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Gymnolaemata
| Description | Gymnolaemata are a class of Bryozoans. Gymnolaemata are sessile, mostly marine organisms and grow on the surfaces of rocks, kelp, and in some cases on animals, like fish. Zooids are cylindrical or flattened. The lophophore is protruded by action of muscles pulling on the frontal wall. This order includes the majority of living bryozoan species. From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnolaemata, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Source Data |
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| Rank | class | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB) | Life : Animalia : Bryozoa : Gymnolaemata | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxonomic Status (GBIF) | accepted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Classification (PBDB,GBIF) |
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| Scientific Name | Gymnolaemata | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Opinions (PBDB) |
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| Status (PBDB) | extant | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxon Size (PBDB) | 1,870 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Extant Size (PBDB) | 734 (39%) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| First Recorded Appearance | 485 - 478 Ma Paleozoic | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Motility | stationary, attached (based on Bryozoa) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vision | blind | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diet | suspension feeder (based on Bryozoa) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taphonomy | low Mg calcite, aragonite | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary Reference (PBDB) | J. J. Sepkoski, Jr. 2002. A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology 363:1-560 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common Name(s) | Kreiswirbler, Gymnolaemates, Naked Throat Bryozoans, 裸喉, Marine Bryozoans, Tubular Bryozoans, Bryozoaires Marins, Bryozoaires Tubulés | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnolaemata |
External Images
Fossil Distribution
Subtaxa
| Name | Status | Common Name(s) | Fossil Occurrences | Oldest | Youngest |
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| Cheilostomata order | listed (PBDB) | 5,160 | 461 Ma Middle Ordovician | 0 Ma Extant | |
| Cheilostomatida order | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 45 | 38.0 Ma Eocene | 0 Ma Extant | |
| Ctenostomata order | listed (PBDB) | 115 | 485 Ma Cambrian | 0 Ma Extant | |
| Ctenostomatida order | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Aedonidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Calweliidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Diedroporidae ✝ family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 1 | 55.8 Ma Eocene | 55.8 Ma Eocene | |
| Electrinidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 75 | 113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous | 0 Ma Extant | |
| Euthyridellidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Lepraliidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 10 | 66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous | 0 Ma Extant | |
| Opesiulidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 13 | 38.0 Ma Eocene | 0 Ma Extant | |
| Phylactelliporidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Spiroporinidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 18 | 38.0 Ma Eocene | 0 Ma Extant | |
| Tubucellariidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 0 Ma Extant | |||
| Waterisporidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Biaviculigera genus | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Eohippothoa genus | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Keratostoma genus | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Simplicidium genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 1 | 168 Ma Middle Jurassic | 168 Ma Middle Jurassic | |
| Amplexopora dendroidea species | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Costicellaria cuspidata species | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Gulabranchus cellulanus species | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Newportopora typicalis species | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Nicholsonella pulchra species | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Parsmittina bimucronata species | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Parvohallopora spissata species | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Rhampostomella costata species | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Rynchozoon fulgidum species | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
Synonymy List
| Year | Name and Author |
|---|---|
| 1856 | Gymnolaemata Allman |
| 1987 | Gymnolaemata Boardman and Cheetham p. 507 |
| 1994 | Gymnolaemata Gordon et al. |
| 1997 | Gymnolaemata Lee et al. |
| 1998 | Gymnolaemata Zrzavy et al. |
| 2002 | Gymnolaemata Sepkoski, Jr. |
| 2003 | Gymnolaemata Schmidt |
| 2007 | Gymnolaemata Guha and Gipikrishna p. 804 |
| 2007 | Gymnolaemata Guha and Gopikrishna p. 122 |
References
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
Tithe Pit, Warlingham, Tandridge, Surrey, England, UK