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Silica

A synonym

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Photos of Silica (53424)

Silica Gallery Search Photos of Silica

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Amethyst, etc.

Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Amethyst

Comstock Mining District, Storey County, Nevada, USA

Quartz

Mt Ida, Montgomery County, Arkansas, USA

Amethyst, etc.

Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Amethyst

Comstock Mining District, Storey County, Nevada, USA

Quartz

Mt Ida, Montgomery County, Arkansas, USA

Amethyst, etc.

Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Amethyst

Comstock Mining District, Storey County, Nevada, USA

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About SilicaHide

Synonym of:

Coesite, Cristobalite, Keatite, Mogánite, Opal, Quartz, Tridymite

Silica is the trivial name for the chemical compound silicon dioxide, SiO₂. The term silica comprises all polymorphs of silicon dioxide. In geoscience literature, the term silica also includes silicic acid, H₄SiO₄, which forms when silica polymorphs and silicate minerals are dissolved in water.

Two groups of silica polymorphs can be distinguished by their molecular structure:
1. Polymorphs that are made of SiO₄ tetrahedra: α-quartz, β-quartz, moganite, α-tridymite, β-tridymite, α-cristobalite, β-cristobalite, keatite, coesite and silica glass (lechatelierite) are pure silica polymorphs. Opal-AG, opal-AN, opal-C, opal-CT, melanophlogite and chibaite are silica polymorphs that contain impurities. Structurally, all these polymorphs are network silicates.
2. High-pressure polymorphs in which each silicon atom is surrounded by six oxygen atoms: stishovite and seifertite. Since these polymorphs are not made of SiO₄ tetrahedra, they are not structurally related to silicates.

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

10916

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:10916:7

GUID
(UUID V4):

44fdf91c-a211-4ad2-b032-c685f3a6e0fb

Crystal StructureHide

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Year	Locality	Pressure (GPa)	Temp (K)
0000789	Quartz	Levien L, Prewitt C T, Weidner D J (1980) Structure and elastic properties of quartz at pressure American Mineralogist 65 920-930	1980		0	293
0000790	Quartz	Levien L, Prewitt C T, Weidner D J (1980) Structure and elastic properties of quartz at pressure American Mineralogist 65 920-930	1980		2.07	293
0000791	Quartz	Levien L, Prewitt C T, Weidner D J (1980) Structure and elastic properties of quartz at pressure American Mineralogist 65 920-930	1980		3.76	293
0000792	Quartz	Levien L, Prewitt C T, Weidner D J (1980) Structure and elastic properties of quartz at pressure American Mineralogist 65 920-930	1980		4.86	293
0000793	Quartz	Levien L, Prewitt C T, Weidner D J (1980) Structure and elastic properties of quartz at pressure American Mineralogist 65 920-930	1980		5.58	293
0000794	Quartz	Levien L, Prewitt C T, Weidner D J (1980) Structure and elastic properties of quartz at pressure American Mineralogist 65 920-930	1980		6.14	293
0004265	Quartz	Ikuta D, Kawame N, Banno S, Hirajima T, Ito K, Rakovan J F, Downs R T, Tamada O (2007) First in situ X-ray diffraction identification of coesite and retrograde quartz on a glass thin section of an ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rock and their crystal structure details American Mineralogist 92 57-63	2007	Yangkou meta-igneous complex in the middle part of the Sulu UHP terrain, eastern China	0	293
0004266	Quartz	Ikuta D, Kawame N, Banno S, Hirajima T, Ito K, Rakovan J F, Downs R T, Tamada O (2007) First in situ X-ray diffraction identification of coesite and retrograde quartz on a glass thin section of an ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rock and their crystal structure details American Mineralogist 92 57-63	2007	Oomine granite, Tenkawa-mura, Nara, Southwest Japan	0	293
0004267	Quartz	Ikuta D, Kawame N, Banno S, Hirajima T, Ito K, Rakovan J F, Downs R T, Tamada O (2007) First in situ X-ray diffraction identification of coesite and retrograde quartz on a glass thin section of an ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rock and their crystal structure details American Mineralogist 92 57-63	2007	Oomine granite, Tenkawa-mura, Nara, Southwest Japan	0	293
0006212	Quartz	Antao S M, Hassan I, Wang J, Lee P L, Toby B H (2008) State-of-the-art high-resolution powder x-ray diffraction (HRPXRD) illustrated with Rietveld structure refinement of quartz, sodalite, tremolite, and meionite The Canadian Mineralogist 46 1501-1509	2008	not specified	0	293
0006362	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	298
0006363	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	398
0006364	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	498
0006365	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	597
0006366	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	697
0006367	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	773
0006368	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	813
0006369	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	838
0006370	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	848
0006371	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	854
0006372	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	859
0006373	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	869
0006374	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	891
0006375	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	920
0006376	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	972
0006377	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	1012
0006378	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	1078
0008971	Quartz	Rosa A L, El-Barbary A A, Heggie M I, Briddon P R (2005) Structural and thermodynamic properties of water related defects in alpha-quartz Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 32 323-331	2005		0	293
0018071	Quartz	Wyckoff R (1926) Kriterien fur hexagonale Raumgruppen und die Kristallstruktur von beta Quarz. _cod_database_code 1011200 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 63 507-537	1926		0	293
0017992	Quartz	Wei (1935) Die Bindung im Quarz _cod_database_code 1011097 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 92 355-362	1935		0	293
0010604	Quartz	Arnold H (1962) Die struktur des hochquarzes Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 117 467-469	1962		0	293
0010605	Quartz	Arnold H (1962) Die struktur des hochquarzes Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 117 467-469	1962		0	293
0011007	Quartz	Glinnemann J, King H E, Schulz H, Hahn T, La Placa S J, Dacol F (1992) Crystal structures of the low-temperature quartz-type phases of SiO2 and GeO2 at elevated pressure Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 198 177-212	1992		0	293
0011008	Quartz	Glinnemann J, King H E, Schulz H, Hahn T, La Placa S J, Dacol F (1992) Crystal structures of the low-temperature quartz-type phases of SiO2 and GeO2 at elevated pressure Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 198 177-212	1992		4	293
0011009	Quartz	Glinnemann J, King H E, Schulz H, Hahn T, La Placa S J, Dacol F (1992) Crystal structures of the low-temperature quartz-type phases of SiO2 and GeO2 at elevated pressure Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 198 177-212	1992		7.2	293
0011010	Quartz	Glinnemann J, King H E, Schulz H, Hahn T, La Placa S J, Dacol F (1992) Crystal structures of the low-temperature quartz-type phases of SiO2 and GeO2 at elevated pressure Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 198 177-212	1992		10.2	293
0012866	Quartz	Gualtieri A F (2000) Accuracy of XRPD QPA using the combined Rietveld-RIR method Journal of Applied Crystallography 33 267-278	2000	Baveno, Novara, Italy	0	293
0018749	Quartz	Gibbs G V, Boisen M B, Downs R T, Lasaga A C (1988) Mathematical Modeling of the structures and bulk moduli of TX2 quartz Materials Research Society Symposia Proceedings 121 155-165	1988	theoretical	0	293
0018049	Quartz	Brill R, Hermann C, Peters C (1939) Studien ueber chemische Bindung mittels Fourieranalyse III. Die Bindung im Quarz _cod_database_code 1011172 Naturwissenschaften 27 676-677	1939		0	293
0015462	Quartz	Hazen R M, Finger L W, Hemley R J, Mao H K (1989) High-pressure crystal chemistry and amorphization of alpha-quartz Solid State Communications 72 507-511	1989	synthetic	0	293
0015463	Quartz	Hazen R M, Finger L W, Hemley R J, Mao H K (1989) High-pressure crystal chemistry and amorphization of alpha-quartz Solid State Communications 72 507-511	1989	synthetic	2	293
0015464	Quartz	Hazen R M, Finger L W, Hemley R J, Mao H K (1989) High-pressure crystal chemistry and amorphization of alpha-quartz Solid State Communications 72 507-511	1989	synthetic	5.1	293
0015465	Quartz	Hazen R M, Finger L W, Hemley R J, Mao H K (1989) High-pressure crystal chemistry and amorphization of alpha-quartz Solid State Communications 72 507-511	1989	synthetic	8	293
0015466	Quartz	Hazen R M, Finger L W, Hemley R J, Mao H K (1989) High-pressure crystal chemistry and amorphization of alpha-quartz Solid State Communications 72 507-511	1989	synthetic	9.5	293
0015467	Quartz	Hazen R M, Finger L W, Hemley R J, Mao H K (1989) High-pressure crystal chemistry and amorphization of alpha-quartz Solid State Communications 72 507-511	1989	synthetic	12.5	293
0000531	Tridymite	Dollase W A, Baur W H (1976) The superstructure of meteoritic low tridymite solved by computer simulation American Mineralogist 61 971-978	1976	Steinbach meteorite, Saxony, Germany	0	293
0006615	Tridymite	Graetsch H, Topalovic-Dierdorf I (1996) 29Si MAS NMR spectrum and superstructure of modulated tridymite L3-To(MX-1) European Journal of Mineralogy 8 103-113	1996	synthetic	0	293
0006616	Tridymite	Graetsch H, Topalovic-Dierdorf I (1996) 29Si MAS NMR spectrum and superstructure of modulated tridymite L3-To(MX-1) European Journal of Mineralogy 8 103-113	1996	synthetic	0	293
0008552	Tridymite	Graetsch H (2001) X-ray powder diffraction study on the modulated high temperature forms of SiO2 tridymite between 110 and 220 C Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 28 313-321	2001	synthetic	0	293
0008553	Tridymite	Graetsch H (2001) X-ray powder diffraction study on the modulated high temperature forms of SiO2 tridymite between 110 and 220 C Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 28 313-321	2001	synthetic	0	388
0020733	Tridymite	Dollase W A (1967) The crystal structure at 220 C of orthothombic high tridymite from the Steinbach meteorite Acta Crystallographica 23 617-623	1967	Steinbach meteorite	0	293
0020734	Tridymite	Kato V K, Nukui A (1976) Die kristallstruktur des monoklinen tief-tridymits Acta Crystallographica B32 2486-2491	1976	synthetic	0	293
0009625	Tridymite	Konnert J H, Appleman D E (1978) The crystal structure of low tridymite Acta Crystallographica B34 391-403	1978	Plumas County, California, USA	0	293
0020744	Tridymite	Lee S, Xu H (2019) Using powder XRD and pair distribution function to determine anisotropic atomic displacement parameters of orthorhombic tridymite and tetragonal cristobalite Acta Crystallographica B75 https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052520619000933	2019	rhyolitic rock, New Mexico, USA	0	293
0013132	Tridymite	Hirose T, Kihara K, Okuno M, Fujinami S, Shinoda K (2005) X-ray, DTA and Raman studies of monoclinic tridymite and its higher temperature orthorhombic modification with varying temperature. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 100 55-69	2005	synthetic	0	298
0013133	Tridymite	Hirose T, Kihara K, Okuno M, Fujinami S, Shinoda K (2005) X-ray, DTA and Raman studies of monoclinic tridymite and its higher temperature orthorhombic modification with varying temperature. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 100 55-69	2005	synthetic	0	373
0013134	Tridymite	Hirose T, Kihara K, Okuno M, Fujinami S, Shinoda K (2005) X-ray, DTA and Raman studies of monoclinic tridymite and its higher temperature orthorhombic modification with varying temperature. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 100 55-69	2005	synthetic	0	413

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Quartz'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Levien L'
'Prewitt C T'
'Weidner D J'
_journal_name_full 'American Mineralogist'
_journal_volume 65 
_journal_year 1980
_journal_page_first 920
_journal_page_last 930
_publ_section_title
;
 Structure and elastic properties of quartz at pressure
 P = 1 atm
;
_database_code_amcsd 0000789
_chemical_formula_sum 'Si O2'
_cell_length_a 4.916
_cell_length_b 4.916
_cell_length_c 5.4054
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 90
_cell_angle_gamma 120
_cell_volume 113.131
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      2.646
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'P 32 2 1'
loop_
_space_group_symop_operation_xyz
  'x,y,z'
  'y,x,2/3-z'
  '-y,x-y,2/3+z'
  '-x,-x+y,1/3-z'
  '-x+y,-x,1/3+z'
  'x-y,-y,-z'
loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
Si   0.46970   0.00000   0.00000
O   0.41350   0.26690   0.11910
loop_
_atom_site_aniso_label
_atom_site_aniso_U_11
_atom_site_aniso_U_22
_atom_site_aniso_U_33
_atom_site_aniso_U_12
_atom_site_aniso_U_13
_atom_site_aniso_U_23
Si 0.00854 0.00716 0.00725 0.00358 -0.00001 -0.00002
O 0.01745 0.01322 0.01229 0.00973 -0.00291 -0.00408

Varieties of SilicaHide

Float-stone

A coarse, porous, friable variety of impure silica, comprised chiefly of the siliceous skeletons of infusoria.

Common AssociatesHide

Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:

3 photos of Silica associated with Calcite	CaCO₃
3 photos of Silica associated with Rhodochrosite	MnCO₃
3 photos of Silica associated with Rhodochrosite-Siderite Series
2 photos of Silica associated with Chalcotrichite	Cu₂O
2 photos of Silica associated with Malachite	Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂
2 photos of Silica associated with Zeunerite	Cu(UO₂)₂(AsO₄)₂ · 12H₂O
2 photos of Silica associated with Manganese-bearing Calcite	(Ca,Mn)CO₃
1 photo of Silica associated with Hapkeite	Fe₂Si
1 photo of Silica associated with Troilite	FeS
1 photo of Silica associated with Cryptomelane	K(Mn⁴⁺₇Mn³⁺)O₁₆

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Silica in petrologyHide

An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.

Internet Links for SilicaHide

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https://www.mindat.org/min-10916.html
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References for SilicaHide

Reference List:

forum.amiminerals.it (n.d.) http://forum.amiminerals.it/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=18462&sid=9ad5d461315500d948d47df15ae25dd9

Sosman, R.B. (1927) The Properties of Silica. 856 pp., New York.

Rogers, Austin Flint (1928), Natural history of the silica minerals: American Mineralogist: 13: 73-92;

Cartz, L. (1964) An X-ray diffraction study of the structure of silica glass. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie: 120: 241-260.

Robinson, H.A. (1965) On the structure of vitreous SiO2. I. A new pentagonal dodecahedral model. Journal Phys. Chem. Solids: 26: 209-222.

Henninger, E.H., Buschert, R.C., and Heaton, L. (1967) Atomic structure and correlation in vitreous silica by x-ray and neutron diffraction. Journal Phys. Chem. Solids: 28: 423-432.

Hicks, J.F.G. (1967) Structure of silica glass. Scence: 155: 459-461.

Kushiro, I. (1969), The system forsterite-diopside-silica with and without water at high pressures: American Journal of Science: 267: 269-294.

Mozzi, R.L. and Warren, B.E (1969) The structure of vitreous silica. Journalm of Applied Crystallography: 2: 164-172.

Bell, R.J. and Dean, P. (1972) The structure of vitreous silica: validity of the random network theory. Phil. Magazine: 25: 1381-1398.

Konnert, J.H. and Karle, J. (1972) Tridymite-like structure in silica glass. Nature Phys. Sci.: 236: 92-94.

Narten, A.H. (1972) Diffraction pattern and structure of non-crystalline BeF2 and SiO2 at 25°C. Journal Chem. Phys.: 56: 1905-1909.

Konnert, J.H. and Karle, J. (1973a) Crystalline ordering in silica and germania glasses. Science: 179: 177-179.

Konnert, J.H., Ferguson, G.A., and Karle, J. (1974) Structure of silica glass: rebuttal. Science: 184: 93.

Da Silva, J.R.G.D., Pinatti, D.G., Anderson, C.E., and Rudee, M.L. (1975) A refinement of the structure of vitreous silica. Phil. Magazine: 31: 713-717.

Yip, K.L. and Fowler, W.B. (1975) Electronic structure of E1' centers in SiO2. Physics Review B: B11: 2327-2338.

Gaskell, P.H. and Tarrant, I.D. (1980) Refinement of a random network model for vitreous silicon dioxide. Phil. Magazine: B42: 265-286.

Herms, G. and Steil, H. (1980) The pentagonal dodecahedral model of vitreous silica and its compatibility with diffraction experiments. Krist. Tech.-Cryst. Res. Tech.: 15: 879-884.

Konnert, J.H., D'Antonio, P., and Karle, J. (1982) Comparison of radial distribution function for silica glass with those for various bonding topologies: use of correlation function. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 53: 135-141.

Richet, P., Bottinga, Y., Deniélou, L., Petitet, J.P., and Téqui, C. (1982) Thermodynamic properties of quartz, cristobalite, and amorphous SiO2: drop calorimetry measurements between 1000 and 1800 K and a review from 0 to 2000 K. Geochimica et Cosmochmica Acta: 46: 2639-2658.

Jani, M.G., Bossoli, R.B., and Halliburton, L.E. (1983) Further characterization of the E1' center in crystalline SiO2. Physics Review: B 27: 2285-2293.

Johnson, P.A.V., Wright, A.C., and Sinclair, R.N. (1983) Neutron scattering from vitreous silica. II. Twin-axis diffraction experiments. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids: 58: 109-130.

Smith, J.V. and Blackwell, C.S. (1983) Nuclear magnetic resonance of silica polymorphs. Nature: 303: 223-225.

Dupree, E. and Pettifer, R.F. (1984) Determination of the Si-O-Si angle distribution in vitreous silica by magic angle spinning NMR. Nature: 308: 523-525.

Coombs, P.G., De Natale, J.F., Hood, P.J., McElfresh, D.K., Wortman, R.S., and Shackelford, J.F. (1985) The nature of the Si-O-Si bond angle distribution in vitreous silica. Phil. Magazine: B51: L39-L42.

Gupta, R.P. (1985) Electronic structure of crystalline and amorphous silicon dioxide. Physical Review: B32: 8278-8292.

Galeener, F.L. and Wright, A.C. (1986) The J.C. Phillips model for vitreous SiO2: a critical appraisal. Solid State Commun.: 57: 677-682.

Gerber, T. and Himmel, B. (1986) The structure of silica glass. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids: 83: 324-334.

Goodman, C.H.L. (1986) The structure of silica glass and its surface. Phys. Chem. Glasses: 27: 27-31.

Kusabiraki, K. (1987) Infrared and Raman spectra of vitreous silica and sodium silicates containing titanium. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids: 95-96: 411-418.

Galeener, F.L. (1988) Current models for amorphous SiO2. In: The Physics and Technology of Amorphous SiO* (R.A.B. Devine, ed.) Plenum Press, New York, NY.

Griscom, D.L. (1989) Self-trapped holes in amorphous silicon dioxide. Physics review: B 40: 4224-4228.

Gladden, L.F. (1990b) Medium-range order in v-SiO2. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids: 119: 318-330.

Guttman, L. (1990) Ring structure of the crystalline and amorphous forms of silicon dioxide. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids: 116: 154-147.

Marians, C.S. and Burdett, J.K. (1990) Geometric constraints: a refined model for the structure of silica glass. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids: 124: 1-21.

Marians, C.S. and Hobbs, L.W. (1990) Local structure of silica glasses. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids: 119: 269-282.

Young-nian, X. and Ching, W.Y. (1991) Electronic and optical properties of all polymorphic forms of silicon dioxide. Physical review: B44: 11048-11059.

Leko, V.K. (1993) The structure of vitreous silica. Glass Phys. Chem.: 19: 351-374.

Li, D., Bancroft, G.M., Kasrai, M., Fleet, M.E., Secco, R.A., Feng,X.H., Tan, K.H., and Yang, B.X. (1994): X-ray absorption spectroscopy of silicon dioxide (SiO2) polymorphs: the structural characterization of opal. American Mineralogist: 79: 622-632.

Wright, A.C. (1994) Neutron scatterng from vitreous silica. V. The structure of vitreous silica: what have we learned from 60 years of diffraction studies? Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids: 179: 84-115.

Di Pomponio, A., Continenza, Lozzi, A.A., Passacantando, L., Santucci, M., and Picozzi, P. (1995) Electronic properties of crystalline and amorphous SiO2 investigated via all-electron calculations and photoemission spectroscopy. Solid State Communications: 95: 313-317.

LeBail, A. (1995) Modelling the silica glass structure by the Rietveld method. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids: 183: 39-42.

Gaskell, P.H. and Wallis, D.J. (1996) Medum-range order in silica, the canonical network glass. Phys. Rev. Lett.: 76: 66-69.

MAuri, F., Pasquarello, A., Pfrommr, BG., Yoon, Y.-G., and Louie, S.G. (2000) Si-O-Si bond-angle distribution in vitreous silica from first principles 29Si NMR analysis. Phys. Rev.: B62: R4786-R4789.

Nakamura, M., Arai, M., Otomo, T., Inamura, Y., and Bennington, S.M. (2001) Dispersive excitation in different forms of SiO2 Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids: 293-295: 377-382.

Nakamura, M., Arai, M., Inamura, Y., and Otomo, T. (2003) Dynamical properties of vitreous silica around the first sharp diffraction peak. Phys. Rev.: B67: 064204.

Clark, T.M., Grandinetti, P.J., Florian, P., and Stebbins, J.F. (2004) Correlated structural distributions in silica glass. Phys. Rev.: B70: 064202.

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