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Halisaurus ✝

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Description

Halisaurus is an extinct genus of marine reptile belonging to the mosasaur family. The holotype, consisting of an angular and a basicranium fragment discovered near Hornerstown, New Jersey, already revealed a relatively unique combination of features and prompted a new genus to be described. It was named by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1869 and means "ocean lizard". It was renamed by Marsh to Baptosaurus in 1870, since he believed the name to already be preoccupied by the fish Halosaurus. According to modern rules, a difference of a letter is enough and the substitute name is unneeded, making "Baptosaurus" a junior synonym.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halisaurus, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	4819779	https://www.gbif.org/species/4819779
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	36399	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=36399

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Mosasauridae : Halisaurus

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Sauropsida	Huxley 1864
class	Reptilia	Laurenti 1768
subclass	Eureptilia
-	Romeriida	Gauthier et al. 1988
-	Diapsida
-	Eosuchia
-	Neodiapsida	Benton 1985
-	Sauria	Gauthier 1984
-	Lepidosauromorpha
superorder	Lepidosauria
order	Squamata	Oppel 1811
-	Episquamata	Pyron et al. 2013
-	Toxicofera	Vidal and Hedges 2005
superfamily	Mosasauria
family	Mosasauridae	Gervais 1852
genus	Halisaurus	Marsh 1869

Scientific Name

Halisaurus Marsh, 1869

Name Published In

Amer. J. Sci., (2) 48

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Halisaurus	genus	replaced by Baptosaurus	stated without evidence	Marsh, 1870
Halisaurus	genus	subjective synonym of Baptosaurus	stated with evidence	Zittel, 1890
Halisaurus	genus	replaced by Baptosaurus	stated without evidence	Hay, 1902
Halisaurus	genus	belongs to Mosasaurinae	stated with evidence	Baird and Case, 1966
Halisaurus	genus	belongs to Mosasaurinae	stated without evidence	Russell, 1970
Halisaurus	genus	belongs to Mosasauridae	implied	Carroll, 1988
Halisaurus	genus	belongs to Mosasauridae	stated with evidence	Caldwell and Bell, 1995
Halisaurus	genus	belongs to Plioplatecarpinae	stated with evidence	Lingham-Soliar, 1996
Halisaurus	genus	belongs to Mosasauridae	stated with evidence	Holmes and Sues, 2000
Halisaurus	genus	belongs to Squamata	second hand	Sepkoski, 2002
Halisaurus	genus	belongs to Halisaurinae	stated with evidence	Bardet et al., 2005
Halisaurus	genus	belongs to Mosasauridae	stated with evidence	Lindgren and Siverson, 2005
Halisaurus	genus	belongs to Halisaurinae	stated with evidence	Mateus et al., 2012
Halisaurus	genus	belongs to Mosasauridae	stated with evidence	Polcyn et al., 2012

Status (PBDB)

extinct

Taxon Size (PBDB)

First Recorded Appearance

86.3 - 83.6 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous

Last Recorded Appearance

70.6 - 61.7 Ma
Phanerozoic

Environment

terrestrial (based on Diapsida)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Vision

well-developed (based on Mosasauridae)

Diet

carnivore (based on Mosasauridae)

Reproduction

ovoviviparous (based on Mosasauridae)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

J. J. Sepkoski, Jr. 2002. A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology 363:1-560

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halisaurus

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Baptosaurus onchognathus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Clidastes sternbergi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Halisaurus arambourgi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Halisaurus sternbergi ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		6	86.3 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Macrosaurus platyspondylus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		9	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1869	Halisaurus Marsh p. 395
1870	Baptosaurus Marsh p. 3
1902	Baptosaurus Hay p. 468
1954	Baptosaurus McDowell and Bogert p. 132
1966	Halisaurus Baird and Case p. 1211
1970	Halisaurus Russell p. 369
1981	Halisaurus Thurmond and Jones p. 155
1988	Halisaurus Carroll

Year	Name and Author
1995	Halisaurus Caldwell and Bell, Jr. p. 536
1996	Halisaurus Lingham-Soliar
2000	Halisaurus Holmes and Sues p. 309
2002	Halisaurus Sepkoski, Jr.
2005	Halisaurus Bardet et al. p. 464
2005	Halisaurus Lindgren and Siverson
2012	Halisaurus Mateus et al.
2012	Halisaurus Polcyn et al.

References

Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560

Marsh O. C. On a number of vertebrae of a new Dinosaurian from the Cretaceous green sand near Barnsboro, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 22, 2-3

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

McDowell S. B., Bogert C. M. (1954) The systematic postition of Lanthanotus and the affinities of the anguinomorphan lizards, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 105 1, 1-142

Baird D., Case G. R. (1966) Rare marine reptiles from the Cretaceous of New Jersey, Journal of Paleontology 40 5, 1211-1215

Russell D. A. (1970) The vertebrate fauna of the Selma Formation of Alabamam: Part VII The Mosasaurs, Fieldiana: Geology Memoirs 3 7, 365-380

Thurmond J. T., Jones D. E. (1981) , Fossil Vertebrates of Alabama, 1-244

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Caldwell M. W., Bell, Jr. G. L. (1995) Halisaurus sp. (Mosasauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous (Santonian) of east-central Peru, and the taxonomic utility of mosasaur cervical vertebrae, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15 3, 532-544

Holmes R. B., Sues H.-D. (2000) A partial skeleton of the basal mosasaur Halisaurus platyspondylus from the Severn Formation (Upper Cretaceous: Maastrichtian) of Maryland, Journal of Paleontology 74 2, 309-316

Bardet N., Pereda Suberbiola X., et al (2005) A new species of Halisaurus from the Late Cretaceous phosphates of Morocco, and the phylogenetical relationships of the Halisaurinae (Squamata: Mosasauridae), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143, 447-472

Lindgren J., Siverson M. (2005) Halisaurus sternbergi, a small mosasaur with an intercontinental distribution, Journal of Paleontology 79 4, 763-773

Mateus O., Polcyn M. J., et al (2012) Cretaceous amniotes from Angola: dinosaurs, pterosaurs, mosasaurs, plesiosaurs, turtles, Actas de V Jornadas Internacionales sobre Paleontologia de Dinosaurios y su Entorno, Salas de los Infantes, Burgos, 71-105

Polcyn M. J., Lindgren J., et al (2012) Description of new specimens of Halisaurus arambourgi Bardet & Pereda Suberbiola, 2005 and the relationships of Halisaurinae, Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 183 2, 123-136

GBIF/Paleo Database - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Sepkoski, J. J., Jr. (2002). A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology. 363, 1-560. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Amer. J. Sci., (2) 48 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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