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Mammut ✝

Photos

Photo Gallery

Mammut americanum

South Carolina, USA

Mammut americanum

Polk County, Florida, USA

Mammut americanum

South Carolina, USA

Mammut americanum

Polk County, Florida, USA

Mammut americanum

South Carolina, USA

Mammut americanum

Polk County, Florida, USA

Description

Mastodons (Greek: μαστός "breast" and ὀδούς, "tooth") are any species of extinct proboscideans in the genus Mammut (family Mammutidae), distantly related to elephants, that inhabited North and Central America during the late Miocene or late Pliocene up to their extinction at the end of the Pleistocene 10,000 to 11,000 years ago. Mastodons lived in herds and were predominantly forest-dwelling animals that fed on a mixed diet obtained by browsing and grazing with a seasonal preference for browsing, similar to living elephants.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammut, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	3240497	https://www.gbif.org/species/3240497
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	43274	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=43274

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Mammutidae : Mammut

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
-	Therapsida
infraorder	Cynodontia
-	Epicynodontia	Hopson and Kitching 2001
infraorder	Eucynodontia	Kemp 1982
-	Probainognathia	Hopson 1990
-	Mammaliamorpha	Rowe 1988
-	Mammaliaformes	Rowe 1988
class	Mammalia	Linnaeus 1758
subclass	Tribosphenida
infraclass	Eutheria
-	Placentalia	Owen 1837
-	Afrotheria	Stanhope et al. 1998
-	Tethytheria	McKenna 1975
order	Proboscidea
suborder	Elephantiformes	Tassy 1988
-	Elephantimorpha	Tassy and Shoshani 1997
-	Mammutida	Tassy and Shoshani 1997
family	Mammutidae	Hay 1922
genus	Mammut	Blumenbach 1799

Common Name

mastodon

Scientific Name

Mammut Blumenbach, 1799

Name Published In

Blumenbach, Johann F. 1799. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte. J. C. Dieterich, Göttingen. Vol. 6, Sechste Auflage Edition: pp. I-XIV, 1-708, Tab. I-II.

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Mammut	genus	belongs to Mammutidae	stated without evidence	Blumenbach, 1799
Mammut	genus	belongs to Elephantidae	stated without evidence	Hay, 1902
Mammut	genus	belongs to Mammutidae	stated without evidence	Wilson, 1967
Mammut	genus	belongs to Palaeomastodontidae	stated without evidence	Madden, 1980
Mammut	genus	belongs to Mastodontidae	stated without evidence	Thurmond and Jones, 1981
Mammut	genus	belongs to Mammutidae	stated without evidence	Miller, 1987
Mammut	genus	belongs to Mammutidae	implied	Carroll, 1988
Mammut	genus	belongs to Mammutidae	stated without evidence	Shoshani et al., 1989
Mammut	genus	belongs to Mammutinae	stated without evidence	McKenna and Bell, 1997
Mammut	genus	belongs to Mammutidae	stated with evidence	Lambert and Shoshani, 1998
Mammut	genus	belongs to Mammutinae	stated without evidence	Shoshani and Tassy, 2005
Mammut	genus	belongs to Mastodontidae	stated without evidence	Eshelman et al., 2018
Mammut	genus	belongs to Mammutidae	stated without evidence	Dooley et al., 2019

Status (PBDB)

extinct

Taxon Size (PBDB)

First Recorded Appearance

33.9 - 28.1 Ma
Oligocene

Last Recorded Appearance

0.01 Ma
Pleistocene

Environment

terrestrial (based on Eutheria)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

browser

Ecospace Comments

browser based on stable isotopes (MacFadden and Cerling 1996)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

J. Alroy. 2002. Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals.

Common Name(s)

Mastodon

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammut

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Mastodon (Tetralophodon) ✝ subgenus	listed (PBDB)
Mastodon obscurus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		24	23.0 Ma Miocene	10.3 Ma Miocene
Mammut americanum ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	American Mastodon	341	23.0 Ma Miocene	0.01 Ma Pleistocene
Mammut borsoni ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		51	11.6 Ma Miocene	3.20 Ma Pliocene
Mammut floridanum ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		2	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Mammut furlongi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	23.0 Ma Miocene	23.0 Ma Miocene
Mammut mirificum ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	3.60 Ma Pliocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Mammut oligobunis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Mammut oregonense species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Mammut pacificus ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		37	4.90 Ma Pliocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Mastodon bumiajuensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Mastodon matthewi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		10	13.8 Ma Miocene	4.90 Ma Pliocene
Mastodon proavus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	16.0 Ma Miocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Mastodon raki ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	4.90 Ma Pliocene	4.90 Ma Pliocene
Mastodon rectus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Mastodon spenceri ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	16.9 Ma Miocene	16.9 Ma Miocene
Pliomastodon cosoensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	4.90 Ma Pliocene	4.90 Ma Pliocene

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Levathan Koch, 1841	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Mammutidae : *Levathan*
Leviathan Koch, 1841	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Mammutidae : *Leviathan*
Archidiskodon Pohlig, 1888	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Mammutidae : *Archidiskodon*
Mammout Artaud, 1803	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Mammutidae : *Mammout*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1799	Mammut Blumenbach
1817	Mastodon Cuvier
1825	Mastodon Gray p. 342
1830	Tetracaulodon Godman
1840	Missourium Koch
1841	Leviathan Koch
1848	Mastodon Owen p. 139
1860	Mastodon Leidy p. 108
1860	Mastodon Nordmann p. 288
1873	Mastodon Leidy p. 330
1902	Mammut Hay p. 707
1916	Mastodon Stefani p. 10
1918	Mastodon Osborn
1919	Mastodon Abel p. 826
1926	Pliomastodon Osborn
1926	Mastodon Schneider p. 150
1967	Mammut Wilson p. 213

Year	Name and Author
1980	Mammut Kurten and Anderson p. 344
1980	Mammut Madden p. 58
1980	Pliomastodon Madden p. 58
1981	Mammut Thurmond and Jones p. 180
1987	Mammut Miller p. 171
1987	Pliomastodon Tedford et al.
1988	Mammut Carroll
1988	Pliomastodon Carroll
1989	Mammut Shoshani et al. p. 436
1993	Mammut Abraczinskas p. 345
1996	Mammut Shoshani and Tassy p. 352
1997	Mammut McKenna and Bell p. 500
1998	Mammut Lambert and Shoshani p. 610
2005	Mammut Shoshani and Tassy p. 9 figs. Table 2.1
2018	Mammut Eshelman et al. p. 10
2019	Mammut Dooley et al. p. 4
2019	Mammut Konidaris and Tsoukala

References

Alroy J. (2002) Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals

Gray J. E. An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into Tribes and Families, with a list of genera apparently appertaining to each Tribe, Annals of Philosophy, new series 10, 337-344

Owen R. Description of teeth and portions of jaws of two extinct Anthracotherioid quadrupeds (Hyopotamus vectianus and Hyop. bovinus) discovered by the Marchioness of Hastings in the Eocene deposits on the NW coast of the Isle of Wight: with an attempt to develope Cuvier's idea of the Classification of Pachyderms by the number of their toes, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 4, 103-141

Leidy J. Description of Vertebrate Fossils, Post-Pleiocene Fossils of South-Carolina, 99-122

Nordmann A. , Palaentologie Sudresslands, 1-360

Leidy J. Part I. Contributions to the extinct vertebrate fauna of the western territories, Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories 1, 1-358

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Osborn H. F. (1918) Equidae of the Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene of North America, iconographic type revision, Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 2 1, 1-217

Abel O. (1919) Die Stämme der Wirbeltiere, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, Leipzig, 914 p.

Schneider C. O. (1926) Lista preliminar de los mamiferos fosiles de Chile, Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 30, 144-156

Wilson R. L. (1967) The Pleistocene vertebrates of Michigan, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters 52, 197-234

Kurten B., Anderson E. (1980) , Pleistocene mammals of North America, 1-442

Madden C. T. (1980) Zygolophodon from Subsaharan Africa, with observations on the systematics of palaeomastodontid proboscideans, Journal of Paleontology 54 1, 57-64

Thurmond J. T., Jones D. E. (1981) , Fossil Vertebrates of Alabama, 1-244

Miller W. E. (1987) Mammut americanum, Utah's first record of the American mastodon, Journal of Paleontology 61 1, 168-183

Tedford R. H., Galusha T., et al (1987) Faunal succession and biochronology of the Arikareean through Hemphillian interval (late Oligocene through earliest Pliocene epochs) in North America, Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Geochronology and Biostratigraphy, 153-210

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Shoshani J., Fisher D. C., et al (1989) The Shelton Mastodon Site: Multidisciplinary study of a late Pleistocene (Twocreekan) locality in Southeastern Michigan, Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 27 14, 393-436

Abraczinskas L. M. (1993) Pleistocene proboscidean sites in Michigan: New records and an update on published sites, Michigan Academician 25 4, 443-490

Shoshani J., Tassy P. (1996) Summary, conclusions, and a glimpse into the future, in J. Shoshani and P. Tassy, eds., The Proboscidea: Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives, 335-348

McKenna M. C., Bell S. K. (1997) , Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level, 1-640

Lambert W. D., Shoshani J. (1998) Proboscidea, Evolution of Tertiary mammals of North America, 606-621

Shoshani J., Tassy P. (2005) Advances in proboscidean taxonomy & classification, anatomy & physiology, and ecology & behavior, Quaternary International 126-128, 5-20

Eshelman R. E., Lowery D., et al (2018) Late Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) Mammalian Assemblage from Paw Paw Cove, Tilghman Island, Maryland, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 102, 1-15

Dooley A. C., Scott E., et al (2019) Mammut pacificus sp. nov., a newly recognized species of mastodon from the Pleistocene of western North America, PeerJ 7, e6614 doi:10.7717/peerj.6614

Konidaris G. E., Tsoukala E. (2019) Proboscideans from the upper Miocene localities of Thermopigi, Neokaisareia and Platania (Northern Greece), Annales de Paléontologie, 1-15 doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2019.102380

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000/McKenna & Bell, 1997 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000: Brands, S. J. (compiler) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2006 version). Available online at http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

as per family - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Handb. Naturg., ed. 6 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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