Lake Rotokawa, Wairakei, Taupo District, Waikato Region, New Zealandi
| Regional Level Types | |
|---|---|
| Lake Rotokawa | Lake |
| Wairakei | - not defined - |
| Taupo District | District |
| Waikato Region | Region |
| New Zealand | Country |
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Key
Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
38° 37' 28'' South , 176° 11' 30'' East
Latitude & Longitude (decimal):
Locality type:
Köppen climate type:
A 20,000 year old volcanic area actively depositing gold, etc from hydrothermal solutions. Approximately 250 kg of gold have been deposited in the last 1,800 years. Acid lake with pH ~ 2.
Lake Rotokawa is off the tourist trail, and is one of those areas locals visit. Sulphur mining occurred here from the 1960's to 1980's. The area is now a conservation reserve managed by the Department of Conservation, and the local Maori tribe. Permission to collect can only be given by these groups, and is usually reserved for the occasional mineral symposium visit. Specimens on Mindat were either collected during or shortly after the mining period, and before the reserve was declared, or during a permitted organised visit. Some areas are off limits totally due to their intrinsic value, beauty, or geological interest. The geothermal area has unique flora and fauna, including a leech, and algal stromatolites. There are no safety measures here, and we are obliged to warn falling into boiling hot water and/or mud is not good for health reasons.
The area contains a sequence of Pleistocene and recent volcanic rocks, underlain by a greywacke basement. A younger rhyolite tephra covers the surface. There are at least twelve eruption breccias preserved in outcrop, from several craters, the largest 1.5 kilometres across, partly filled with the acidic Lake Rotowara. (Krupp, et. al, 1987) claims the geothermal area has the highest concentrations of bedded sulphur for a geothermal area studied at that time, and the highest gold concentrations produced by a geothermal area in New Zealand.
The lake bubbles and steams from underwater springs, while to the north-east of the lake are a number of small craters, hot springs, mud pools, fumaroles etc. A terrace-like sinter deposit has developed along the north-east shore of the lake. Hot springs erupt from a number of north-east to south-west trending fractures, which merge at depth to join one of two local buried ring fractures as part of the Maroa caldera.
Hydrothermal alteration shows in a propylitic zone at depth, and shallower argillic zone. Sulphides sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite and argentite are found as sporadic grains, with more pervasive pyrite. Gold rich fluids are rising to under the lake, and along the north-east shoreline, amounting to approximately 8000 ounces deposited over the last 1800 years, and about another 12 million ounces still under the crater. Gold specimens of any sort are not seen.
Layered green, yellow and grey muds discharging are rich in gold, arsenic, antimony, with high concentrations also of tungsten, thallium, mercury, silver, and gallium. The muds contain well crystallised kaolinite books, sulphur, alunite, silica, and rare realgar crystals. Various hots springs along the nearby Parariki Stream and Waikato River are lined with bright yellow and orange precipitates, and stock-work like silica veins, with fractures containing orange, red and yellow antimony sulphides as pigment, some orpiment, and realgar crystals to 1 mm. Bright red cinnabar may form coatings on fumaroles.
The breccias contain quartz with hyalite collected in the past, kaolinite, montmorillonite, illite, alunite, albite crystals in cavities, epidote, clinozoisite, adularia, rare pyrrhotite and radiating sprays of an allanite like mineral, botryoidal monazite, clots of Fe and Mn rich chlorite, wairakite veins at depth, framboidal iron masses, and frequently veined with silica and calcite. Apatite is honey-yellow specks to 1 mm, while titanomagnetite, barite, anatase, pyrite, and marcasite listed is usually grain sized.
The area is known for sulphur crystal specimens, found in the former mining pit, and sulphur 'blows' nearby. The sulphur deposit is saucer shaped, up to 17 metres thick, containing 17 million tonnes of ore grade sulphur (at a 10% sulphur cut-off). A series of rhyolitic pumice eruptions 1800 years ago, in the Taupo area severely curtailed the amount of new sulphur being added to the deposit. Rosickyite photographs are on Mindat, being an uncommon species, and not found elsewhere in New Zealand.
Regions containing this locality
| North Island, New Zealand | Island |
Select Mineral List Type
Standard Detailed Strunz Dana Chemical ElementsMineral List
40 valid minerals.
Rock Types Recorded
Note: this is a very new system on mindat.org and data is currently VERY limited. Please bear with us while we work towards adding this information!
Select Rock List Type
Alphabetical List Tree DiagramDetailed Mineral List:
| ⓘ Acanthite Formula: Ag2S Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand; An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ Actinolite Formula: ☐{Ca2}{Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 Reference: Chambefort, I.; McCoy-West, A.J.; Ramirez, L.E.; Rae, A.J.; Bignall, G. 2011 Evidence for magmatic fluid pulses into the Rotokawa geothermal system. paper 40 (7 p.) In: NZ Geothermal Workshop, 21-23 November 2011, Auckland : workshop programme. Proceedings of the New Zealand Geothermal Workshop 33. |
| ⓘ Albite Formula: Na(AlSi3O8) Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand; An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ 'Allanite Group' Formula: {A12+REE3+}{M3+2M32+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand; An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ Alunite Formula: KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 Description: Some argentiferous Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand; An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ Alunogen Formula: Al2(SO4)3 · 17H2O Reference: Railton, G.T., Watters, W.A. (1990) Minerals of New Zealand. New Zealand Geological Survey Bulletin 104, 89 pages.
Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand; An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ Anatase Formula: TiO2 Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand; An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ Anhydrite Formula: CaSO4 Reference: Railton, G.T., Watters, W.A. (1990) Minerals of New Zealand. New Zealand Geological Survey Bulletin 104, 89 pages.
Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand; An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ 'Apatite' Formula: Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand; An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ Arsenic Formula: As Reference: Unpublished drill log report to NZ Dept of Mines by sulphur mining operator |
| ⓘ Baryte Formula: BaSO4 Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand; An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ 'Biotite' Formula: K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg)([Si/Al]Si2O10)(OH/F)2 Reference: Chambefort, I., McCoy-West, A.J., Ramirez, L.E., Rae, A.J., Bignall, G. (2011) Evidence for magmatic fluid pulses into the Rotokawa geothermal system. paper 40 (7 p.) In: NZ Geothermal Workshop, 21-23 November 2011, Auckland : workshop programme. Proceedings of the New Zealand Geothermal Workshop 33. |
| ⓘ Calcite Formula: CaCO3 Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand; An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ Chalcopyrite Formula: CuFeS2 Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand; An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ 'Charcoal' Formula: C Description: With native sulphur from solfatara. Reference: Judy Rowe and Dave Blakemore specimens |
| ⓘ 'Chlorite Group' Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand; An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ Cinnabar Formula: HgS Reference: Railton, G.T., Watters, W.A. (1990) Minerals of New Zealand. New Zealand Geological Survey Bulletin 104, 89 pages.
Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand; An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ 'Clinoptilolite' Reference: Collar, R.J., Browne, P.R.L. (1985) Hydrothermal eruptions at the Rotokawa Geothermal Field, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Proceedings of 7th NZ Geothermal Workshop.
|
| ⓘ Clinozoisite Formula: {Ca2}{Al3}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand; An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ Epidote Formula: {Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand; An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ Galena Formula: PbS Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand; An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ Gypsum Formula: CaSO4 · 2H2O Reference: Unpublished drill log report to NZ Dept of Mines by sulphur mining operator |
| ⓘ Halotrichite Formula: FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O Reference: Collection of RJ Martin |
| ⓘ Hematite Formula: Fe2O3 Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand: An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ 'Heulandite subgroup' Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand: An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ Jarosite Formula: KFe3+ 3(SO4)2(OH)6 Reference: Collar, R.J., Browne, P.R.L. (1985) Hydrothermal eruptions at the Rotokawa Geothermal Field, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Proceedings of 7th NZ Geothermal Workshop.
|
| ⓘ Kaolinite Formula: Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand: An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ 'K Feldspar' Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand: An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ 'K Feldspar var: Adularia' Formula: KAlSi3O8 Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand; An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ Leucoxene Reference: Collar, R.J., Browne, P.R.L. (1985) Hydrothermal eruptions at the Rotokawa Geothermal Field, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Proceedings of 7th NZ Geothermal Workshop.
|
| ⓘ Magnetite Formula: Fe2+Fe3+2O4 Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand: An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ Magnetite var: Titaniferous Magnetite Formula: Fe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4 Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand: An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ Marcasite Formula: FeS2 Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand: An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ Meta-alunogen Formula: Al2(SO4)3 · 12H2O Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand: An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ Metavoltine Formula: Na6K2FeFe6(SO4)12O2 · 18H2O Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand: An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ 'Monazite' Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand: An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ Mordenite Formula: (Na2,Ca,K2)4(Al8Si40)O96 · 28H2O Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand: An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ Muscovite Formula: KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 Reference: Rae, A.J. (2007) Rotokawa geology and geophysics. GNS Science consultancy report 2007/83. Confidential Report. 11 pages.
|
| ⓘ Muscovite var: Illite Formula: K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 Reference: Rae, A.J. (2007) Rotokawa geology and geophysics. GNS Science consultancy report 2007/83. Confidential Report. 11 pages.
|
| ⓘ Natroalunite Formula: NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 Reference: Unpublished drill log report to NZ Dept of Mines by sulphur mining operator. |
| ⓘ Nontronite Formula: Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O Reference: Rae, A.J. (2007) Rotokawa geology and geophysics. GNS Science consultancy report 2007/83. Confidential Report, 11 pages.
|
| ⓘ Opal Formula: SiO2 · nH2O Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand: An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ Opal var: Opal-AN Formula: SiO2 · nH2O Reference: Rod Martin personal collection |
| ⓘ Orpiment Formula: As2S3 Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand: An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ Pyrite Formula: FeS2 Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand: An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ Pyrrhotite Formula: Fe7S8 Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand: An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ Quartz Formula: SiO2 Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand: An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ Quartz var: Agate Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand; An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ Realgar Formula: As4S4 Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand: An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ Rosickýite Formula: S Reference: Unpublished drill log report to NZ Dept of Mines by sulphur mining operator. |
| ⓘ 'Smectite Group' Formula: A0.3D2-3[T4O10]Z2 · nH2O Reference: Rae, A.J. (2007) Rotokawa geology and geophysics. GNS Science consultancy report 2007/83. Confidential Report, 11 pages.
|
| ⓘ Sphalerite Formula: ZnS Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand: An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ Sulphur Formula: S8 Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand: An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ Titanite Formula: CaTi(SiO4)O Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand: An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
| ⓘ Wairakite Formula: Ca(Al2Si4O12) · 2H2O Reference: Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand: An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
|
List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification
| Group 1 - Elements | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ⓘ | Arsenic | 1.CA.05 | As |
| ⓘ | Rosickýite | 1.CC.05 | S |
| ⓘ | Sulphur | 1.CC.05 | S8 |
| Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts | |||
| ⓘ | Acanthite | 2.BA.35 | Ag2S |
| ⓘ | Chalcopyrite | 2.CB.10a | CuFeS2 |
| ⓘ | Cinnabar | 2.CD.15a | HgS |
| ⓘ | Galena | 2.CD.10 | PbS |
| ⓘ | Marcasite | 2.EB.10a | FeS2 |
| ⓘ | Orpiment | 2.FA.30 | As2S3 |
| ⓘ | Pyrite | 2.EB.05a | FeS2 |
| ⓘ | Pyrrhotite | 2.CC.10 | Fe7S8 |
| ⓘ | Realgar | 2.FA.15a | As4S4 |
| ⓘ | Sphalerite | 2.CB.05a | ZnS |
| Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides | |||
| ⓘ | Anatase | 4.DD.05 | TiO2 |
| ⓘ | Hematite | 4.CB.05 | Fe2O3 |
| ⓘ | Magnetite | 4.BB.05 | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| ⓘ | var: Titaniferous Magnetite | 4.BB.05 | Fe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4 |
| ⓘ | Opal | 4.DA.10 | SiO2 · nH2O |
| ⓘ | var: Opal-AN | 4.DA.10 | SiO2 · nH2O |
| ⓘ | Quartz | 4.DA.05 | SiO2 |
| ⓘ | var: Agate | 4.DA.05 | SiO2 |
| Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates | |||
| ⓘ | Calcite | 5.AB.05 | CaCO3 |
| Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates | |||
| ⓘ | Alunite | 7.BC.10 | KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| ⓘ | Alunogen | 7.CB.45 | Al2(SO4)3 · 17H2O |
| ⓘ | Anhydrite | 7.AD.30 | CaSO4 |
| ⓘ | Baryte | 7.AD.35 | BaSO4 |
| ⓘ | Gypsum | 7.CD.40 | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Halotrichite | 7.CB.85 | FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| ⓘ | Jarosite | 7.BC.10 | KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| ⓘ | Meta-alunogen | 7.CB.45 | Al2(SO4)3 · 12H2O |
| ⓘ | Metavoltine | 7.DF.35 | Na6K2FeFe6(SO4)12O2 · 18H2O |
| ⓘ | Natroalunite | 7.BC.10 | NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| Group 9 - Silicates | |||
| ⓘ | Actinolite | 9.DE.10 | ☐{Ca2}{Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Albite | 9.FA.35 | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| ⓘ | Clinozoisite | 9.BG.05a | {Ca2}{Al3}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| ⓘ | Epidote | 9.BG.05a | {Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| ⓘ | Kaolinite | 9.ED.05 | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| ⓘ | Mordenite | 9.GD.35 | (Na2,Ca,K2)4(Al8Si40)O96 · 28H2O |
| ⓘ | Muscovite | 9.EC.15 | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | var: Illite | 9.EC.15 | K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Nontronite | 9.EC.40 | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| ⓘ | Titanite | 9.AG.15 | CaTi(SiO4)O |
| ⓘ | Wairakite | 9.GB.05 | Ca(Al2Si4O12) · 2H2O |
| Unclassified Minerals, Rocks, etc. | |||
| ⓘ | 'Allanite Group' | - | {A12+REE3+}{M3+2M32+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| ⓘ | 'Apatite' | - | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| ⓘ | 'Biotite' | - | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg)([Si/Al]Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| ⓘ | 'Charcoal' | - | C |
| ⓘ | 'Chlorite Group' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Clinoptilolite' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Heulandite subgroup' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'K Feldspar' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'var: Adularia' | - | KAlSi3O8 |
| ⓘ | Leucoxene | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Monazite' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Smectite Group' | - | A0.3D2-3[T4O10]Z2 · nH2O |
List of minerals arranged by Dana 8th Edition classification
| Group 1 - NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Semi-metals and non-metals | |||
| ⓘ | Arsenic | 1.3.1.1 | As |
| ⓘ | Rosickýite | 1.3.5.2 | S |
| ⓘ | Sulphur | 1.3.5.1 | S8 |
| Group 2 - SULFIDES | |||
| AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 2:1 | |||
| ⓘ | Acanthite | 2.4.1.1 | Ag2S |
| AmXp, with m:p = 1:1 | |||
| ⓘ | Cinnabar | 2.8.14.1 | HgS |
| ⓘ | Galena | 2.8.1.1 | PbS |
| ⓘ | Pyrrhotite | 2.8.10.1 | Fe7S8 |
| ⓘ | Realgar | 2.8.21.1 | As4S4 |
| ⓘ | Sphalerite | 2.8.2.1 | ZnS |
| AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:1 | |||
| ⓘ | Chalcopyrite | 2.9.1.1 | CuFeS2 |
| AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 2:3 | |||
| ⓘ | Orpiment | 2.11.1.1 | As2S3 |
| AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:2 | |||
| ⓘ | Marcasite | 2.12.2.1 | FeS2 |
| ⓘ | Pyrite | 2.12.1.1 | FeS2 |
| Group 4 - SIMPLE OXIDES | |||
| A2X3 | |||
| ⓘ | Hematite | 4.3.1.2 | Fe2O3 |
| AX2 | |||
| ⓘ | Anatase | 4.4.4.1 | TiO2 |
| Group 7 - MULTIPLE OXIDES | |||
| AB2X4 | |||
| ⓘ | Magnetite | 7.2.2.3 | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| Group 14 - ANHYDROUS NORMAL CARBONATES | |||
| A(XO3) | |||
| ⓘ | Calcite | 14.1.1.1 | CaCO3 |
| Group 28 - ANHYDROUS ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES | |||
| AXO4 | |||
| ⓘ | Anhydrite | 28.3.2.1 | CaSO4 |
| ⓘ | Baryte | 28.3.1.1 | BaSO4 |
| Group 29 - HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES | |||
| AmBn(XO4)p·xH2O, with (m+n):p < 3:2 and > 1:1 | |||
| ⓘ | Metavoltine | 29.4.6.1 | Na6K2FeFe6(SO4)12O2 · 18H2O |
| AXO4·xH2O | |||
| ⓘ | Gypsum | 29.6.3.1 | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| AB2(XO4)4·H2O | |||
| ⓘ | Halotrichite | 29.7.3.2 | FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| A2(XO4)3·H2O | |||
| ⓘ | Alunogen | 29.8.6.1 | Al2(SO4)3 · 17H2O |
| ⓘ | Meta-alunogen | 29.8.7.1 | Al2(SO4)3 · 12H2O |
| Group 30 - ANHYDROUS SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN | |||
| (AB)2(XO4)Zq | |||
| ⓘ | Alunite | 30.2.4.1 | KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| ⓘ | Jarosite | 30.2.5.1 | KFe3+ 3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| Group 52 - NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups and O,OH,F,H2O | |||
| Insular SiO4 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [6] and/or >[6] coordination | |||
| ⓘ | Titanite | 52.4.3.1 | CaTi(SiO4)O |
| Group 58 - SOROSILICATES Insular, Mixed, Single, and Larger Tetrahedral Groups | |||
| Insular, Mixed, Single, and Larger Tetrahedral Groups with cations in [6] and higher coordination; single and double groups (n = 1, 2) | |||
| ⓘ | Clinozoisite | 58.2.1a.4 | {Ca2}{Al3}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| ⓘ | Epidote | 58.2.1a.7 | {Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| Group 71 - PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings | |||
| Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 layers | |||
| ⓘ | Muscovite | 71.2.2a.1 | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | var: Illite | 71.2.2d.2 | K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 |
| Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 clays | |||
| ⓘ | Nontronite | 71.3.1a.3 | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Group 75 - TECTOSILICATES Si Tetrahedral Frameworks | |||
| Si Tetrahedral Frameworks - SiO2 with [4] coordinated Si | |||
| ⓘ | Quartz | 75.1.3.1 | SiO2 |
| Si Tetrahedral Frameworks - SiO2 with H2O and organics | |||
| ⓘ | Opal | 75.2.1.1 | SiO2 · nH2O |
| Group 76 - TECTOSILICATES Al-Si Framework | |||
| Al-Si Framework with Al-Si frameworks | |||
| ⓘ | Albite | 76.1.3.1 | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Group 77 - TECTOSILICATES Zeolites | |||
| Zeolite group - True zeolites | |||
| ⓘ | Mordenite | 77.1.6.1 | (Na2,Ca,K2)4(Al8Si40)O96 · 28H2O |
| ⓘ | Wairakite | 77.1.1.3 | Ca(Al2Si4O12) · 2H2O |
| Unclassified Minerals, Mixtures, etc. | |||
| ⓘ | Actinolite | - | ☐{Ca2}{Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | 'Allanite Group' | - | {A12+REE3+}{M3+2M32+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| ⓘ | 'Apatite' | - | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| ⓘ | 'Biotite' | - | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg)([Si/Al]Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| ⓘ | 'Charcoal' | - | C |
| ⓘ | 'Chlorite Group' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Clinoptilolite' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Heulandite subgroup' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'K Feldspar' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'var: Adularia' | - | KAlSi3O8 |
| ⓘ | Kaolinite | - | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| ⓘ | Leucoxene | - | |
| ⓘ | Magnetite var: Titaniferous Magnetite | - | Fe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4 |
| ⓘ | 'Monazite' | - | |
| ⓘ | Natroalunite | - | NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| ⓘ | Opal var: Opal-AN | - | SiO2 · nH2O |
| ⓘ | Quartz var: Agate | - | SiO2 |
| ⓘ | 'Smectite Group' | - | A0.3D2-3[T4O10]Z2 · nH2O |
List of minerals for each chemical element
| H | Hydrogen | |
|---|---|---|
| H | ⓘ Alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 17H2O |
| H | ⓘ Allanite Group | {A12+REE3+}{M23+M32+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Alunite | KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| H | ⓘ Meta-alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 12H2O |
| H | ⓘ Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| H | ⓘ Clinozoisite | {Ca2}{Al3}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Epidote | {Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Metavoltine | Na6K2FeFe6(SO4)12O2 · 18H2O |
| H | ⓘ Mordenite | (Na2,Ca,K2)4(Al8Si40)O96 · 28H2O |
| H | ⓘ Opal | SiO2 · nH2O |
| H | ⓘ Wairakite | Ca(Al2Si4O12) · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Natroalunite | NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| H | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| H | ⓘ Nontronite | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| H | ⓘ Smectite Group | A0.3D2-3[T4O10]Z2 · nH2O |
| H | ⓘ Muscovite (var: Illite) | K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Actinolite | ☐{Ca2}{Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg)([Si/Al]Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| H | ⓘ Jarosite | KFe3+ 3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| H | ⓘ Opal (var: Opal-AN) | SiO2 · nH2O |
| H | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Halotrichite | FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| C | Carbon | |
| C | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
| C | ⓘ Charcoal | C |
| O | Oxygen | |
| O | ⓘ Alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 17H2O |
| O | ⓘ Anhydrite | CaSO4 |
| O | ⓘ K Feldspar (var: Adularia) | KAlSi3O8 |
| O | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| O | ⓘ Allanite Group | {A12+REE3+}{M23+M32+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Alunite | KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| O | ⓘ Meta-alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 12H2O |
| O | ⓘ Anatase | TiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| O | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
| O | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
| O | ⓘ Clinozoisite | {Ca2}{Al3}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Epidote | {Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| O | ⓘ Metavoltine | Na6K2FeFe6(SO4)12O2 · 18H2O |
| O | ⓘ Mordenite | (Na2,Ca,K2)4(Al8Si40)O96 · 28H2O |
| O | ⓘ Opal | SiO2 · nH2O |
| O | ⓘ Quartz | SiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Titanite | CaTi(SiO4)O |
| O | ⓘ Magnetite (var: Titaniferous Magnetite) | Fe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4 |
| O | ⓘ Wairakite | Ca(Al2Si4O12) · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Natroalunite | NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| O | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| O | ⓘ Nontronite | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| O | ⓘ Smectite Group | A0.3D2-3[T4O10]Z2 · nH2O |
| O | ⓘ Muscovite (var: Illite) | K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Actinolite | ☐{Ca2}{Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg)([Si/Al]Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| O | ⓘ Jarosite | KFe3+ 3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| O | ⓘ Opal (var: Opal-AN) | SiO2 · nH2O |
| O | ⓘ Magnetite | Fe2+Fe23+O4 |
| O | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Halotrichite | FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| F | Fluorine | |
| F | ⓘ Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| F | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg)([Si/Al]Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| Na | Sodium | |
| Na | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Na | ⓘ Metavoltine | Na6K2FeFe6(SO4)12O2 · 18H2O |
| Na | ⓘ Mordenite | (Na2,Ca,K2)4(Al8Si40)O96 · 28H2O |
| Na | ⓘ Natroalunite | NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| Na | ⓘ Nontronite | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Mg | Magnesium | |
| Mg | ⓘ Actinolite | ☐{Ca2}{Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg)([Si/Al]Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| Al | Aluminium | |
| Al | ⓘ Alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 17H2O |
| Al | ⓘ K Feldspar (var: Adularia) | KAlSi3O8 |
| Al | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Al | ⓘ Alunite | KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| Al | ⓘ Meta-alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 12H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Clinozoisite | {Ca2}{Al3}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| Al | ⓘ Epidote | {Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| Al | ⓘ Mordenite | (Na2,Ca,K2)4(Al8Si40)O96 · 28H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Wairakite | Ca(Al2Si4O12) · 2H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Natroalunite | NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| Al | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| Al | ⓘ Nontronite | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Al | ⓘ Muscovite (var: Illite) | K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg)([Si/Al]Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Halotrichite | FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| Si | Silicon | |
| Si | ⓘ K Feldspar (var: Adularia) | KAlSi3O8 |
| Si | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Si | ⓘ Allanite Group | {A12+REE3+}{M23+M32+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Clinozoisite | {Ca2}{Al3}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Epidote | {Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Mordenite | (Na2,Ca,K2)4(Al8Si40)O96 · 28H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Opal | SiO2 · nH2O |
| Si | ⓘ Quartz | SiO2 |
| Si | ⓘ Titanite | CaTi(SiO4)O |
| Si | ⓘ Wairakite | Ca(Al2Si4O12) · 2H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| Si | ⓘ Nontronite | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Si | ⓘ Muscovite (var: Illite) | K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Actinolite | ☐{Ca2}{Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg)([Si/Al]Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Opal (var: Opal-AN) | SiO2 · nH2O |
| Si | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| P | Phosphorus | |
| P | ⓘ Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| S | Sulfur | |
| S | ⓘ Alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 17H2O |
| S | ⓘ Anhydrite | CaSO4 |
| S | ⓘ Cinnabar | HgS |
| S | ⓘ Alunite | KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| S | ⓘ Meta-alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 12H2O |
| S | ⓘ Acanthite | Ag2S |
| S | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
| S | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| S | ⓘ Galena | PbS |
| S | ⓘ Marcasite | FeS2 |
| S | ⓘ Metavoltine | Na6K2FeFe6(SO4)12O2 · 18H2O |
| S | ⓘ Orpiment | As2S3 |
| S | ⓘ Pyrite | FeS2 |
| S | ⓘ Pyrrhotite | Fe7S8 |
| S | ⓘ Realgar | As4S4 |
| S | ⓘ Sphalerite | ZnS |
| S | ⓘ Sulphur | S8 |
| S | ⓘ Natroalunite | NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| S | ⓘ Rosickýite | S |
| S | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| S | ⓘ Jarosite | KFe3+ 3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| S | ⓘ Halotrichite | FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| Cl | Chlorine | |
| Cl | ⓘ Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| K | Potassium | |
| K | ⓘ K Feldspar (var: Adularia) | KAlSi3O8 |
| K | ⓘ Alunite | KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| K | ⓘ Metavoltine | Na6K2FeFe6(SO4)12O2 · 18H2O |
| K | ⓘ Mordenite | (Na2,Ca,K2)4(Al8Si40)O96 · 28H2O |
| K | ⓘ Muscovite (var: Illite) | K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 |
| K | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg)([Si/Al]Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| K | ⓘ Jarosite | KFe3+ 3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| K | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Ca | Calcium | |
| Ca | ⓘ Anhydrite | CaSO4 |
| Ca | ⓘ Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
| Ca | ⓘ Clinozoisite | {Ca2}{Al3}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Epidote | {Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Mordenite | (Na2,Ca,K2)4(Al8Si40)O96 · 28H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Titanite | CaTi(SiO4)O |
| Ca | ⓘ Wairakite | Ca(Al2Si4O12) · 2H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Actinolite | ☐{Ca2}{Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| Ti | Titanium | |
| Ti | ⓘ Anatase | TiO2 |
| Ti | ⓘ Titanite | CaTi(SiO4)O |
| Ti | ⓘ Magnetite (var: Titaniferous Magnetite) | Fe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4 |
| Fe | Iron | |
| Fe | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Epidote | {Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| Fe | ⓘ Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Marcasite | FeS2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Metavoltine | Na6K2FeFe6(SO4)12O2 · 18H2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Pyrite | FeS2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Pyrrhotite | Fe7S8 |
| Fe | ⓘ Magnetite (var: Titaniferous Magnetite) | Fe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Nontronite | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Actinolite | ☐{Ca2}{Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg)([Si/Al]Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Jarosite | KFe3+ 3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| Fe | ⓘ Magnetite | Fe2+Fe23+O4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Halotrichite | FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| Cu | Copper | |
| Cu | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| Zn | Zinc | |
| Zn | ⓘ Sphalerite | ZnS |
| As | Arsenic | |
| As | ⓘ Orpiment | As2S3 |
| As | ⓘ Realgar | As4S4 |
| As | ⓘ Arsenic | As |
| Ag | Silver | |
| Ag | ⓘ Acanthite | Ag2S |
| Ba | Barium | |
| Ba | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
| Hg | Mercury | |
| Hg | ⓘ Cinnabar | HgS |
| Pb | Lead | |
| Pb | ⓘ Galena | PbS |
References
Sort by
Year (asc) Year (desc) Author (A-Z) Author (Z-A)Collar, R.J., Browne, P.R.L. (1985) Hydrothermal eruptions at the Rotokawa Geothermal Field, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Proceedings of 7th NZ Geothermal Workshop.
Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand; An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129.
Hosking, T. (1989) Micromount symposium field trip sulphur mine Lake Rotowara (Otago Rock and Mineral Club website).
Railton, G.T., Watters, W.A. (1990) Minerals of New Zealand. New Zealand Geological Survey Bulletin 104, 89 pages.
Rae, A.J. (2007) Rotokawa geology and geophysics. GNS Science consultancy report 2007/83. Confidential Report, 11 pages.
The Mineralogical Society of Queensland Inc newsletter (2007) The Ercikssons recollections of the combined Oct 7 meetings-part 2 30th Joint Seminar of the Mineralogical Societies of Australia, Waihi Beach North Island New Zealand, No. 50, November 2007.
Otago Rock and Mineral Club, Rotokawa Sulphur Mine Taupo Area PDF, (Otago Rock and Mineral Club website).
This page contains all mineral locality references listed on mindat.org. This does not claim to be a complete list. If you know of more minerals from this site, please register so you can add to our database. This locality information is for reference purposes only. You should never attempt to
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Lake Rotokawa, Wairakei, Taupo District, Waikato Region, New Zealand