, amounting to 4,800 GWh per year and powering about a million Italian households. Its geology makes it uniquely conducive to geothermal power production, with hot granite rocks lying unusually close to the surface, producing steam as hot as 202 °C (ca. 396 °F).

Contrary to popular belief, Larderello is not a volcano, as no eruptions of magma have occurred there at any point in history.

Select Mineral List Type

Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Mineral List

Mineral list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities

34 valid minerals. 6 (TL) - type locality of valid minerals.

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ Actinolite
Formula: ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
ⓘ Almandine
Formula: Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3
ⓘ Alunite
Formula: KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
ⓘ Ammonioborite (TL)
Formula: (NH4)2[B5O6(OH)4]2 · H2O
Type Locality:
Description: Ammonioborite is found as compact, fine-grained granular masses. In part as microscopic monoclinic or triclinic crystals, platy in habit and often grouped in parallel position. Cleavage apparently lacking. Found admixed with sassolite and larderellite, in part apparently as an alteration product of the latter species.
ⓘ 'Apatite'
Formula: Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
ⓘ Arsenopyrite
Formula: FeAsS
ⓘ 'Bechilite'
Formula: CaB4O7 · 6H2O
ⓘ 'Biotite'
Formula: K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
ⓘ Biringuccite (TL)
Formula: Na2B5O8(OH) · H2O
Type Locality:
ⓘ Borax
Formula: Na2(B4O5)(OH)4 · 8H2O
ⓘ Cobaltite
Formula: CoAsS
ⓘ Corundum
Formula: Al2O3
ⓘ Datolite
Formula: CaB(SiO4)(OH)
ⓘ Epidote
Formula: (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
ⓘ Epsomite
Formula: MgSO4 · 7H2O
ⓘ 'Garnet Group'
Formula: X3Z2(SiO4)3
ⓘ Graphite
Formula: C
ⓘ Ilmenite
Formula: Fe2+TiO3
ⓘ Kernite
Formula: Na2[B4O6(OH)2] · 3H2O
Description: Colourless acicular crystals in association with ulexite, orpiment, and realgar.
ⓘ 'K Feldspar'
ⓘ Larderellite (TL)
Formula: (NH4)B5O7(OH)2 · H2O
Type Locality:
ⓘ Nasinite (TL)
Formula: Na2[B5O8(OH)] · 2H2O
Type Locality:
References:
Cipriani, C. (1959) Un nuovo borato a Lardello (abs.) Rendiconti della Società Mineralogica Italiana: 15: 344.
Cipriani, C., Vannuccini, P. (1961) Hoeferite e nasinite: due nuovi borati fra i prodotti di Larderello. Parte I. Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Rendiconti della Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali: 30: 74-83.
Cipriani, C., Vannuccini, P. (1961) Hoeferite e nasinite: due nuovi borati fra i prodotti di Larderello. Parte II. Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Rendiconti della Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali: 30: 235-245.
Cipriani, C. (1961) A proposito del nome del borato naturale 2Na2O*5B2O3*4H2O do Lardarello. Atti accad. nazl. Lincei, Rend. classe sci. fis., mat. e nat.: 31: 141-142.
Fleischer, M. (1963) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 48: 708-712.
ⓘ Orpiment
Formula: As2S3
ⓘ 'Plagioclase'
Formula: (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
ⓘ Prehnite
Formula: Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2
ⓘ Pyrrhotite
Formula: Fe1-xS
ⓘ Quartz
Formula: SiO2
ⓘ Realgar
Formula: As4S4
ⓘ Santite (TL)
Formula: K[B5O6(OH)4] · 2H2O
Type Locality:
ⓘ Sassolite
Formula: H3BO3
ⓘ Sborgite (TL)
Formula: Na[B5O6(OH)4] · 3H2O
Type Locality:
ⓘ Sulphur
Formula: S8
ⓘ Thénardite
Formula: Na2SO4
ⓘ Tincalconite
Formula: Na2(B4O7) · 5H2O
ⓘ Titanite
Formula: CaTi(SiO4)O
ⓘ 'Tourmaline'
Formula: AD3G6 (T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z
ⓘ Tremolite
Formula: ◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
ⓘ Tschermigite
Formula: (NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O
ⓘ Ulexite
Formula: NaCa[B5O6(OH)6] · 5H2O
Description: Colourless crystals in association with kernite, orpiment, and realgar.
ⓘ Wairakite
Formula: Ca(Al2Si4O12) · 2H2O
ⓘ Wollastonite
Formula: Ca3(Si3O9)

Gallery:

(NH4)2[B5O6(OH)4]2 · H2Oⓘ Ammonioborite (TL)
Na2(B4O5)(OH)4 · 8H2Oⓘ Borax
(NH4)B5O7(OH)2 · H2Oⓘ Larderellite (TL)
As4S4ⓘ Realgar

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 1 - Elements
ⓘGraphite1.CB.05aC
ⓘSulphur1.CC.05S8
Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
ⓘPyrrhotite2.CC.10Fe1-xS
ⓘArsenopyrite2.EB.20FeAsS
ⓘCobaltite2.EB.25CoAsS
ⓘRealgar2.FA.15aAs4S4
ⓘOrpiment2.FA.30As2S3
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘCorundum4.CB.05Al2O3
ⓘIlmenite4.CB.05Fe2+TiO3
ⓘQuartz4.DA.05SiO2
Group 6 - Borates
ⓘSassolite6.AA.05H3BO3
ⓘBorax6.DA.10Na2(B4O5)(OH)4 · 8H2O
ⓘTincalconite6.DA.15Na2(B4O7) · 5H2O
ⓘKernite6.DB.05Na2[B4O6(OH)2] · 3H2O
ⓘSborgite (TL)6.EA.05Na[B5O6(OH)4] · 3H2O
ⓘSantite (TL)6.EA.10K[B5O6(OH)4] · 2H2O
ⓘAmmonioborite (TL)6.EA.15(NH4)2[B5O6(OH)4]2 · H2O
ⓘUlexite6.EA.25NaCa[B5O6(OH)6] · 5H2O
ⓘLarderellite (TL)6.EB.05(NH4)B5O7(OH)2 · H2O
ⓘBiringuccite (TL)6.EC.05Na2B5O8(OH) · H2O
ⓘNasinite (TL)6.EC.05Na2[B5O8(OH)] · 2H2O
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
ⓘThénardite7.AD.25Na2SO4
ⓘAlunite7.BC.10KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
ⓘEpsomite7.CB.40MgSO4 · 7H2O
ⓘTschermigite7.CC.20(NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘAlmandine9.AD.25Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3
ⓘTitanite9.AG.15CaTi(SiO4)O
ⓘDatolite9.AJ.20CaB(SiO4)(OH)
ⓘEpidote9.BG.05a(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
ⓘTremolite9.DE.10◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
ⓘActinolite9.DE.10◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
ⓘWollastonite9.DG.05Ca3(Si3O9)
ⓘPrehnite9.DP.20Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2
ⓘWairakite9.GB.05Ca(Al2Si4O12) · 2H2O
Unclassified
ⓘ'Tourmaline'-AD3G6 (T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z
ⓘ'Biotite'-K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
ⓘ'Bechilite'-CaB4O7 · 6H2O
ⓘ'Plagioclase'-(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
ⓘ'K Feldspar'-
ⓘ'Garnet Group'-X3Z2(SiO4)3
ⓘ'Apatite'-Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)

List of minerals for each chemical element

HHydrogen
Hⓘ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Hⓘ AluniteKAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
Hⓘ Ammonioborite(NH4)2[B5O6(OH)4]2 · H2O
Hⓘ BechiliteCaB4O7 · 6H2O
Hⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Hⓘ BiringucciteNa2B5O8(OH) · H2O
Hⓘ BoraxNa2(B4O5)(OH)4 · 8H2O
Hⓘ DatoliteCaB(SiO4)(OH)
Hⓘ Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Hⓘ EpsomiteMgSO4 · 7H2O
Hⓘ KerniteNa2[B4O6(OH)2] · 3H2O
Hⓘ Larderellite(NH4)B5O7(OH)2 · H2O
Hⓘ NasiniteNa2[B5O8(OH)] · 2H2O
Hⓘ PrehniteCa2Al2Si3O10(OH)2
Hⓘ SantiteK[B5O6(OH)4] · 2H2O
Hⓘ SassoliteH3BO3
Hⓘ SborgiteNa[B5O6(OH)4] · 3H2O
Hⓘ TincalconiteNa2(B4O7) · 5H2O
Hⓘ Tremolite◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Hⓘ Tschermigite(NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O
Hⓘ UlexiteNaCa[B5O6(OH)6] · 5H2O
Hⓘ WairakiteCa(Al2Si4O12) · 2H2O
Hⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
BBoron
Bⓘ Ammonioborite(NH4)2[B5O6(OH)4]2 · H2O
Bⓘ BechiliteCaB4O7 · 6H2O
Bⓘ BiringucciteNa2B5O8(OH) · H2O
Bⓘ BoraxNa2(B4O5)(OH)4 · 8H2O
Bⓘ DatoliteCaB(SiO4)(OH)
Bⓘ KerniteNa2[B4O6(OH)2] · 3H2O
Bⓘ Larderellite(NH4)B5O7(OH)2 · H2O
Bⓘ NasiniteNa2[B5O8(OH)] · 2H2O
Bⓘ SantiteK[B5O6(OH)4] · 2H2O
Bⓘ SassoliteH3BO3
Bⓘ SborgiteNa[B5O6(OH)4] · 3H2O
Bⓘ TincalconiteNa2(B4O7) · 5H2O
Bⓘ TourmalineAD3G6 (T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z
Bⓘ UlexiteNaCa[B5O6(OH)6] · 5H2O
CCarbon
Cⓘ GraphiteC
NNitrogen
Nⓘ Ammonioborite(NH4)2[B5O6(OH)4]2 · H2O
Nⓘ Larderellite(NH4)B5O7(OH)2 · H2O
Nⓘ Tschermigite(NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O
OOxygen
Oⓘ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Oⓘ AluniteKAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
Oⓘ Ammonioborite(NH4)2[B5O6(OH)4]2 · H2O
Oⓘ AlmandineFe32+Al2(SiO4)3
Oⓘ BechiliteCaB4O7 · 6H2O
Oⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Oⓘ BiringucciteNa2B5O8(OH) · H2O
Oⓘ BoraxNa2(B4O5)(OH)4 · 8H2O
Oⓘ CorundumAl2O3
Oⓘ DatoliteCaB(SiO4)(OH)
Oⓘ Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Oⓘ EpsomiteMgSO4 · 7H2O
Oⓘ IlmeniteFe2+TiO3
Oⓘ KerniteNa2[B4O6(OH)2] · 3H2O
Oⓘ Larderellite(NH4)B5O7(OH)2 · H2O
Oⓘ NasiniteNa2[B5O8(OH)] · 2H2O
Oⓘ PrehniteCa2Al2Si3O10(OH)2
Oⓘ QuartzSiO2
Oⓘ SantiteK[B5O6(OH)4] · 2H2O
Oⓘ SassoliteH3BO3
Oⓘ SborgiteNa[B5O6(OH)4] · 3H2O
Oⓘ ThénarditeNa2SO4
Oⓘ TincalconiteNa2(B4O7) · 5H2O
Oⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
Oⓘ TourmalineAD3G6 (T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z
Oⓘ Tremolite◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Oⓘ Tschermigite(NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O
Oⓘ UlexiteNaCa[B5O6(OH)6] · 5H2O
Oⓘ WairakiteCa(Al2Si4O12) · 2H2O
Oⓘ WollastoniteCa3(Si3O9)
Oⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Oⓘ Garnet GroupX3Z2(SiO4)3
Oⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
FFluorine
Fⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Fⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
NaSodium
Naⓘ BiringucciteNa2B5O8(OH) · H2O
Naⓘ BoraxNa2(B4O5)(OH)4 · 8H2O
Naⓘ KerniteNa2[B4O6(OH)2] · 3H2O
Naⓘ NasiniteNa2[B5O8(OH)] · 2H2O
Naⓘ SborgiteNa[B5O6(OH)4] · 3H2O
Naⓘ ThénarditeNa2SO4
Naⓘ TincalconiteNa2(B4O7) · 5H2O
Naⓘ UlexiteNaCa[B5O6(OH)6] · 5H2O
Naⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
MgMagnesium
Mgⓘ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Mgⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Mgⓘ EpsomiteMgSO4 · 7H2O
Mgⓘ Tremolite◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
AlAluminium
Alⓘ AluniteKAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
Alⓘ AlmandineFe32+Al2(SiO4)3
Alⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Alⓘ CorundumAl2O3
Alⓘ Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Alⓘ PrehniteCa2Al2Si3O10(OH)2
Alⓘ Tschermigite(NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O
Alⓘ WairakiteCa(Al2Si4O12) · 2H2O
Alⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
SiSilicon
Siⓘ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Siⓘ AlmandineFe32+Al2(SiO4)3
Siⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Siⓘ DatoliteCaB(SiO4)(OH)
Siⓘ Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Siⓘ PrehniteCa2Al2Si3O10(OH)2
Siⓘ QuartzSiO2
Siⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
Siⓘ Tremolite◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Siⓘ WairakiteCa(Al2Si4O12) · 2H2O
Siⓘ WollastoniteCa3(Si3O9)
Siⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Siⓘ Garnet GroupX3Z2(SiO4)3
PPhosphorus
Pⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
SSulfur
Sⓘ AluniteKAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
Sⓘ ArsenopyriteFeAsS
Sⓘ CobaltiteCoAsS
Sⓘ EpsomiteMgSO4 · 7H2O
Sⓘ OrpimentAs2S3
Sⓘ PyrrhotiteFe1-xS
Sⓘ RealgarAs4S4
Sⓘ SulphurS8
Sⓘ ThénarditeNa2SO4
Sⓘ Tschermigite(NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O
ClChlorine
Clⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
KPotassium
Kⓘ AluniteKAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
Kⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Kⓘ SantiteK[B5O6(OH)4] · 2H2O
CaCalcium
Caⓘ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Caⓘ BechiliteCaB4O7 · 6H2O
Caⓘ DatoliteCaB(SiO4)(OH)
Caⓘ Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Caⓘ PrehniteCa2Al2Si3O10(OH)2
Caⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
Caⓘ Tremolite◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Caⓘ UlexiteNaCa[B5O6(OH)6] · 5H2O
Caⓘ WairakiteCa(Al2Si4O12) · 2H2O
Caⓘ WollastoniteCa3(Si3O9)
Caⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Caⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
TiTitanium
Tiⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Tiⓘ IlmeniteFe2+TiO3
Tiⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
FeIron
Feⓘ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Feⓘ ArsenopyriteFeAsS
Feⓘ AlmandineFe32+Al2(SiO4)3
Feⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Feⓘ Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Feⓘ IlmeniteFe2+TiO3
Feⓘ PyrrhotiteFe1-xS
CoCobalt
Coⓘ CobaltiteCoAsS
AsArsenic
Asⓘ ArsenopyriteFeAsS
Asⓘ CobaltiteCoAsS
Asⓘ OrpimentAs2S3
Asⓘ RealgarAs4S4

Fossils

This region is too big or complex to display the fossil list, try looking at smaller subregions.

Other Databases

Wikipedia:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larderello
Wikidata ID:Q1805895

Localities in this Region

Italy

Other Regions, Features and Areas that Intersect

Eurasian PlateTectonic Plate

This page contains all mineral locality references listed on mindat.org. This does not claim to be a complete list. If you know of more minerals from this site, please register so you can add to our database. This locality information is for reference purposes only. You should never attempt to visit any sites listed in mindat.org without first ensuring that you have the permission of the land and/or mineral rights holders for access and that you are aware of all safety precautions necessary.

References

• D'Achiardi A., 1872/73. Mineralogia della Toscana. Arnaldo Forni Editore, Pisa.
Santilano, A. (2016) Deep geothermal exploration by means of electromagnetic methods: New insights from the Larderello geothermal field (Italy). Doctoral dissertation, Politecnico di Torino, 264 pages.
Pennisi, M., Orlandi, P. (2012) Chemical and mineralogic characteristics of borogypsum produced by acid dissolution of colemanite at Larderello (Italy). Atti della Società toscana di Scienze naturali, Memorie, Serie A, 117-119: 37-40, 2 figures, 1 table; doi: 10.2424/ASTSN.M.2012.26
• Merlino, S., and Sartori, F. (1970): Santite, a New Mineral Phase from Larderello, Tuscany. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 27, 159-165.
• Coradossi, N. (1973). Nuovi ritrovamenti di composti di ammonio in zone geotermiche. Rendiconti della Società Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia, 29, 129.
• Orlandi P., (2005). "Geositi minerari e mineralogici della provincia di Pisa" in La geologia della provincia di Pisa. Cartografia, geositi e banche dati, pp. 55-280, Provincia di Pisa, 2005.
en.wikipedia.org (2005) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larderello
Chukanov, N.V. (2014) Infrared spectroscopy of minerals. Extended library. Volume 1. Springer, Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London, pages 46, 67, 73, 75, and 76.
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