Outcrops of Cenozoic volcanic rocks, consisting of pyroxene-olivine basalt, alkaline olivine basalt and pyroclastic rocks. They contain abundant mantle xenoliths of lherzolite and olivine websterite, and xenocrysts of olivine, corundum and other minerals. The mining area is about 35 km².

Penglai sapphire has a magmatic origin, mostly showing various shapes of incomplete girdles, barrels, and flakes. The content of Ti in rims is higher than in cores of color-banded sapphire, which results from ubiquitous Ti-bearing inclusions within grown bands. The main chromophore of the deep-blue core is Fe2+-Ti4+, which pairs with Fe3+-Fe3+, Cr3+, and V3+ in the core, likely producing purple-hued blue in an oxidizing environment. The yellowish-brown rim is due to Fe3+ and Cr3+ in a reduced environment.

Located about 2 km SE of Penglai City.

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Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Commodity List

This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded at this locality.

ⓘ Gemstones

Mineral List

8 valid minerals.

Rock Types Recorded

Note: data is currently VERY limited. Please bear with us while we work towards adding this information!

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Alphabetical List Tree Diagram

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ 'Clinopyroxene Subgroup'

References:

Wang, Guang-Ya, Xiao-Yan Yu, and Fei Liu. (2022) "Genesis of Color Zonation and Chemical Composition of Penglai Sapphire in Hainan Province, China" Minerals 12, no. 7: 832. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12070832

ⓘ Columbite-(Fe)

Formula: Fe²⁺Nb₂O₆

Description: Found as inclusions in corundum.

References:

Zhili Qiu, Shecai Qin, and Xiaoming Chen (2001): Acta Mineralogica Sinica 21(2), 205-208

ⓘ Corundum

Formula: Al₂O₃

References:

Qiu Zhili, Qin Shecai, and Chen Xiaoming (2001): Acta Mineralogica Sinica 21(2), 205-208.

ⓘ Corundum var. Ruby ?

Formula: Al₂O₃

References:

Wang Furui (1988): Gems & Gemology 24(3), 155-160.

ⓘ Corundum var. Sapphire

Formula: Al₂O₃

References:

Wang Denghong, Chen Yuchuan, Xu Jue, Yang Jianmin, Xue Chunji, and Yan Shenghao (2000): Acta Geologica Sinica 74(3), 478-484.

ⓘ 'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'

References:

Qiu Zhili, Wu Fuyuan, Yu Qingyuan, Xie Liewen, and Yang Shufeng (2005): Chinese Science Bulletin 50(22), 2602-2611.

ⓘ 'Feldspar Group'

References:

Qiu Zhili, Wu Fuyuan, Yu Qingyuan, Xie Liewen, and Yang Shufeng (2005): Chinese Science Bulletin 50(22), 2602-2611.

ⓘ Ilmenite

Formula: Fe²⁺TiO₃

References:

Qiu Zhili, Wu Fuyuan, Yu Qingyuan, Xie Liewen, and Yang Shufeng (2005): Chinese Science Bulletin 50(22), 2602-2611.

ⓘ Magnetite

Formula: Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄

References:

Qiu Zhili, Wu Fuyuan, Yu Qingyuan, Xie Liewen, and Yang Shufeng (2005): Chinese Science Bulletin 50(22), 2602-2611.

ⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing Magnetite

Formula: Fe²⁺(Fe³⁺,Ti)₂O₄

References:

Qiu Zhili, Wu Fuyuan, Yu Qingyuan, Xie Liewen, and Yang Shufeng (2005): Chinese Science Bulletin 50(22), 2602-2611.

ⓘ 'Olivine Group'

Formula: M₂SiO₄

References:

ⓘ 'Plagioclase'

Formula: (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈

References:

ⓘ Pyrope

Formula: Mg₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃

References:

Hausel, W.D., and Sutherland, W.M.: Gemstones of the World, Wyoming State Geological Survey.

ⓘ 'Pyroxene Group'

Formula: ADSi₂O₆

References:

Qiu Zhili, Wu Fuyuan, Yu Qingyuan, Xie Liewen, and Yang Shufeng (2005): Chinese Science Bulletin 50(22), 2602-2611.

ⓘ Quartz

Formula: SiO₂

References:

ⓘ Spinel

Formula: MgAl₂O₄

References:

Hausel, W.D., and Sutherland, W.M.: Gemstones of the World, Wyoming State Geological Survey.

ⓘ Zircon

Formula: Zr(SiO₄)

References:

Song-Xue Chen (2006): Journal of Gems & Gemology 8(4), 6-9.

Gallery:

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘ	Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing Magnetite	4.BB.05	Fe²⁺(Fe³⁺,Ti)₂O₄
ⓘ	Spinel	4.BB.05	MgAl₂O₄
ⓘ	Magnetite	4.BB.05	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄
ⓘ	Corundum	4.CB.05	Al₂O₃
ⓘ	var. Ruby ?	4.CB.05	Al₂O₃
ⓘ	var. Sapphire	4.CB.05	Al₂O₃
ⓘ	Ilmenite	4.CB.05	Fe²⁺TiO₃
ⓘ	Quartz	4.DA.05	SiO₂
ⓘ	Columbite-(Fe)	4.DB.35	Fe²⁺Nb₂O₆
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘ	Pyrope	9.AD.25	Mg₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃
ⓘ	Zircon	9.AD.30	Zr(SiO₄)
Unclassified
ⓘ	'Feldspar Group'	-
ⓘ	'Clinopyroxene Subgroup'	-
ⓘ	'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'	-
ⓘ	'Plagioclase'	-	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
ⓘ	'Pyroxene Group'	-	ADSi₂O₆
ⓘ	'Olivine Group'	-	M₂SiO₄

List of minerals for each chemical element

O	Oxygen
O	ⓘ Corundum	Al₂O₃
O	ⓘ Columbite-(Fe)	Fe²⁺Nb₂O₆
O	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
O	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
O	ⓘ Pyrope	Mg₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃
O	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
O	ⓘ Corundum var. Ruby	Al₂O₃
O	ⓘ Corundum var. Sapphire	Al₂O₃
O	ⓘ Spinel	MgAl₂O₄
O	ⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing Magnetite	Fe²⁺(Fe³⁺,Ti)₂O₄
O	ⓘ Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
O	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
O	ⓘ Pyroxene Group	ADSi₂O₆
O	ⓘ Olivine Group	M₂SiO₄
Na	Sodium
Na	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Mg	Magnesium
Mg	ⓘ Pyrope	Mg₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃
Mg	ⓘ Spinel	MgAl₂O₄
Al	Aluminium
Al	ⓘ Corundum	Al₂O₃
Al	ⓘ Pyrope	Mg₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃
Al	ⓘ Corundum var. Ruby	Al₂O₃
Al	ⓘ Corundum var. Sapphire	Al₂O₃
Al	ⓘ Spinel	MgAl₂O₄
Al	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Si	Silicon
Si	ⓘ Pyrope	Mg₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃
Si	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
Si	ⓘ Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
Si	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Si	ⓘ Pyroxene Group	ADSi₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Olivine Group	M₂SiO₄
Ca	Calcium
Ca	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Ti	Titanium
Ti	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
Ti	ⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing Magnetite	Fe²⁺(Fe³⁺,Ti)₂O₄
Fe	Iron
Fe	ⓘ Columbite-(Fe)	Fe²⁺Nb₂O₆
Fe	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
Fe	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
Fe	ⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing Magnetite	Fe²⁺(Fe³⁺,Ti)₂O₄
Zr	Zirconium
Zr	ⓘ Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
Nb	Niobium
Nb	ⓘ Columbite-(Fe)	Fe²⁺Nb₂O₆

Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality

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References

Wang Furui (1988): The Sapphires of Penglai, Hainan Island, China. Gems & Gemology 24(3), 155-160.

Wang Denghong, Chen Yuchuan, Xu Jue, Yang Jianmin, Xue Chunji, and Yan Shenghao (2000): Cenozoic Mineralization in China, as a Key to Past Mineralization and a Clue to Future Prospecting. Acta Geologica Sinica 74(3), 478-484.

Qiu Zhili, Qin Shecai, and Chen Xiaoming (2001): Tantalic columbite inclusions in corundum megacrysts in Penglai, Hainan. Acta Mineralogica Sinica 21(2), 205-208.

Qiu Zhili, Wu Fuyuan, Yu Qingyuan, Xie Liewen, and Yang Shufeng (2005): Hf isotopes of zircon megacrysts from the Cenozoic basalts in estern China. Chinese Science Bulletin 50(22), 2602-2611.

Songxue Chen (2006): Study on Gemmological Characteristics of Zircon from Penglai, Hainan Province. Journal of Gems & Gemology 8(4), 6-9.

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Rock Types Recorded

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Detailed Mineral List:

Gallery:

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

List of minerals for each chemical element

Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality

References

Penglai Gem deposit, Penglai, Ding'an Co., Hainan, China i
Regional Level Types
Penglai Gem deposit Deposit
Penglai - not defined -
Ding'an Co. County
Hainan Province
China Country