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Buccinum

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Description

Buccinum is a genus of medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Buccinidae, the true whelks.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccinum, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	2305012	https://www.gbif.org/species/2305012
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	10866	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=10866

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Buccinidae : Buccinum

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Bilateria
-	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
-	Protostomia	Grobben 1908
-	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Mollusca	Linnaeus 1758
class	Gastropoda	Cuvier 1797
subclass	Prosobranchia	Milne-Edwards 1848
superorder	Caenogastropoda	Cox 1959
order	Neogastropoda	Thiele 1929
superfamily	Buccinoidea	(Rafinesque 1815)
family	Buccinidae	Rafinesque 1815
genus	Buccinum	Linnæus 1758

Scientific Name

Buccinum Linnaeus, 1758

Name Published In

Linnæus, Carolus. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae. Vol. Tomus I, Editio decima, reformata: i-ii, 1-824.

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Buccinum	subgenus	belongs to Tritonium	stated with evidence	Middendorf, 1848
Buccinum	genus	belongs to Buccininae	stated without evidence	Titova, 1994
Buccinum	genus	belongs to Neogastropoda	second hand	Sepkoski, 2002
Buccinum	genus	belongs to Buccinidae	stated with evidence	Rosenberg, 2005

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

17 (63%)

First Recorded Appearance

152 - 145 Ma
Late Jurassic

Motility

actively mobile (based on Buccinidae)

Vision

limited (based on Gastropoda)

Diet

carnivore (based on Buccinidae)

Taphonomy

aragonite (based on Gastropoda)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

C. Linnaeus. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima 1:1-824

Common Name(s)

Buccins, Wulken, エゾバイ, Konk, Valthornssnäcka, Vrinkel

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccinum

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Buccinum abyssorum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum aciculatum species	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Buccinum acies species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum acuminulatum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum acutispiratum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum affinis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum alveolatum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum angulosum species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Buccinum aniwanum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum arabicum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum araitonum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum archambaulti species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum arculatum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum argillaceum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum baerii species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum balteatum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum bayani species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum belcheri species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum beringense species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum besairiei species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum bicarinatum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum bistriatum ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	47.8 Ma Eocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Buccinum bogachielii species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum bombycinum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum buchardi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum bulimuloideum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum byssinum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum callosum species	listed (PBDB)		3	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Buccinum candidissimum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum carinatum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum chartium species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum chishimananux species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum chishimanum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum ciliatum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum clavatulatum ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	47.8 Ma Eocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Buccinum cnismatopleura species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum cnismatum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum concentricum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum conoideum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum coronatum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum costatum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum crebricarinatum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum crebricostatum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum crenatum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum cristatum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum cyaneum species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	0.13 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Buccinum daveluinum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum declive ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	5.33 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Buccinum decussatum ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	47.8 Ma Eocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Buccinum defossum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum denseplicatum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum derjugini species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum digitale species	listed (PBDB)		16	5.33 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Buccinum diplodetum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum doutchinae species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum dubium ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	11.6 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Buccinum ectomocyma species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum ectomycina species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum elegantum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum epifragilum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum epistomium species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum eugrammatum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum exasperatum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum farinosum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum felis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum finmarkianum species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	0.78 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Buccinum flavidum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum fragile species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum frausseni species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum fringillum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum frustulatum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum fukureum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum funereum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum glaciale species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	0.13 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Buccinum gumbelinum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum habui species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum haustrum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum hertzensteini species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum herzensteinii species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum holsaticum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum hosoyai species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum humphreysianum species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Buccinum hydrophanum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum imbricata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum isaotakii species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum jacquemartii species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum japonicum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum jeffreysii species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum junghuhni ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	48.6 Ma Eocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Buccinum kadiakense species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum kashimanum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum kawamurai species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum kinukatsugai species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum kjennerudae species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum kobjakovae species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum koreana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum koshikinum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum kurilense species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum kushiroense species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum laevigatum species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Buccinum lamelliferum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum lanquinei species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum leucostoma species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum limnoideum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum lineare species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum lischkeanum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum longifiliare species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum lyperium species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum macleani species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum maehirai species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum maltzani species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum melanopsis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum meyni species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum micropoma species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum middendorfii species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum mirandum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum miyauchii species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum mizutanii species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum modestum species	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Buccinum mohri species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum mysticum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum nebrascensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum niponense species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum nivale species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum nodocostum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum normale species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum nudum ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	5.33 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Buccinum obliquicostatum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum oblitum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum obsoletum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum ochotense species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Buccinum oedematum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum opisoplectum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum orotundum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum osagawai species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum pagodus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum parvulum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum pastinacea species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum pemphigus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum percrassum species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	0.13 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Buccinum physeatum species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Buccinum physematum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum planeticum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum plectrum species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	0.01 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Buccinum polare species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	0.13 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Buccinum polium species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum praerosum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum proteus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum pulchellum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum pygmaeum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum pyramidale species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum rarusum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum rodgersi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum rondinum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum rosaceum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum rossellinum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum rossicum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum rugatum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum sagamianum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum sakhalinense species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum saundersi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum scalariforme species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		15	0.13 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Buccinum senshumaruae species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum shiretokoensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum sigmatopleura species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum simplex species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum simulatum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum solenum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum solidum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum stocki species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum striatellum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum striatissimum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum striatulum ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	47.8 Ma Eocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Buccinum strigatum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum strigillatum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum subandrei species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum subpolitum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum subpolygonum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum subreticulatum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum superangulare species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum suzumai species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum takagawai species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum tanguaryi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum tenellum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum tenuissimum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum tenuisulcatum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum terebrale ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	47.8 Ma Eocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Buccinum terebriforme species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum terraenovae species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum tetragonum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum thermophilum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum trescostatum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum tricarinatum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum tsubai species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum tumidulum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum turbineum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum undatum species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		49	5.33 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Buccinum unuscarinatum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum ustulatum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum variabilis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum veneris species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum verkruzeni species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum verneuilii species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum vicksburgensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum viridum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum wakuii species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum yokomaruae species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum yoroianum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Buccinum zelotes species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Reticubuccinum Ito & Habe, 1980	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Buccinidae : *Reticubuccinum*
Buccinium Connold, 1907	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Buccinidae : *Buccinium*
Madiella Wenz, 1943	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Buccinidae : *Madiella*
Biccinum Jousseaume, 1894	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Buccinidae : *Biccinum*
Buccineum Petit, 1856	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Buccinidae : *Buccineum*
Baccinum Deshayes, 1830	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Buccinidae : *Baccinum*
Baninum Desmarest, 1859	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Buccinidae : *Baninum*
Tritonellium Valenciennes, 1858	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Buccinidae : *Tritonellium*
Tritonium O.F.Müller, 1776	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Buccinidae : *Tritonium*
Mala Cossmann, 1901	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Buccinidae : *Mala*
Mada Jeffreys, 1867	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Buccinidae : *Mada*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1758	Buccinum Linnaeus p. 734
1848	Tritonium (Buccinum) Middendorf
1994	Buccinum Titova p. 322
2002	Buccinum Sepkoski, Jr.
2005	Buccinum Rosenberg

References

Linnaeus C. , Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima 1, 1-824 doi:10.5962/bhl.title.542

Titova L. V. (1994) Cenozoic history of Turritelloidea and Buccinoidea (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in the North Pacific, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 108, 319-334

Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560

Rosenberg G. (2005) Malacolog 4.0: A database of Western Atlantic marine Mollusca, [WWW database (version 4.1.0)] URL http://data.acnatsci.org/wasp

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Opinion 94 Twenty-two Mollusk and Tunicate names placed in the Official List of Generic Names.Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 73(4), 12-13 (1926) - via Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology

Karlsson, Anna (2004) Mollusker - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Montfort P. [Denys de]. (1808-1810). Conchyliologie systématique et classification méthodique des coquilles. Paris: Schoell. Vol. 1: pp. lxxxvii + 409 [1808]. Vol. 2: pp. 676 + 16 [1810 (before 28 May)]. - via World Register of Marine Species

Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata [10th revised edition], vol. 1: 824 pp. Laurentius Salvius: Holmiae. - via World Register of Marine Species

Aphia2006 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

CoL2006 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000/Brusca & Brusca, 1990 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Sepkoski, J. J., Jr. (2002). A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology. 363, 1-560. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

WoRMS (Mar 2013) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. 10th edition. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Higo, Shun'ichi, Paul Callomon, and Yoshihiro Goto, 1999: null. Catalogue and Bibliography of the Marine Shell-bearing Mollusca of Japan: Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda. 749. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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