| Description | The horse (Equus ferus caballus) is one of two extant subspecies of Equus ferus. It is an odd-toed ungulate mammal belonging to the taxonomic family Equidae. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature, Eohippus, into the large, single-toed animal of today. Humans began domesticating horses around 4000 BC, and their domestication is believed to have been widespread by 3000 BC. Horses in the subspecies caballus are domesticated, although some domesticated populations live in the wild as feral horses. These feral populations are not true wild horses, as this term is used to describe horses that have never been domesticated, such as the endangered Przewalski's horse, a separate subspecies, and the only remaining true wild horse. There is an extensive, specialized vocabulary used to describe equine-related concepts, covering everything from anatomy to life stages, size, colors, markings, breeds, locomotion, and behavior.
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| Source Data | |
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| Rank | species |
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| Taxonomy (GBIF) | Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : Equus : Equus caballus |
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| Taxonomy (PBDB) | Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : Equus : Equus caballus |
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| Taxonomic Status (GBIF) | accepted |
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Classification
(PBDB,GBIF) | |
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| Generic Name | Equus |
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| Common Name | horse |
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| Scientific Name | Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 |
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| Name Published In | Syst. Nat., 10th ed. vol.1 p.73 |
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| Opinions (PBDB) | | Name | Rank | Opinion | Evidence | Author |
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| Equus caballus | species | belongs to Equus | stated without evidence | Linnaeus, 1758 | | Equus caballus | species | belongs to Equus | stated with evidence | Thomas, 1911 | | Equus caballus | species | belongs to Equus | stated without evidence | Quinn, 1955 | | Equus caballus | species | belongs to Equus | stated with evidence | Quinn, 1957 |
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| Status (PBDB) | extant |
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| Taxon Size (PBDB) | 1 |
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| Extant Size (PBDB) | 1 (100%) |
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| First Recorded Appearance | 5.33 - 2.59 Ma
Cenozoic |
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| Environment | terrestrial (based on Eutheria) |
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| Motility | actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes) |
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| Diet | grazer (based on Equus) |
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| Taphonomy | phosphatic (based on Vertebrata) |
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| Primary Reference (PBDB) | C. Linnaeus. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima 1:1-824 |
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| Common Name(s) | Horse, Feral Horse, Pferd, Häst |
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| Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equus_caballus |
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| Linnaeus C. , Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima 1, 1-824 doi:10.5962/bhl.title.542 |
| Lydekker R. Contributions to a knowledge of the Fossil Vertebrates of Argentina. III - A study of extinct argentine ungulates, Anales del Museo de La Plata. Paleontología Argentina 2 3, 1-86 |
| Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868 |
| Thomas O. (1911) The Mammals of the Tenth Edition of Linnaeus; an Attempt to fix the Types of the Genera and the exact Bases and Localities of the Species, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 81 1, 120-158 doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1911.tb06995.x |
| Schneider C. O. (1926) Lista preliminar de los mamiferos fosiles de Chile, Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 30, 144-156 |
| Boule M., De Villeneuve L. (1927) La grotte de l'Observatoire à Monaco, Archives de l'Institut de Paléontologie Humaine Mémoire 1, 1-113 |
| Quinn J. H. (1955) Miocene Equidae of the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain, Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas Report of Investigations 5516, 1-102 |
| Quinn J. H. (1957) Pleistocene Equidae of Texas, Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas Report of Investigations 33, 1-47 |
| Zurita A. E., Carlini A. A., et al (2004) Mamíferos extintos del Cuaternario de la Provincia del Chaco (Argentina) y su relación con aquéllos del este de la región pampeana y de Chile, Revista geológica de Chile 31 1, 65-87 |
| Rincón A. D., Alberdi M. T., et al (2006) Nuevo registro de Equus (Amerhippus) santaeelenae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) del pozo de asfalto de Inciarte (Pleistoceno Superior), estado Zulia, Venezuela, Ameghiniana 43 3, 529-538 |
| Bennett, Deb, and Robert S. Hoffmann, 1999: Equus caballus. Mammalian Species, no. 628. 1-14. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) |
| Gentry, Anthea, Juliet Clutton-Brock, and Colin P. Groves, 2004: The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives. Journal of Archaeological Science, vol 31. 645-651. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) |
| International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2003: OPINION 2027 (Case 3010): Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, vol. 60, part 1. 81-84. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) |
| Groves, Colin, and Peter Grubb, 2011: null. Ungulate Taxonomy. ix + 317. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) |
| Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds., 1992: null. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing. xviii + 1207. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) |
| Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner, 1987: Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. Resource Publication, no. 166. 79. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) |
| Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds., 2005: null. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., vols. 1 & 2. 2000. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) |
| Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole, 2000: null. Common Names of Mammals of the World. xiv + 204. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) |
| Wilson, D.M (eds) (2005) Mammal Species of the World. 3rd ed. The John Hopkins University Press. Baltimore. - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas |
| (1996) database, NODC Taxonomic Code - via Catalogue of Life |
| Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (1992) Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing - via Catalogue of Life |
| Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (2005) Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., vols. 1 & 2 - via Catalogue of Life |
| Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole (2000) Common Names of Mammals of the World - via Catalogue of Life |
| Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner (1987) Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada: Resource Publication, no. 166 - via Catalogue of Life |
| Groves, Colin, and Peter Grubb (2011) Ungulate Taxonomy - via Catalogue of Life |
| International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Opinion 271 Addition to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the generic names Equus Linnaeus, 1758 (class Mammalia) and Aica Linnaeus, 1758 (class Aves) (Opinion supplementary to Opinion 16).Opinions and declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 6(3), 41-50 (1954) - via Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology |
| Gentry, Anthea, Juliet Clutton-Brock, and Colin P. Groves (2004) The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives: Journal of Archaeological Science, vol 31 - via Catalogue of Life |
| International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2003) OPINION 2027 (Case 3010): Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved: Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, vol. 60, part 1 - via Catalogue of Life |
| Bennett, Deb, and Robert S. Hoffmann (1999) Equus caballus: Mammalian Species, no. 628 - via Catalogue of Life |
Equus caballus
