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Geraridae ✝

Photos

Photo Gallery

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	4797884	https://www.gbif.org/species/4797884
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	191750	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=191750

Rank

family

Taxonomy (GBIF)

Life : Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Titanoptera : Geraridae

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Geraridae

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Bilateria
-	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
-	Protostomia	Grobben 1908
-	Ecdysozoa
-	Panarthropoda
phylum	Arthropoda	Latreille 1829
subphylum	Mandibulata
-	Pancrustacea
superclass	Hexapoda	Latreille 1825
-	Cercofilata	Kukalová-Peck 1987
class	Insecta	Linnaeus 1758
-	Dicondylia
-	Paranotalia	Sroka et al. 2014
subclass	Pterygota	Brauer 1885
-	Neopterygota	Crampton 1924
infraclass	Neoptera	Martynov 1923
-	Polyneoptera	Martynov 1938
superorder	Orthopterida	Boudreaux 1979
-	Panorthoptera	Crampton 1928
family	Geraridae	Scudder 1885

Scientific Name

Geraridae

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Geraridae	family	belongs to Protorthoptera	stated with evidence	Handlirsch, 1906
Geraridae	family	belongs to Gerarina	stated with evidence	Gorochov, 2007
Geraridae	family	belongs to Panorthoptera	stated with evidence	Dvořák et al., 2019

Status (PBDB)

extinct

Taxon Size (PBDB)

First Recorded Appearance

318 - 315 Ma
Carboniferous

Last Recorded Appearance

303 - 299 Ma
Carboniferous

Environment

terrestrial (based on Insecta)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Arthropoda)

Taphonomy

chitin (based on Insecta)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

S. H. Scudder. 1885. Palaeodictyoptera; or the affinities and classification of Paleozoic Hexapoda. Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History 3(11):319-351

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Anepitedius ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	311 Ma Carboniferous	311 Ma Carboniferous
Aviologus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	315 Ma Carboniferous	315 Ma Carboniferous
Axiologus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Axiologus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	311 Ma Carboniferous	311 Ma Carboniferous
Berlichia ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Brachygerarus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	305 Ma Carboniferous	305 Ma Carboniferous
Cantabrala genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cantabrala ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	311 Ma Carboniferous	311 Ma Carboniferous
Genentomum genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Genentomum ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	318 Ma Carboniferous	311 Ma Carboniferous
Gerarulus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	311 Ma Carboniferous	311 Ma Carboniferous
Gerarulus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Gerarus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		32	315 Ma Carboniferous	304 Ma Carboniferous
Gerarus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hirsutgerarus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	303 Ma Carboniferous	303 Ma Carboniferous
Nacekomia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	311 Ma Carboniferous	311 Ma Carboniferous
Osnogerarus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Osnogerarus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	311 Ma Carboniferous	311 Ma Carboniferous
Owadpteron ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	318 Ma Carboniferous	318 Ma Carboniferous
Parapalaeomastax ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	318 Ma Carboniferous	318 Ma Carboniferous
Permotitan ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	279 Ma Permian	279 Ma Permian
Ploetzgerarus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	303 Ma Carboniferous	303 Ma Carboniferous
Progenentomum ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	311 Ma Carboniferous	311 Ma Carboniferous
Progenentomum genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Sthenaropodidae	GBIF	family	Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Titanoptera : Sthenaropodidae
Genopterygidae	GBIF	family	Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Titanoptera : Genopterygidae

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1885	Geraridae Scudder p. 342
1906	Sthenaropodidae Handlirsch p. 141
1906	Geraridae Handlirsch p. 146
1911	Geraridae Handlirsch
1919	Geraridae Handlirsch p. 540
1919	Sthenaropodidae Handlirsch p. 548
1922	Geraridae Handlirsch p. 74
1922	Sthenaropodidae Handlirsch p. 83

Year	Name and Author
1928	Stenaropodidae Martynov
1931	Stenaropodidae Martynov p. 156
1954	Stenaropodidae Riek p. 163
1956	Genopterygidae Richardson p. 41
1968	Sthenaropodidae Sharov
1992	Geraridae Carpenter p. 122
2007	Geraridae Gorochov p. 622
2019	Geraridae Dvo?ák et al. p. 791

References

Scudder S. H. Palaeodictyoptera; or the affinities and classification of Paleozoic Hexapoda, Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History 3 11, 319-351

Handlirsch A. (1906) Die Fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der Rezenten Formen, parts I-IV, Ein Handbuch fur Palaontologen und Zoologen, 1-640

Handlirsch A. (1911) New Paleozoic insects from the vicinity of Mazon Creek, Illinois, American Journal of Science, Series 4 31, 297-326

Handlirsch A. (1919) Revision der Paläozoischen Insekten, Denkschriften der Akademie Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 96, 511-592

Handlirsch A. (1922) Insecta Palaeozoica, Fossilium Catalogus I: Animalia 16, 1-230

Martynov A. V. (1928) Permian fossil Insects of North-East Europe, Travaux du Musée Géologique prés l'Académie des Sciences de l'URSS 4, 1-118

Martynov A. V. (1931) New Permian Insects from Tikhie Gory. II. Neoptera (excluding Miomoptera), Trudy Geologicheskogo Muzeya, Akademii Nauk SSSR 8, 149-212

Riek E. F. (1954) Further Triassic insects from Brookvale, NSW (orders Orthoptera Saltatoria, Protorthoptera, Perlaria), Records of the Australian Museum 23 4, 161-168 doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.23.1954.630

Richardson E. S. (1956) Pennsylvanian Invertebrates of the Mazon Creek Area, Illinois, Fieldiana: Geology 12 2, 3-76

Sharov A. G. (1968) Filogeniya ortopteroidnykh nasekomykh, Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR 118, 1-216

Carpenter F. M. (1992) , Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part R, Arthropoda 4: Superclass Hexapoda 3/4, 1-655

Gorochov A. V. (2007) The first representative of the Suborder Mesotitanina from the Paleozoic and notes on the system and evolution of the Order Titanoptera (Insecta: Polyneoptera), Paleontological Journal 41 6, 621-625

Dvořák T., Pecharová M., et al (2019) New archaeorthopteran insects from the Carboniferous of Poland: Insights into tangled taxonomy, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 64, 787-796

Benton, M.J. (ed). (1993). The Fossil Record 2. Chapman & Hall, London, 845 pp. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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